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Кароліна Лотоцька СТИЛІСТИКА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ Навчальний посібник Міністерство освіти і науки України Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка Кароліна Лотоцька С ТИ Л ІС ТИ КА А Н ГЛ ІЙ С Ь КО Ї М ОВИ Навчальний посібник Р еко м ен д о в ано М ін іс т е р с т в о м освіт и і н а у к и У к р а їн и Львів Видавничий центр Л Н У імені Івана Франка 2008 M inistry o f Education and Science o f Ukraine Ivan Franko National University o f L viv K arolina Lototska ENGLISH STYLISTICS Textbook Recom mended by the M in is try o f Education a n d Science o f U k ra in e L viv Ivan Franko National University o f L viv Publishing Centre 2008 У Д К 811.111 ’38(075.8) ББК Ш 143.21 - 7я73 Л 80 Рецензенти: д-р філол. наук, проф. О.Д.Огуй (Чернівецький національний університет); д-р філол. наук, проф. Ю.А.Зацний (Запорізький національний університет); канд. філол. наук, проф. М.О.Олікова (Волинський національний університет) Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України я к навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів Лист № 1.4/18-Г-2301 від 03.11.2008р. Лотоцька К. J1 80 Стилістика англійської мови: Навч. посібник. - Львів: Видав­ ничий центр Л Н У імені Івана Франка, 2008. - 254 с. ISBN 978-966-613-653-7 У посібнику розкрито основні теми курсу стилістики англійської мови, враховуючи деякі сучасні концепціїта новітні тенденції у сфері розвитку лінгвістичних досліджень. Тсорстико-практичний матеріал курсу опрацьовано з функціонального погляду, систематизовано та подано у вигляді 20 розділів-лекцій. Запропоновано також запитання для контролю засвоєння знань та практичні завдання, які тематично організовані та доповнені зразками стилістичного аналізу уривків з художніх текстів. Ефективному засвоєнню метамови та матеріалу курсу сприяє включення у текст посібника фонетичних транскрипцій спеціальних термінів лінгвостилістики, а також підкріплення аналізу англійських прикладів паралельним ілюстративним матеріалом з українських літературних джерел. Для студентів старших курсів факультету іноземних мов, аспірантів і студентів філологічних спеціальностей університетів та педагогічних навчальних закладів. УДК 811.111’38(075.8) ББК 111143.21 -7 я 73 ISBN 978-966-613-653-7 © Лотоцька К.Я., 2008 © Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, 2008 CO NTENTS Preface............................................................................................... 8 Lecture 1.WHAT IS STYLISTICS?................................................. 9 Stylistics and the notion o f style.................................................. 9 B rie f history o f stylistics.............................................................. 12 What does stylistics study?.......................................................... 15 Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines .................................... 16 Stylistic analysis .......................................................................... 18 Lecture 2. BASIC N O T IO N S .......................................................... 20 The author s individual style ............................................... *......20 The notion o f norm/standard ...................................................... 21 The notion o f code ...................................................................... 23 The categories o f expressiveness and emotiveness .................... 24 Expressive means and stylistic devices....................................... 26 I .ecture 3. THE NOTION OF CO NTEXT........................... .............32 Types and specifications o f linguistic context............................. 32 Extralinguistic context................................................................ 33 Stylistic context........................................................................... 36 The theory o f strong position ...................................................... 36 Meaning from a stylistic viewpoint............................................. 38 mo b u Lccture 4. STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH VO C A B U LA R Y.............................................. 43 National language. Modern varieties o f En glish ....................... 43 Bookish vs colloquial English .................................................... 44 Literary and colloquial strata o f words...................................... 47 Special literary words................................................................. 49 Special colloquial words............................................................. 51 Stylistic coinages ........................................................................ 56 Lecture 5. TROPES. A RHETORICAL IM A G E .............................. 58 aHrAiucbko! Trope as a basic notion o f paradigmatic onomasiology. A rhetorical image.............................................. 58 The study o f tropes: various angles o f analysis ......................... 59 The classificatory problems: tropes and other SDs .................... 61 Lccture 6. METAPHOR.................................................................... 66 Lccture 7. M E T O N Y M Y .................................................................. 80 Types o f metonymy. Synecdoche................................................. 80 Semi-marked structures .............................................................. 83 CruAicTuka Metaphor - a complex cultural and sociolinguistic phenomenon ....66 Structural classifications o f metaphor........................................ 69 Genuine vs. trite, or dead, metaphors ........................................ 74 Special types o f metaphor........................................................... 75 8 Hypallage (metonymical epith et) ............................................... 84 Lecture 8. IR O N Y ............................................................................. 86 The essence o f irony. Verbal irony .............................................. 86 Sustained (or structural) irony: various types............................ 87 Irony and humour as forms Of the comical. Sarcasm ................. 88 Lecture 9. MAJOR ‘STYLISTIC H YB R ID S’.................................. 