Ottawa Public Health Report, 2011

A report of STIs in Ottawa in 2011 by Ottawa Public Health.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Health Status Report | Ottawa Public Health | November 2011 ottawa.ca/health 613-580-6744 TTY: 613-580-9656 Acknowledgements This report was written by Dara Friedman and Jacqueline Willmore, Epidemiologists, Epidemiology Section, Ottawa Public Health We would also like to thank the following Ottawa Public Health staff who contributed to the report Amira Ali, Senior Epidemiologist, Ottawa Public Health Andrew Hendriks, Julie Theriault and Zhaida Uddin of the Sexual Health Centre Members of the Health Status Steering Committee: Dr. Vera Etches, Siobhan Kearns, Esther Moghadam, John Steinbachs, Orhan Hassan, Amira Ali and Angèle Beaulieu Special thanks go to the following peer reviewers for their technical advice and review Dana Al-Bargash, MHSc, Epidemiologist, Toronto Public Health Dr. Anna Majury, DVM, MSc, PhD, Clinical Microbiologist, Eastern Ontario Public Health Laboratories & Queen’s University, Public Health Ontario Editor Chris Mercer, Adhawk Communications Inc. Please use the following citation when referencing this document Ottawa Public Health. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011. Ottawa (ON): Ottawa Public Health; 2011. For additional copies of the report, please visit ottawa.ca/health. For further information, please contact Amira Ali at 613-580-6744, extension 23484 or [email protected] Design Adhawk Communications Inc. Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Contents Executive summary .........................................................................................................................1 Guide to this report .........................................................................................................................4 Chlamydia........................................................................................................................................7 Gonorrhea ......................................................................................................................................12 Hepatitis B ......................................................................................................................................16 HIV/AIDS........................................................................................................................................22 Syphilis, infectious ........................................................................................................................28 Syphilis, late latent ........................................................................................................................33 Sexual behaviours..........................................................................................................................37 Glossary ..........................................................................................................................................38 References.......................................................................................................................................41 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 i Contents Figures Figure 1: Reported cases (% of all cases) of sexually transmitted infections, Ottawa, 2010 .......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Incidence per 100,000 of chlamydia by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 ............................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Incidence per 100,000 of chlamydia by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 .................................... 9 Figure 4: Incidence per 100,000 of chlamydia by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 ......................... 9 Figure 5: Map of reported cases of chlamydia per 100,000 population by neighbourhood, 10- to 29-year-olds, Ottawa, 2010........................................................................................10 Figure 6: Incidence per 100,000 of gonorrhea by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 .............................................................................................................13 Figure 7: Incidence per 100,000 of gonorrhea by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 ..................................14 Figure 8: Incidence per 100,000 of gonorrhea by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 .......................14 Figure 9: Incidence per 100,000 of acute hepatitis B by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 .............................................................................................................17 Figure 10: Incidence per 100,000 of acute hepatitis B by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010.............................................................................................................18 Figure 11: Incidence per 100,000 of chronic hepatitis B by year, Ottawa, 2001–2010.....................19 Figure 12: Incidence per 100,000 of chronic hepatitis B by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 ..................20 Figure 13: Incidence per 100,000 of chronic hepatitis B by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010.............................................................................................................20 Figure 14: Incidence per 100,000 of HIV/AIDS