Transcript
International Journal of Digital Library Services
IJODLS | Geetanjali Research Publication 127
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ISSN:2250-1142 (Online), ISSN 2349-302X (Print)
CLIKS MODEL FOR KNOWLEDGE
SHARING THROUGH CLOUD
COMPUTING
Dr. U. Nagalingam
Deputy Librarian, Pondicherry University, Puducherry
[email protected]
K. Palanivel
Systems Analyst, Pondicherry University, Puducherry
[email protected]
Abstract
In the present trends, Knowledge sharing is important aspects of most modern
organizations. Ideas about how to stimulate and inspire knowledge sharing abound, but
without much theorizing. The objective of this paper is to design a knowledge sharing
model for library and information users using SOA and clouds. The proposed knowledge
sharing model is called CLIKS model.
Keywords: Knowledge Sharing Model, Cloud Computing, Server-Oriented,
Interoperability, Web Service.
1.INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing offers many interesting possibilities for libraries that may help to reduce
technology cost and increase capacity reliability, and performance for some type of
automation activities. Cloud computing has made strong inroads into other commercial
sectors and is now beginning to find more application in library and information centers. The
cloud computing pushes hardware to more abstract levels. Most of us are acquainted with fast
computing power being delivered from systems that we can see and touch.
Information and data storage are the main function of libraries, particularly those with digital
collections storing large digital files can stress local server infrastructures. The files which are
needed to be backed up, maintained, and reproduced for patrons. This can strain the data
integrity as well as hog bandwidth. Moving data to the cloud may be a leap of faith for some
library professionals, a new technology and on the surface it is believed that library would
have some control over this data or collections. However, with faster retrieval times for
requests and local server space it could improve storage solutions for libraries. Cloud
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computing or IT infrastructure that exists remotely , often gives users increased capacity and
less need for updates and maintenance, and has gained wider acceptance among librarians.
With this background, authors of this paper have proposed a new Knowledge Sharing Model
for Digital Library users in the cloud environment. The proposed model is called CLIKS i.e.,
Cloud Computing Library Knowledge Sharing Model.
2.KNOWLEDGE SHARING
Knowledge Sharing is a platform for the students, faculty and researchers to share their
expertise, unique deployments, best practices or any relevant topic of their interest.
Knowledge sharing is the distribution of knowledge or what has been learned and it is this
concept which is at the heart of the learning organization. Senge (1990, p. 3) defined a
learning organization as ‘organizations where people continually expand their capacity to
create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are
nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to
see the whole together’. If individuals acquire learning but share nothing with each other it
will be difficult to develop the organization as learning Centre. Knowledge sharing requires a
sharing mindset which entails: a sharing of vision, a sharing of values, a sharing of
knowledge, a sharing of communication and information, openness and trust (Ipe, 2003).
3. CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing is a broad term that describes a broad range of services. As with other
significant developments in technology, many vendors have seized the term “Cloud” and are
using it for products that sit outside of the common definition. In order to truly understand
how the Cloud can be of value to an organization, it is first important to understand what the
Cloud really is and its different components. Since the Cloud is a broad collection of services,
organizations can choose where, when, and how they use Cloud Computing.
The Characteristics of Cloud computing are self-healing, multi-tenancy, scalable, virtualized,
flexible, etc., as state below;
1. Self-Healing: Any application or any service running in a cloud computing
environment has the property of self-healing. In case of failure of the application,
there is always a hot backup of the application ready to take over without disruption.
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2. Multi-tenancy: With cloud computing, any application supports multi-tenancy - that is
multiple tenants at the same instant of time. The system allows several customers to
share the infrastructure allotted to them without any of them being aware of the
sharing. This is done by virtualizing the servers on the available machine pool and
then allotting the servers to multiple users.
3. Scalable: Cloud computing services are linearly scalable. The system is able to break
down the workloads into pieces and service it across the infrastructure.
4. Service-oriented: Cloud computing systems are all service oriented - i.e. the systems
are such that they are created out of other discrete services.
5. Virtualized: The applications in cloud computing are fully decoupled from the
underlying hardware. The cloud computing environment is a fully virtualized
environment.
6. Flexible: Another feature of the cloud computing services is that they are flexible.
They can be used to serve a large variety of workload types - varying from small
loads of a small consumer application to very heavy loads of a commercial
application
Service delivery in Cloud Computing comprises three different service models, namely
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS). The three service models or layer are completed by an end user layer that
encapsulates the end user perspective on cloud services. If a cloud user accesses services on
the infrastructure layer, for instance, she can run her own applications on the resources of a
cloud infrastructure and remain responsible for the support, maintenance, and security of
these applications herself. If she accesses a service on the application layer, these tasks are
normally taken care of by the cloud service provider.