90 Epithet: types and functions ....................................................... 90 Antonomasia ............................................................................... 93 Periphrasis. Euphemism ............................................................. 95 Hyperbole. Understatement........................................................ 98 Lecture 10. LEXICAL-SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES........ 100 Meiosis. Litotes ........................................................................... 100 Oxymoron ................................................................................... 100 Sim ile .......................................................................................... 102 Lecture 11. STYLISTIC USE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS A ND SET EXPRESSIONS.................................................. 107 Sayings and proverbs .................................................................. 107 I Stylistic transformations o f phraseological units ....................... 108 I Allusion ....................................................................................... 110 I Lecture 12. MAJOR FIGURES OF IN E Q U A LITY ......................... I l l Types o f pun. Paronomasia ......................................................... I l l Zeu gm a ....................................................................................... 113 Semantically false chains (syllepsis)........................................... 113 Paradox ....................................................................................... 113 :J •I •J •• •• j • Lecture 13. EXPRESSIVE SYN TA X............................................... 115 j• Sentence length and structure ..................................................... 115 •• Stylistic types o f sentence............................................................ 116 I• Suspense...................................................................................... 116 :I The role o f punctuation and graphical means ............................ 119 : : Lecture 14. SYNTACTIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS g i ; AND STYLISTIC D EVIC ES........................................................... 122 ^•I j§>: 9 Classification o f syntactic EMs and SDs .................................... 122 i :I Incompleteness o f sentence structure. Ellipsis . 55 i I Nominative sentence....................................................................123 § *I Asyndeton. Apokoinu. Aposiopesis..............................................124 § • ! P arcellation ................................................................................ 125 o •• • Arrangement o f sentence components. Inversion lS : Detachment. Parenthesis ................ 125 Lecture 15. REPETITION ® The role oJ icfu'tition m ,n t ....... 129 ....... 129 The Junctions o f repetition in literary works .............................. 130 Classification o f repetitions ........................................................ 131 Phonemic, morphemic and lexical repetitions............................ 131 Lecture 16. SYNTACTIC REPETITION. SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM ............................................................................... 140 Series. Binomials, trinomials, catalogues (enumeration)...........140 Polysyndeton............................................................................... 141 P arallel patterns. Chiasmus....................................................... 142 The logical-semantic types o f parallelism .................................. 146 Prolepsis (syntactic reduplication, or syntactic tautology)...,.... 150 Lecture 17. OTHER TYPES OF RECURRENCE........................... 153 Synonym repetitio n .................................................................... 153 Pleonasm. Tautology.................................................................. 156 Onomatopoeia - repetition o f sounds and structures ................ 157 Rhythm ........................................................................................ 161 I ccture 18. FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF E N G LISH ...................... 163 The problems o f classification.................................................... 163 The publicist style....................................................................... 167 The newspaper style ................................................................... 169 The official style .......................... ............................................... 172 The scientific style ...................................................................... 172 I ccture 19. THE BELLES-LETTRES S T Y L E ................................ 174 The functions o f imaginative literature ...................................... 174 Emotive prose ............................................................................. 175 Poetry. Poetic diction. Metre and rhyme................................ ,...1 7 8 English verse forms .................................................................... 185 The style o f drama ...................................................................... 187 Lccture 20. TYPES OF NARRATIVE. NARRATIVE< OMPOSITIONAL FO R M S ........................................................... 190 The notion o f point o f view '....................................................... 190 Types o f narrative. Types o f auctorial narration ........................ 190 Entrusted narrative. Impersonal and personified 1-narrator..... 192 The narrative-compositional forms. Narrative proper. Description. Argumentation ........................................................ 194 The characters discourse. Dialogue. In terio r speech............... 196 Represented speech..................................................................... 197 huctical Assignments....................................................................... 201 Hiibjcct Index.................................................................................... 235 UH’crcnces and Recommended Literature........................................ 239 I iM of Authors Whose Texts Were Used as Examples..................... 