by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010............................................................................................................23 Figure 15: Incidence per 100,000 of HIV/AIDS by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 .................................24 Figure 16: Incidence per 100,000 of HIV/AIDS by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 ......................24 Figure 17: Incidence per 100,000 of infectious syphilis by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010............................................................................................................29 Figure 18: Incidence per 100,000 of infectious syphilis by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010....................30 ii Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Contents Figure 19: Incidence per 100,000 of infectious syphilis by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010.............................................................................................................30 Figure 20: Incidence of infectious syphilis and HIV co-infections by year, Ottawa, 2001–2010. ...........................................................................................................32 Figure 21: Incidence per 100,000 of late latent syphilis by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 ...........................................................................................................34 Figure 22: Incidence per 100,000 of late latent syphilis by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 ......................................................................................................................35 Figure 23: Incidence rates of late latent syphilis by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 ............................................................................................................35 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 iii Contents Tables Table 1: Highest incidence of STIs by age group in 2010..................................................................... 2 Table 2: Chlamydia summary data, Ottawa ......................................................................................... 7 Table 3: Risk factors for reported cases of chlamydia by sex, Ottawa, 2010......................................11 Table 4: Gonorrhea summary data, Ottawa .......................................................................................12 Table 5: Risk factors for reported cases of gonorrhea by sex, Ottawa, 2010......................................15 Table 6: Hepatitis B summary data, Ottawa .......................................................................................16 Table 7: HIV/AIDS summary data, Ottawa .........................................................................................22 Table 8: Exposure categories for reported cases of HIV by sex, Ottawa, 2010...................................25 Table 9: Risk factors for reported cases of HIV by sex, Ottawa, 2010 ................................................26 Table 10: Infectious syphilis summary data, Ottawa .........................................................................28 Table 11: Risk factors for reported cases of infectious syphilis by sex, Ottawa, 2010 .......................31 Table 12: Late latent syphilis summary data, Ottawa ........................................................................33 Table 13: Risk factors for reported cases of late latent syphilis by sex, Ottawa, 2010.......................36 iv Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Executive summary This report is one of a series of health status reports published by Ottawa Public Health. These comprehensive reports are an important part of the public health mandate to report on population health status and provide the evidence necessary to identify trends and health issues of public health significance in Ottawa. Local evidence helps tailor planning and decision making to enhance the health of the Ottawa population. This particular report is an epidemiological overview of all reportable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Ottawa. The data support the Ontario Public Health Standards requirement to monitor sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne infections over time, and to identify emerging trends and priority populations. The Ontario Public Health Standards’ goals related to sexually transmitted infections include: • To prevent or reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections • To promote healthy sexuality Most sexually transmitted infections are laboratory-reportable, meaning that reports come directly from laboratories without the need of a report by a healthcare provider. Exceptions include AIDS and chancroid because they are based on clinical case definitions. The most common reportable STIs (e.g., chlamydia) can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility or damage to other internal organs. Many can be passed on to babies born of infected women, with mild to severe outcomes. Individuals infected often are not aware of their infection; for example, 70% of women infected with chlamydia and 50% of infected men have no symptoms. Sexually transmitted infectious agents are found in body fluids such as semen and vaginal secretions, and in some cases, breast milk and saliva. Transmission occurs primarily from person to person through sexual contact; however, vertical transmission from mother to newborn is also possible. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 1 Executive summary Summary of findings There were 2926 reported cases of reportable STIs in Ottawa in 2010. The most commonly reported STI in Ottawa is chlamydia, which accounted for almost 80% of all STIs reported in 2010. Gonorrhea and syphilis (infectious and late latent) have also been on the rise in Ottawa since 2001. During the same time, HIV and hepatitis B reports have decreased. For women, chlamydia was the most commonly reported STI in 2010. Men reported more gonorrhea, hepatitis, HIV and syphilis (infectious and late latent). Table 1: Highest incidence of STIs by age group in 2010 Age group 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 Highest rates of infection reported for Chlamydia, gonorrhea HIV Chronic hepatitis B Acute hepatitis B Infectious syphilis 2 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Executive summary The most common risk factors related to the STIs in this report were (in descending order of overall frequency): 1. No condom used 2. Sex with opposite sex 3. New sex contact in past two months 4. More than one sex contact in last six months 5. Sex with same sex In 2009, 42% of 15- to 29-year-olds at risk of an STI reported not using a condom the last time they had sex.1 Figure 1: Reported cases (% of all cases) of sexually transmitted infections, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 3 Guide to this report This report addresses all reportable STIs as defined by the Ontario Public Health Standards, Infection Disease Protocol. Provincial case definitions for all diseases are detailed in the Ontario Public Health Standards, Infectious Disease Protocol, Appendix B – Provincial Case Definitions. This document is available online at: Infections for which there were no cases reported in 2010 (e.g., chancroid, congenital cytomegalovirus, hepatitis D virus) are listed in the summary chart (Figure 1) but not discussed in detail. This also applies to infections such as AIDS for which surveillance is incomplete. Sexually transmitted infectious agents (e.g., human papillomavirus (HPV), herpex simplex virus (HSV), Human T-cell Lymphocytic Virus (HTLV), Trichomonas vaginalis) are of public health significance but are not reportable and therefore not included in this report. Some infections that are transmitted primarily in non-sexual ways can also be transmitted sexually. These include hepatitis C virus and several enteric infections. For more information on hepatitis C, please see the April 2011 Epidemiology Scan, available at: http://www.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/obh/2011/06-20/Document%201.htm For more information on the enteric infections, please see the report Enteric Disease in Ottawa 2011, available at: 4 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Guide to this report Data presentation Each disease section includes a summary listing important characteristics of the disease, and any significant changes in incidence over time or by age/sex. The following tables and graphs are included in the report. Summary table This “at a glance” review includes such epidemiological indicators as number of cases, overall incidence, male and female incidence, and age at time of infection. A 5- and 10-year mean for all indicators was calculated by analyzing the data from 2005–2009 and 2000–2009, respectively, and calculating a mean for each indicator. This provides a benchmark for a 2010 comparison. Incidence per 100,000 by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 This figure compares the incidence of infection over a 10-year period compared with the rest of Ontario (Ontario less Ottawa) over the same time (where available). The incidence from the rest of Ontario was calculated by subtracting the number of Ottawa cases from the total number of Ontario cases. Note: The Ontario rate (not included in the report) is not the same as the rest of Ontario rate. Incidence per 100,000 by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 This figure compares the incidence of infection among 12 age groups (0–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–64, and 65+) and sex (male and female). Incidence per 100,000 by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 This figure compares the incidence of infection among males, females, and males and females combined over a 10-year time period. Risk factors by sex, Ottawa, 2010 This table lists risk factors self-reported during case follow-up. Cases may report more than one risk factor. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 5 Guide to this report Data sources Most of the Ottawa data included in this report were extracted from the integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), which is a secure province-wide, integrated data and surveillance system required for reporting and managing communicable diseases and outbreaks in Ontario. iPHIS was implemented in Ontario in 2005 and replaced the Reportable Disease Information System (RDIS). Pre-2005 data were migrated from the RDIS database to iPHIS to facilitate complete longitudinal comparisons. Provincial data are also extracted from iPHIS by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and made available to public health units on the public health portal (www.publichealthontario.ca – password required). The data that are entered into iPHIS are obtained from laboratory reports, hospital reports, physician interviews and in-depth interviews with cases. Some of the hepatitis B data come from the Enhanced Hepatitis Strain Surveillance System (EHSSS) overseen by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Data limitations For the most part, surveillance for these infections is based on laboratory reporting. To be reported to Ottawa Public Health, cases must seek medical attention and provide a sample for testing. Some of these infections may be asymptomatic and as a result, affected individuals might not seek medical attention. Therefore, data may be underestimated or unrepresentative of actual incidence of infections in the community. 