Figure 1: Cloud Computing mode
l
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3.1.A brief list of potential areas of improvement could include:
1. Most library computer systems are built on pre-Web technology
2. Systems distributed across the Net using pre-Web technology are harder and more
costly to integrate
3. Libraries store and maintain much of the same data hundreds and thousands of times
4. With library data scatter across distributed systems the library’s Web presence is
weakened
5. With libraries running independent systems collaboration between libraries is made
difficult and expensive
6. Information seekers work in common Web environments and distributed systems
make it difficult to get the library into their workflow
7. Many systems are only used to 10% of their capacity. Combining systems into a cloud
environment reduces the carbon footprints, making libraries greener
These improvements can be grouped into three basic areas: technology, data and community.
Each offers some general and some unique opportunities for libraries. Looking first at the
technology that most current library systems employ several benefits of cloud computing
solutions surface.
In the context of the knowledge economy, knowledge resource has become the main resource
affecting productivity development. And university libraries are the main departments of
storing, processing and spreading knowledge. So how to provide users with efficient
transmission of information and knowledge services became urgent task for librarians today.
However, the Emergence of Cloud Computing accelerated library's development. And the
establishment of shared public cloud can save manpower and material resources greatly
among university libraries. Therefore, with the aid of Cloud Computing, librarians won't have
to maintain their own equipment’s or deal with consultations personally. And librarians will
have more time and energy to offer users with their needed knowledge-based services but not
only information.
4. EXISTING KNOWLEDGE SHARING MODELS
The existing knowledge sharing models are Lodhi Cultural Based Model, Syed Ikhsan and
Rowland Knowledge Transfer Model, Taylor and Wright Model, Supar et al. model and
Mohd Model and presented below.
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According to Small and Sage, a model is a representation of reality and most of the
knowledge management models are theoretical in the sense that they are an imagined process
or mechanism that has been developed to describe a phenomenon. There are several KS
models suggested by researchers. The variety of models exists due to researchers view of
knowledge from different perspectives analyses a few KS models and frameworks such as
SECI model , actors framework model best practice , knowledge transfer model and
knowledge stickiness. Those models could be used to improve understanding on factors
affecting KS in organizations.
However none of the models mentioned addressed specifically KS in public organizations. A
few recent KS models were identified to have their relevancy in understanding the factors
affecting KS in public organization particularly those suggested by Lodhi, S and others.
4.1. Lodhi Cultural Based Model
In a study in six post-graduate institutions in Pakistan, Lodhi suggested a culture based KS
model after realizing that previous models want to differentiate between knowledge and
knowledge assets. Most of knowledge management models did not consider human
interaction as the main factor. Culture based model underlines the border between knowledge
and knowledge assets. The model considers that the only source of knowledge in an
organization as its employees. Other materials such as books, manuals etc. are not the true
source of knowledge but they represent knowledge assets. This model emphasizes that
knowledge cannot exists as a different entity outside human cognition. In other words,
knowledge in real meaning cannot be separated from human mind.
According to Lodhi four factors influence knowledge flow in organization which are
communication channel, individual attitude, group attitude and organizational
policies/culture. This model considers individual attitude as firstly they acquire new
knowledge from others and secondly transfer knowledge to colleagues in the group. Mutual
respect, equality and indiscrimination are important in KS between individuals. Individual
interact between them to develop a group where good individuals will become good groups.
This model looks dynamic group as important to increase KS. Organizational policies
develop corporate culture and play an important part for the development of knowledge
sharing and innovation activities in an organization.
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4.2. Syed Ikhsan and Rowland Knowledge Transfer Model
Syed Ikhsan and Rowland studied the relationship between organizational elements and
knowledge transfer performance and knowledge asset in a ministry in Malaysia. Among the
organizational elements identified are organizational culture, organizational structure,
technology, human resource and directives from politicians as shown in Figure 2. The study
shows that there are significant relationships between some of the variables and either the
performance of knowledge transfer or the creation of knowledge assets. They suggest that it
may be necessary for organizations to consider some of the elements that show a relationship
between the variables in implementing knowledge management strategy within an
organization particularly public sector.
4.3. Taylor and Wright Model
In a study to investigate KS I in one public service in the United Kingdom, proposed a six-
factor model to identify factors that influence the readiness of a healthcare organization to
share knowledge effectively. Those factors are open leadership environment; learn from
failure, information quality, customer oriented, satisfaction from process change and change
vision. The findings of the study indicates that an innovative culture, a capacity to learn from
failure and good information quality have a significant relationship with successful
knowledge sharing.
4.4. Supar et al. Model
A study by Supar (2006) identified factors influencing KS among academic staff and its
impact on performance in three selected higher institutions in Malaysia. Those factors are
cultural factor, technological factor, communication factor and organizational support factor.
Findings from the study indicated that management support, solidarity, expert vs. distributed
model, knowledge sharing to be included in work process, presence of IT for the purpose of
knowledge sharing and mentoring are positively related to knowledge sharing and that
knowledge sharing is positively related to performance.
