Industrial Psychology

Industrial Psychology by Wah Egineering College , Pakistan
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    December 1969
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Human Brain Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 2 Human Brain  Brain, portion of the central nervous system contained within the skull.  The brain is the control center for every other vital activity movement, sleep, hunger, thirst, and virtually necessary to survival. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 3  All human emotions—including love, hate, fear, anger, elation (a feeling of extraordinary happiness and excitement ), and sadness—are controlled by the brain. It also receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and from the external environment. The brain makes us conscious, emotional, and intelligent. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 4  Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 5 Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 6 Skeleton Cerebrum (Front of Brian) Cerebellum (Rear of Brian) Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 7 Parts of Brain  The human brain has three major structural components:   The large dome-shaped cerebrum (top), The smaller somewhat right), spherical and the cerebellum (lower brainstem (center). Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 8  Prominent in the brainstem are the medulla oblongata (the egg-shaped enlargement at center) and the thalamus (between the medulla and the cerebrum).  The cerebrum is responsible for intelligence and reasoning. The cerebellum helps to maintain balance and posture. The medulla is involved in maintaining involuntary functions such as respiration, and the thalamus acts as a relay center for electrical impulses traveling to and from the cerebral cortex. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 9 Metabolism  The brain consumes up to twenty percent of the energy used by the human body, more than any other organ.  Brain metabolism normally is completely dependent upon blood glucose as an energy source, since fatty acids do not cross the blood-brain barrier.  During times of low glucose (such as fasting), the brain will primarily use ketone bodies for fuel with a smaller requirement for glucose.   The brain can also utilize lactate during exercise. The brain does not store any glucose in the form of glycogen, in contrast, for example, to skeletal muscle. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 10 Although the human brain represents only 2% of the body weight,     It receives 15% of the cardiac output, 20% of total body oxygen consumption, and 25% of total body glucose utilization. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats.  The brain mostly uses glucose for energy, and deprivation of glucose, as can happen in hypoglycemia, can result in loss of consciousness.  The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time, but active regions of the cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions:  this fact forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET and fMRI. These are nuclear medicine imaging techniques which produce a three-dimensional image of metabolic activity. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 11 Simplified Model of Memory Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 13 In this information-processing model of memory  Information that enters the brain is briefly recorded in sensory memory.  If we focus our attention on it, the information may become part of working memory (also called shortterm memory) Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 14  Where it can be manipulated and used.  Through encoding techniques such as repetition and rehearsal, information may be transferred to long-term memory.  Retrieving long-term memories makes them active again in working memory. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 15 LEFT AND RIGHT PART FUNCTIONS Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 16 Left and Right Brain Functions  Although the cerebrum is symmetrical in structure, with two lobes emerging from the brain stem and matching motor and sensory areas in each, certain intellectual functions are restricted to one hemisphere.  A person’s dominant hemisphere is usually occupied with language and logical operations, while the other hemisphere controls emotion and artistic and spatial skills.  In nearly all right-handed and many left-handed people, the left hemisphere is dominant. Introduction to Psychology by Dr. Shoaib Ahmed 17