6 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Chlamydia The incidence of chlamydia has more than doubled over 10 years in Ottawa and Ontario. Between 2009 and 2010 alone, the number of cases increased by 14% (from 2023 to 2314). Young people 15–29 years had the highest incidence of infection, particularly young women, who accounted for 54% (n=1242) of all reported cases in 2010. Chlamydia infection is most strongly associated with failure to use condoms and having a new sexual partner in the past two months. Table 2: Chlamydia summary data, Ottawa 2010 Total Number of reported cases Incidence rate (per 100,000) Overall Female Male Age at illness (years) Mean Median Range 25 23 11–66 258.4 315.7 198.0 188.6 220.2 154.5 Summary statistics 25 23 13–93 25 23 5–93 165.5 177.0 125.3 2314 1618 5-year period (2005–2009) 10-year period (2000–2009) Average per period 1389 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 7 Chlamydia Figure 2: Incidence per 100,000 of chlamydia by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Several factors could cause an increase in chlamydia cases reported: • Availability of more acceptable urine and cervical specimen tests with improved sensitivity in the late nineties • Increased awareness among clinicians and patients • Increased screening of asymptomatic patients • Higher levels of risky sexual behaviour, resulting in higher rates of transmission and cases2 8 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Chlamydia Figure 3: Incidence per 100,000 of chlamydia by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Figure 4: Incidence per 100,000 of chlamydia by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 9 Chlamydia Figure 5: Map of reported cases* of chlamydia per 1000,000 population by neighbourhood, 15- to 29-year-olds, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: Chlamydia cases from integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS). Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, extracted June 20, 2011. Population from Statistics Canada 2006 Census. * Based on postal codes for 1476 cases. Cases with no postal code recorded (n=404) or postal code outside of Ottawa (m=16) are not included. †Number of neighbourhoods. Chlamydia cases are reported across the entire city. In 2010, 92 of the 97 neighbourhoods in Ottawa reported chlamydia cases among 15- to 29-year-olds. The three neighbourhoods that reported the most cases were Centretown (76 cases), Sandy Hill–Ottawa East (72 cases), and Orleans Avalon–Notting Gate–Fallingbrook–Gardenway South (67 cases). The highest rates of reported cases of chlamydia among 15- to 29-year-olds were (in descending order): Byward Market, Vanier South, Sandy Hill–Ottawa East, Vanier North, Civic Hospital–Central Park, Bells Corners East, and Hunt Club South Industrial. 10 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Chlamydia Table 3: Risk factors for reported cases of chlamydia by sex, Ottawa, 2010 Reported risk factor Female Sex with opposite sex No condom used New contact in past 2 months More than one sexual contact in last 6 months Judgement impaired by alcohol/drugs Contact visiting from outside province Condom breakage Partner has multiple sex partners Sex with same sex Pregnant Met sex partner through internet Travel outside province Total with known risk factor Number missing or unknown risk factor Total cases 1095 (98%) 1044 (93) 377 (34) 206 (18) 79 (7) 81 (7) 44 (4) 59 (5) 14 (1) 59 (5) 12 (1) 14 (1) 1118 (77) 332 (23) 1450 Number of cases (%) Male 595 (91%) 619 (95) 290 (44) 236 (36) 89 (14) 69 (11) 46 (7) 26 (4) 61 (9) NA 17 (3) 13 (2) 655 (76) 209 (24) 864 Overall 1690 (95%) 1663 (94) 667 (38) 442 (25) 168 (9) 150 (8) 90 (5) 85 (5) 75 (4) 59 (NA) 29 (2) 27 (2) 1773 (77) 541 (23) 2314 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data notes: Cases may report more than one risk factor. Only risk factors reported by 1% or more of cases overall are listed above. NA = Not applicable. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 11 Gonorrhea Ottawa reported more cases of gonorrhea (273) in 2010 than it has in the last 10 years—25% more than in 2009 (n=218). A similar trend was seen in the rest of Ontario. Although two-thirds of reported cases were females in the 15- to 19-year-old group, males accounted for 64% of reported cases in all other age groups. Males 20 to 24 years had the highest reported incidence of gonorrhea. Table 4: Gonorrhea summary data, Ottawa 2010 Total Number of reported cases Incidence rate (per 100,000) Overall Female Male Age at illness (years) Mean Median Range 27 24 14–65 30.5 25.3 36.0 22.7 16.6 28.9 Summary statistics 28 25 14–67 28 25 14–67 20.8 14.3 24.8 273 195 5-year period (2005–2009) 10-year period (2000–2009) Average per period 175 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 12 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Gonorrhea Figure 6: Incidence per 100,000 of gonorrhea by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Several factors could