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5/29/09 Commercial bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Commercial bank From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Corporate banking) A commercial bank is a type of bank that provides services, such as accepting deposits, giving business loans and basic investment products. Commercial bank can also refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses, as opposed to individual members of the public (retail banking). In the US the term commercial bank was often used to distinguish it from an investment bank due to differences in bank regulation. After the great depression, through the Glass–Steagall Act, the U.S. Congress required that commercial banks only engage in banking activities, whereas investment banks were limited to capital markets activities. This separation was mostly repealed in the 1990s. Contents 1 Origin of the word 2 The role of commercial banks 3 Types of loans granted by commercial banks 3.1 Secured loans 3.2 Unsecured loan 4 Functions 5 References 6 Further reading Origin of the word See also: History of banking The name bank derives from the Italian word banque "desk/bench", used during the Renaissance era by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth.[1] However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times. Some have suggested, the word traces its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where moneylenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu, from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a moneychanger, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome – that of the Imperial Mint.[2] The role of commercial banks en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_banking 1/5 5/29/09 Commercial bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Commercial banks engage in the following activities: processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means issuing bank drafts and bank cheques accepting money on term deposit lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means providing documentary and standby letter of credit, guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures safekeeping of documents & other items in safe deposit boxes sales, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of: insurance, unit trusts and similar financial products as a “financial supermarket” cash management and treasury merchant banking and private equity financing traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and make markets in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an investment bank arm that is involved in the mentioned activities [clarify]. Types of loans granted by commercial banks Secured loans A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosnted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower. A mortgage loan is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are given security - a lien on the title to the house - until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed only a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, due to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing. Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before. In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_banking 2/5 5/29/09 Commercial bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain car loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area. In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults. Unsecured loan Unsecured loans are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (no collateral is involved). There are small business unsecured loans such as credit cards and credit lines to large corporate credit lines. These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages: bank overdrafts corporate bonds credit card debt credit facilities or lines of credit personal loans A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business. The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term "commercial paper" is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity.) Sometimes, the term "corporate bonds" is used to include all bonds except those issued by governments in their own currencies. Strictly speaking, however, it applies only to bonds issued by corporations, not to bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations. Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called "listed" bonds) and ECNs like Bonds.com and MarketAxess and the coupon (or interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes, this coupon can be zero, with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-the-counter markets. Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of credit default swaps, which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same 'Reference Entities'. However, quite volatile credit default swaps 'basis' make the spreads on credit default swaps and the credit spreads on corporate bonds be significantly different. Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States Glass-Steagall Act Mortgage constant Functions en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_banking 3/5 5/29/09 Commercial bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Commercial banks perform many functions. They satisfy the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, so they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs. The functions performed by banks, since recently, are becoming customer-centred and are widening their functions. Generally, the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories: primary functions and the secondary functions. The following chart simplifies the functions of commercial banks. Commercial banks perform various primary functions, some of them are given below: Commercial banks accept various types of deposits from public especially from its clients, including saving account deposits, recurring account deposits, and fixed deposits. These deposits are payable after a certain time period Commercial banks provide loans and advances of various forms, including an overdraft facility, cash credit, bill discounting, etc. They also give demand and demand and term loans to all types of clients against proper security. Credit creation is most significant function of commercial banks. While sanctioning a loan to a customer, they do not provide cash to the borrower. Instead, they open a deposit account from which the borrower can withdraw. In other words, while sanctioning a loan, they automatically create deposits, known as a credit creation from commercial banks. Along with primary functions, commercial banks perform several secondary functions, including many agency functions or general utility functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions. The agency functions are the following: To collect and clear cheque, dividends and interest warrant. To make payments of rent, insurance premium, etc. To deal in foreign exchange transactions. To purchase and sell securities. To act as trusty, attorney, correspondent and executor. To accept tax proceeds and tax returns. The utility functions are the following: To provide safety locker facility to customers. To provide money transfer facility. To issue traveller's cheque. To act as referees. To accept various bills for payment: phone bills, gas bills, water bills, etc. To provide merchant banking facility. To provide various cards: credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, etc. References 1. ^ de Albuquerque, Martim (1855). Notes and Queries (http://books.google.com/? id=uIrWLegNZxUC&pg=PA431&lpg=PA431&dq=bank+italian+bench). London: George Bell. p. 431. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_banking 4/5 5/29/09 Commercial bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2. ^ Matyszak, Philip (2007). Ancient Rome on Five Denarii a Day (http://www.amazon.com/Ancient-Rome-FiveDenarii-Day/dp/050005147X). New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 144. ISBN 0-500-05147-X. Further reading Brunner, Allan D.; Decressin, Jörg; Hardy, Daniel C. L.; Kudela, Beata (2004-06-21). Germany's ThreePillar Banking System: Cross-Country Perspectives in Europe. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 158906-348-1. ISSN 0251-6365 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0251-6365). Abstract (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/op/233/op233.pdf) Khambata, Dara (1996). The practice of multinational banking: macro-policy issues and key international concepts (2nd ed.). New York: Quorum Books. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-89930-971-2. Commercial Banks directory and guidelines Commercial Banks (http://commercial-banks.net/) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commercial_bank&oldid=565078662" Categories: Banks Separation of investment and commercial banking This page was last modified on 27 July 2013 at 13:43. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_banking 5/5