151 Preface English Stylistics is a theoretical textbook and a practical manual intended fo r university students majoring in the English language and literature. Its twenty chapters ("Lectures ”) cover a ll the main themes traditionally included in the university syllabus in this subject. The presented approaches, the treatment and sys­ tematization o f basic concepts have been worked out, form ulated and grounded on the well-known publications o f modern home and foreign stylisticians. The book is based on the course o f lectures delivered by the author to the 3rd-year students o f the English de­ partment, but it may also be used as a reference book by the 4-5thyear students preparing f o r their state examinations or working on graduation papers dealing with stylistics and stylistic analysis o f the text. The book is designed to combine both the theoretical elucida­ tion o f the principal problems o f stylistics (including some o f its modern, highly interdisciplinary issues and aspects o f analysis) with the practical examination o f numerous expressive resources o f the English language. One more aim o f the manual is to acquaint students with the complex terminology employed in style studies and to develop their ability to differentiate , perceive and interpret the multifarious language phenomena o f various levels in terms o f their stylistic and pragmatic functioning in different oral and writ­ ten types o f discourse. The book contains thematically arranged assignments aiming to give students some practical guidance in thoughtful reading and stylistic analysis, samples o f which are pre­ sented in the last section o f the supplement. The questions fo r selfcontrol given after each* lecture and a great number o f examples i discussed and analysed in the text o f the book are meant to prepare students f o r conducting independent stylistic analysis o f the pas­ .3 sages suggested in Practical Assignments. The illustrations are tak­ § en from both prose and poetry works o f prominent authors whose names are enumerated at the end o f the textbook, where students can also fin d a subject index and a list o f references and literary 8 sources recommendedfor further reading. 11XTIIRE 1 W HAT IS STYLISTICS? • Stylistics and the notion o f style • B r ir f history o f stylistics • W h a t does stylistics study? • Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines • Stylistic analysis CruAicTuka aH rA iucbkoi mo b u Sometimes called linguostylistics, this branch o f linguistics is understood differently in modern schools and trends, and each ap­ proach has its objective grounds. It is not easy to specify the scope of problems modem stylistics is to solve, and it happens for the following reasons. First, unlike other disciplines that treat one linguistic level cuch (phonetics, morphology, lexicology, syntax, text linguistics), stylistics deals with every level and all the levels. Thus it is not a level discipline. S. Ullmann uses the term “parallel” describing this property o f stylistics. Second, the elements of these levels are examined and treated by stylistics primarily in theirfunctional aspect, i.e. stylistics studies not only various expressive means, stylistic devices, stylistically marked Icxical and syntactic models, but also the functioning of those ele­ ments in the text and of separate subsystems (so-called “functional styles”) o f language in general [75, p. 8]. Third, the notion o f style, which gave birth to the name of this discipline, is many-sided, versatile and rather controversial. The word goes back to the Latin word “stilus” and Greek “stylos” which first meant the tool of writing - “a pointed stick, sort of a pen used for writing on wax plates”, and then also the manner o f writing. The term “style” is used most ambiguously in philological studies: 1. It may mean a variety of language typical of some definite sphere of social life. This variety has its own parametres: lexical, grammatical, and phonetic. Traditionally, three most general types of speech, or “styles” are distinguished in national languages: neutral, “high” (literary) and “low” (colloquial). g) 2. This understanding o f style comes close to the notions o f "reg­ ister” (D.Crystal) and, partially, “discourse”, first used in Western cXapowHa SlomoupKQ linguistics and stylistics which have assimilated the communicative approach to style study. People use different registers depending on the communicative situation, the aims of communication as well as the speakers’ social and educational status. According to R. Fowler, register is a sociolinguistic term meaning “a distinctive use of lan­ guage to fulfil a particular communicative function in a particular kind o f situation” [151, p. 191]. Thus in various situations people usually resort to different ways o f conveying some idea: • I have certainly never seen the man. (neutral, standard) • • I deny thefa c t o f ever having seen this person, (official, book­ ish; juridical sphere) • Never seen the chap, not I. (colloquial) • Me, I never clapped eyes on this here guy. (low colloquial, illiterate) • I have no association with the appearance o f the individual I behold, (high-flown, pompous, affective manner o f speech) (these examples are taken from Yu.M. Srebnev’s Fundamen­ tals of,English Stylistics [93, p. 11]). As we have seen, one and the same thing can be expressed in different ways. To illustrate the point O.S. Akhmanova, for example, refers to the following short dialogue from Arthur Alexander M ilne’s famous book Winnie-the-Pooh: 10 ... ”The atmospheric conditions have been very unfavourable late ly”, said Owl. "The what?" "It has been raining ”, explained Owl. "Yes", said Christopher Robin. "It has". “The flo o d level has reached an unprecedented height ”, said Owl. "The who?" "There is a lot o f water abo ut”, explained Owl. "Yes”, said Christopher Robin, "there is " ... [98, pp. 184—185]. The sophisticated Owl employs an official “weathcr-forccast” language. The boy cannot understand her, so the owl has to “trans­ late” her way o f saying it into everyday colloquial. The dialogue, as a result, sounds funny since here the author resorts to one o f most widely used devices - using the wrong register or clashing the “styles” that are incompatible. Therefore, we should remember that using