explain the increase in gonorrhea reported: • Availability of more acceptable urine and cervical specimen tests with improved sensitivity in the late nineties • Increased awareness among clinicians and patients • Increased screening of asymptomatic patients • Higher levels of risky sexual behaviour resulting in higher rates of transmission and cases2 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 13 Gonorrhea Figure 7: Incidence per 100,000 of gonorrhea by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Figure 8: Incidence per 100,000 of gonorrhea by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 14 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Gonorrhea Table 5: Risk factors for reported cases of gonorrhea by sex, Ottawa, 2010 Reported risk factor Female No condom used Sex with opposite sex More than one sex contact in last 6 months New contact in past 2 months Sex with same sex Judgement impaired by alcohol/drugs Contact visiting from outside province Condom breakage Partner has multiple sex partners Pregnant Sex trade worker Met partner through internet Sex with sex trade worker Repeat STI Travel outside province Met partner at a bath house Contact is HIV positive Met partner at other social venue Shared sex toys Underhoused/homeless Total with known risk factor Number missing or unknown risk factor Total cases 99 (95%) 103 (99) 39 (38) 39 (38) 4 (4) 14 (13) 7 (7) 7 (7) 7 (7) 7 (7) 6 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (2) 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (2) 2 (2) 2 (2) 104 (90) 12 (10) 116 Number of cases (%) Male 133 (91%) 100 (68) 81 (55) 81 (55) 50 (34) 25 (17) 25 (17) 15 (10) 9 (6) NA 0 (0) 5 (3) 5 (3) 2 (1) 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 146 (93) 11 (7) 157 Overall 232 (93%) 203 (81) 120 (48) 120 (48) 54 (22) 39 (16) 32 (13) 22 (9) 16 (6) 7 (NA) 6 (2) 5 (2) 5 (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 3 (1) 3 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 250 (92) 23 (8) 273 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data notes: Cases may report more than one risk factor. Only risk factors reported by 1% or more of cases overall are listed above. NA = Not applicable. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 15 Hepatitis B The incidence of both acute and chronic hepatitis B declined in the last 10 years. This can be attributed to the universal vaccination program introduced in Ontario in 1994, which has cut incidence in individuals younger than 20 years old. Since 2002, Ottawa has had lower rates of acute hepatitis B than the rest of Ontario. Immigrant populations have a higher risk of infection: 25% of acute cases and 85% of chronic carriers were born outside Canada, compared with approximately 20% for the general Ottawa population. None of the cases reported multiple sex partners or a partner with known hepatitis B infection. Table 6: Hepatitis B summary data, Ottawa 2010 Total Acute Number of reported cases Incidence rate (per 100,000) Overall Female Male Age at illness (years) Mean Median Range NA NA NA 40 36 11–86 0.1 0.0 0.2 14.3 13.1 15.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 18.5 16.3 20.7 0.7 0.3 0.9 22.9 16.7 22.5 1 Chronic 128 Acute 4 5-year period (2005–2009) 10-year period (2000–2009) Average per period Chronic 158 Acute 6 Chronic 190 Summary statistics 40 37 21–69 37 35 1–85 37 35 19–77 38 36 1–93 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data note: NA = not applicable. 16 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Hepatitis B Figure 9: Incidence per 100,000 of acute hepatitis B by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 17 Hepatitis B Figure 10: Incidence per 100,000 of acute hepatitis B by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Acute hepatitis B: risk factors for reported cases Unlike chronic infections, which could have been contracted years or decades before diagnosis, acute hepatitis is the result of recent exposure. The Enhanced Hepatitis Strain Surveillance System (EHSSS) overseen by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) requires Ottawa Public Health case managers to survey people presenting with acute and chronic hepatitis C and B about risk factors. By focusing on acute cases, public health managers can get a better picture of how and where hepatitis is being transmitted. In 2011, Ottawa Public Health gained access to the EHSSS data collected during 2003–2010. OPH learned that: • In the previous five years (2006–2010, n=20), all cases of acute hepatitis B diagnoses were in persons 20 years or older. • 25% of cases were born outside Canada, proportionately higher than the overall percentage of people in Ottawa born outside Canada (approximately 20%). • None of the cases reported multiple sex partners or a partner with known hepatitis B infection. 18 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Hepatitis B Figure 11: Incidence per 100,000 of chronic hepatitis B by year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data note: Provincial rates were not available for comparison. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 19 Hepatitis B Figure 12: Incidence per 100,000 of chronic hepatitis B by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Figure 13: Incidence per 100,000 of chronic hepatitis B by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 20 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Hepatitis B Chronic hepatitis B: risk factors for reported cases Being born outside of Canada is the strongest risk factor for chronic hepatitis B. Of 116 people who had chronic hepatitis B and reported risk factors, 83% of males and 89% of females were born in another country. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 21 HIV/AIDS Although the overall trend for HIV/AIDS in Ottawa shows a slow decrease in incidence, there was a 4% uptick in male cases between 2009 and 2010 (from 67 to 70 cases). HIV/AIDS in this city is a predominately male disease. The 2010 rate for males was 3.3 times that reported for females. It is most prevalent in men 25 to 29 years old and 35 to 39 years old, particularly for “men who have sex with men” (MSM). MSM continues to be the most frequently reported exposure category for men with HIV and accounts for 65% of all males who reported an exposure category. For women, coming from an HIV-endemic country was the most frequently reported exposure category (57%) for those who reported one. Table 7: HIV/AIDS summary data, Ottawa 2010 Total Number of reported cases Incidence rate (per 100,000) Overall Female Male Age at illness (years) Mean Median Range 39 37 7–69 7.8 3.7 12.1 9.0 4.6 13.6 Summary statistics 38 38 3–72 37 38 0–85 10.6 5.0 13.8 70 77 5-year period (2005–2009) 10-year period (2000–2009) Average per period 88 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 22 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 HIV/AIDS Figure 14: Incidence per 100,000 of HIV/AIDS by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data note: No provincial data available for 2001–2004. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 23 HIV/AIDS Figure 15: Incidence per 100,000 of HIV/AIDS by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Figure 16: Incidence per 100,000 of HIV/AIDS by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 24 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 HIV/AIDS Table 8: Exposure categories for reported cases of HIV by sex, Ottawa, 2010 Exposure category Female Men who have sex with men (MSM) MSM & Illicit drug use (IDU) IDU Perinatal Received blood product HIV-endemic Heterosexual, partner at risk Heterosexual contact Other Total with known exposure category Missing or unknown exposure category Total cases NA NA 0 (0) 1 (7) 1 (7) 8 (57) 3 (21) 1 (7) 0 (0) 14 (82) 3 (18) 17 Number of cases (%) Male 24 (60%) 2 (5) 4 (10) 0 (0) 1 (3) 3 (8) 1 (3) 3 (8) 2 (5) 40 (75) 13 (25) 53 Overall 24 (NA) 2 (NA) 4 (7) 1 (2) 2 (4) 11 (20) 4 (7) 4 (7) 2 (4) 54 (77) 16 (23) 70 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data notes: NA = Not applicable. Cases may report more than one risk but are counted in the exposure category considered to be the highest risk. The exposure categories are listed in descending order of risk. See glossary for explanation of exposure categories. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 25 HIV/AIDS Table 9: Risk factors for reported cases of HIV by sex, Ottawa, 2010 Reported risk factor Female No condom used Sex with opposite sex Sex with same sex Travel outside province Judgement impaired by alcohol/drugs Travel to or live in a country where HIV is endemic Condom breakage Contact is HIV positive Partner has multiple sex partners Non medical, non occupational exposures (e.g., acupuncture, tattoo, body piercing, breast milk) More than one sex contact in last 6 months Partner is from country where heterosexual transmission of HIV predominates Met partner at a bath house Contact visiting from outside province Met partner through internet New contact in past 2 months IDU (see glossary) Anonymous sex* Encounter following major event Occupation exposure to potentially HIVcontaminated blood, body fluids Shared sex toys Shared needle/drug equipment 7 (50%) 12 (86) 0 (0) 4 (29) 3 (21) 9 (64) 3 (21) 5 (36) 1 (7) 5 (36) 0 (0) 7 (50) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (14) 1 (7) 0 (0) 1 (14) 0 (0) 4 (29) 1 (7) 0 (0) Number of cases (%) Male 25 (63%) 20 (50) 26 (65) 20 (50) 16 (40) 7 (18) 12 (30) 9 (23) 12 (30) 8 (20) 12 (30) 4 (10) 10 (25) 10 (25) 8 (20) 6 (15) 6 (15) 1 (5) 4 (10) 0 (0) 3 (8) 3 (8) Overall 32 (59%) 32 (59) 26 (48) 24 (44) 19 (35) 16 (30) 15 (28) 14 (26) 13 (24) 13 (24) 12 (22) 11 (20) 10 (19) 10 (19) 10 (19) 7 (13) 6 (11) 2 (7) 4 (7) 4 (7) 4 (7) 3 (6) 26 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 HIV/AIDS Reported risk factor Female Contact lived in or visited a country where HIV is endemic Invasive surgical/dental/ocular procedures in Canada Sex with sex trade worker Total with known risk factor Missing or unknown risk factor Total cases 2 (14) 2 (14) 0 (0) 14 (82) 3 (18) 17 Number of cases (%) Male 1 (3) 1 (3) 3 (8) 40 (75) 13 (25) 53 Overall 3 (6) 3 (6) 3 (6) 54 (77) 16 (23) 70 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data notes: Cases may report more than one risk factor. Only risk factors reported by 5% or more of cases overall are listed above. *This risk factor was asked of cases starting in June 2010; therefore, only cases reported after June 11, 2010 are included in the denominator for these risk factors. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 27 Syphilis, infectious (Primary, secondary, early latent syphilis and infectious neurosyphilis) Like the rest of Ontario, Ottawa reported more cases of infectious syphilis in 2010 (51 cases) than in any year since 2001. Forty-nine Ottawa residents reported infectious syphilis in 2010 (2 clients had repeat infections); 8 of the 49 clients (16%) had reports of previous infectious syphilis in Ottawa since 2000. Almost all of these cases were in men (96%; n=49) and 45% (n=22) of these were 35 to 49 years old. Of the 46 male cases with a known risk factor, 91% (n=42) reporting having “sex with same sex”. This is consistent with provincially reported cases since the beginning of the syphilis outbreak in 2002. There is no evidence that the outbreak has spread into the female population in Ottawa. Since 2002, the percentage of syphilis-HIV co-infected cases has ranged between 13 and 41%. In 2010, 27% of infectious syphilis cases were co-infected with HIV/AIDS compared to 40 to 44% across Ontario from 2008 to 2010.3 Many co-infected cases are diagnosed with HIV and syphilis in the same year. In Ottawa, 43% of co-infected syphilis cases in 2010 had an HIV diagnosis in the same year; the rest were diagnosed between 1998 and 2008. Table 10: Infectious syphilis summary data, Ottawa 2010 Total Number of reported cases Incidence rate (per 100,000) Overall Female Male Age at illness (years) Mean Median Range 42 43 19–64 5.7 0.4 11.2 4.5 0.3 9.0 Summary statistics 40 42 17–64 40 42 17–64 3.1 0.3 6.0 51 39 5-year period (2005–2009) 10-year period (2000–2009) Average per period 26.4 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 28 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Syphilis, infectious Figure 17: Incidence per 100,000 of infectious syphilis by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 29 Syphilis, infectious Figure 18: Incidence per 100,000 of infectious syphilis by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Figure 19: Incidence rate per 100,000 of infectious syphilis by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 30 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Syphilis, infectious Table 11: Risk factors for reported cases of infectious syphilis by sex, Ottawa, 2010 Reported risk factor Female No condom used Sex with same sex New contact in past 2 months More than one sex contact in last 6 months Met partner at a bath house Met partner through internet Sex with opposite sex Contact is HIV positive Travel outside province Partner has multiple sex partners Anonymous sex Contact visiting from outside province Repeat STI Total with known risk factor Missing or unknown risk factor Total cases 2 (100%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (100) 0 (0) 2 Number of cases (%) Male 44 (96%) 42 (91) 22 (48) 18 (39) 9 (20) 9 (20) 6 (13) 6 (13) 6 (13) 4 (9) 2 (4) 1 (2) 1 (2) 46 (94) 3 (6) 49 Overall 46 (96%) 42 (88) 22 (46) 18 (38) 9 (19) 9 (19) 8 (17) 6 (13) 6 (13) 4 (8) 2 (4) 1 (2) 1 (2) 48 (94) 3 (6) 51 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data notes: Cases may report more than one risk factor. Only risk factors reported by 1% or more of cases overall are listed above. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 31 Syphilis, infectious Figure 20: Incidence of infectious syphilis and HIV co-infections by year, Ottawa, 2001–2010. Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted August 10, 2011 Data note: Please see “syphilis-HIV co-infection” in the glossary for details of calculation. Repeat infections Of the 48 Ottawa residents reporting infectious syphilis in 2010, two clients had repeat infections and eight (16%) had had previous infectious syphilis since 2000. 32 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Syphilis, late latent Although late latent syphilis is the result of sexual transmission, this stage of syphilis is not itself sexually transmissible. Late latent syphilis develops in about 15% of people who have not been treated for infectious syphilis. It can appear many years after the infection was first acquired. The number of reported cases of late latent syphilis is increased 31% from 62 cases in 2009 to 81 cases in 2010. This increase is partly due to the introduction of a more sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in August 2005. Since then, OPH has observed substantial increases in late latent syphilis reports, with a peak in reports in 2007. Table 12: Late latent syphilis summary data, Ottawa 2010 Total Number of reported cases Incidence rate (per 100,000) Overall Female Male Age at illness (years) Mean Median Range 55 57 21–88 9.0 8.1 10.1 7.7 6.2 9.2 Summary statistics 53 52 20–94 53 52 16–99 5.4 4.0 6.1 81 66.2 5-year period (2005–2009) 10-year period (2000–2009) Average per period 45.9 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 33 Syphilis, late latent Figure 21: Incidence per 100,000 of late latent syphilis by year, Ottawa and the rest of Ontario, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 34 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Syphilis, late latent Figure 22: Incidence per 100,000 of late latent syphilis by age and sex, Ottawa, 2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Figure 23: Incidence rates of late latent syphilis by sex and year, Ottawa, 2001–2010 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 35 Syphilis, late latent Table 13: Risk factors for reported cases of late latent syphilis by sex, Ottawa, 2010 Reported risk factor Female Sex with opposite sex No condom used Travel outside province Sex with same sex Encounter following major event HIV positive New contact in past 2 months Total with known risk factor Missing or unknown risk factor Total cases 4 (44%) 2 (22) 2 (22) 1 (11) 1 (11) 1 (11) 0 (0) 9 (20) 35 (80) 44 Number of cases (%) Male 7 (50%) 7 (50) 6 (43) 4 (29) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (7) 14 (38) 23 (62) 37 Overall 11 (48%) 9 (39) 8 (35) 5 (22) 1 (4) 1 (4) 1 (4) 23 (28) 58 (72) 81 Data source: integrated Public Health Information System (iPHIS), Ottawa Public Health, extracted June 20, 2011 Data notes: Cases may report more than one risk factor. Only risk factors reported by 1% or more of cases overall are listed above. 