4.5. Mohd Model
The proposed model provides foundation for subsequent research to firstly investigate factors
affecting KS in public sector and secondly, seek to identify the relationship between KS,
organizational performance and service delivery. The proposed conceptual model is drawn
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upon the knowledge-based theory of the firm and a few recent knowledge sharing models as
discussed above. The knowledge-based theory of the firm considers knowledge as the most
strategically significant resource of the firm. Previous knowledge sharing models reveal a
number of factors affect knowledge sharing in an organization. In the proposed conceptual
model, the factors are categorized into 3 categories: individual dimension, organizational
dimension and technological dimension. The categorization is based on Olikowski’s model
influences and reciprocal interaction between people, technology and organizations.
5. CLIKS MODEL
We proposed a knowledge sharing model for academic staff. The factors that influence
knowledge sharing are individual factors, organizational factors, and technological factors.
Personality: Personality can be categorized into two types: extravert and introvert
(Jung). According to Jung, introvert people have the more problems in interacting
with other people compared to the extravert. Many researchers believe that the ability
of the staff to share knowledge, to initially depend on their communication skills both
oral and written.
Motivation: Motivation is crucial when sharing tacit knowledge, it is more difficult
than sharing explicit knowledge. To be motivated to share of interest or personal
meaning would lead to someone having a more positive attitude towards sharing
knowledge.
The CLIKS consists of User layer, Application layer, Database layer and Storage layer. The
Cloud User Layer allows the users of the DLS. The different users are has cloud consumer,
cloud broker and cloud provider. The consumer layer is more strictly and carefully separated
from the services and service provider to allow pooling and substitution of cloud services or
providers. The second layer is the application layer in which cloud applications provide
software over the internet as a service without having to install the software on the user’s
computer and letting the software run when needed instead of all the time wasting precious
system resources.
The Cloud Application layer includes applications that run off the Cloud and are available to
Web users or enterprises on a pay-as-you-go, anytime-anywhere basis. The PaaS delivers a
computer platform used as a service which helps save money by taking out the need to by
computer hardware and software as cloud computing provides a platform to use applications.
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The IaaS defines a platform virtualization environment as a service there by eliminating the
need of buying servers, renting data server space and network equipment. Users can use the
infrastructures and be billed like a utility service there for saving them a lot of money that can
be spent in other places. This layer provides all the necessary computer hardware and server
software that is involved in providing the cloud computing services to clients and their users.
CLIKS provides a globally distributed caching layer to speed the delivery of services. DL
Applications can be often made to perform better and run faster by caching critical pieces of
data in memory. Frequently accessed data, layers of HTML fragments, results of time-
consuming/expensive database queries, search results, sessions, results of complex
calculations and processes are usually very good candidates for cache storage. In general not
all application architectures will benefit from having a caching solution in their system,
example applications that are read intensive, will usually have better performance gains using
cache whereas write intensive applications may not get much benefit.
The Storage Layer represents the database software itself (SQL parser, query optimizer,
execution engine, etc.). This is what we commonly think of as "the database."
CLIKS Model
Figure 2: CLIKS Model
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In terms of its system architecture, the CLIKS is closely connected with a various Library
application systems. Therefore, before it is constructed, its integration with other application
systems must be considered. As a flexible architecture of integration services, the SOA
makes those systems more flexible and integral. Furthermore, cloud computing is highly
advantageous, for enormous amount of service-oriented Web Services can be stored and
managed in the cloud. Therefore, the shipyard need not invest a great deal of money in IT
devices meant to store masses of information. Instead, as an Internet user, the shipyard can
enjoy the cloud-based SaaS.
CLIKS based applications are particularly suited for taking advantage of virtualized hardware
resources and cloud infrastructure. Virtualization of resources can reduce the maintenance
requirements considerably. Dynamic computational needs of processing documents and Web
applications can take advantage of the elasticity provided by cloud infrastructure. Most of the
data stored is freely available on the Web. This aspect data enables easy adoption of cloud
infrastructure.
6. CONCLUSION
Cloud Computing is a rapidly accelerating revolution within IT and will become the default
method of IT delivery, moving into the future – organizations would be advised to consider
their approach towards beginning a move to the clouds sooner, rather than later. Libraries
have the opportunity to improve their services and relevance in today’s information society.
Cloud computing is one avenue for this move into the future. It can bring several benefits for
libraries and give them a different future.
The cooperative effect of libraries using the same, shared hardware, services and data rather
than hosting hardware and software on behalf of individual libraries—can result in lowering
the total costs of managing library collections and enhancing the both library user’s
experience and library staff workflows.
While local library systems served an important purpose earlier in library automation they
now represent a tremendous duplication of effort. Each library builds and maintains a
database, buys equipment and installs and updates the software. In fact, some libraries can get
stuck in perpetual upgrade mode, which involves lots of testing and retesting and time-
consuming customization.
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