36 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Sexual behaviours The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) asked several questions regarding sexual activity in Ottawa. Following are some salient findings that speak to the risk of acquiring STIs: • In 2009, 42% (± 16%) of 15- to 29-year-olds in Ottawa reported that they had not used a condom the last time they had had sex (among those not married, or married/common law but have had more than one partner in the past year). • In 2009, 53% (± 14%) of 15- to 19-year-olds reported that they had had sexual intercourse. • In 2007/2008, 37% (± 9%) of 15- to 29-year-olds who have had sex reported that they had had more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months. Data source: Canadian Community Health Survey 2007/2008 and 2009. Statistics Canada, distributed by Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 37 Glossary Age at illness The case’s age at episode date. Age range The youngest case age and the eldest case age within the reporting time period. When the minimum age is under the age of one year, the age is represented as “<1”. Episode date Episode date is a calculated field and represents the earliest date of the following: date of onset of symptoms, laboratory specimen collection date, or date reported to public health. One exception is the episode date for HIV, which is recorded as the date the infection was reported to Ottawa Public Health. Female incidence Total number of new female cases reported with an episode date in the calendar year of report divided by the number of males residing in Ottawa according to the census projection of 2010. Five-year mean A total from the five-year time period divided by five (the number of years within the time period). Incidence per 100,000 Total number of new cases reported with an episode date in the calendar year of the report divided by the number of people residing in Ottawa according to the census projection of 2010. Male incidence Total number of new male cases reported with an episode date in the calendar year of report divided by the number of males residing in Ottawa according to the census projection of 2010. Number of cases Number of confirmed infections reported to Ottawa Public Health with an episode date in the calendar year of the report. Risk factor An aspect of someone’s behaviour or lifestyle, a characteristic that a person was born with, or an event that he or she has been exposed to. Risk factors listed in iPHIS are intended to collect initial information on what makes an individual more likely to acquire the infection and/or have a more serious outcome. Ten-year mean A total from the ten-year time period divided by 10 (the number of years within the time period). 38 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 Glossary Chlamydia and gonorrhea Confirmed case Epidemiologically linked cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea (no positive lab result) were previously considered confirmed, but as of April 2009 are no longer reportable. Therefore the number of confirmed cases after April 2009 may be expected to decrease. For these infections, comparisons should not be made to historical values in this report without considering this change. HIV/AIDS Syphilis-HIV co-infection For 2001–2009, syphilis-HIV co-infections included any client diagnosed with HIV anywhere, at any time before or up to one year after the diagnosis of infectious syphilis as HIV may take longer to test and diagnose. This method of calculation is consistent with the way that provincial data is presented. For 2010, syphilis-HIV co-infections included any client diagnosed with HIV anywhere, at any time before or up to one year after the diagnosis of syphilis up to June 30, 2011. Serosorting This HIV risk factor refers to the practice of choosing sexual contacts that have the same HIV status. Strategic positioning This HIV risk factor refers to the practice of engaging in insertive or receptive anal intercourse depending on one’s HIV status in an attempt to decrease the risk of transmission of HIV. HIV exposure categories Heterosexual contact This HIV exposure category includes cases whose only reported risk factor is sex with an opposite sex partner and nothing is known about the HIV-related risk factor(s) associated with the partner. Heterosexual, partner at risk This HIV exposure category includes cases who report sex with an opposite sex partner that has received blood or blood products, is homosexual or bisexual, has lived in or visited a country where HIV is endemic, has multiple sex partners, is HIV positive, or shares needles or drug equipment. HIV-endemic This HIV exposure category includes cases that lived in or visited countries where HIV is endemic (see http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/epi-1205/app_a-eng.php for list). IDU Illicit drug use. This HIV exposure category includes cases that report either using intranasal or injection illicit drugs, or sharing needles or drug equipment, but are not MSM. ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 39 Glossary Men who have sex with men (MSM) This HIV exposure category includes men who report sex with same sex but do not use illicit drugs. MSM—Illicit Drug Use (IDU) This HIV exposure category includes MSM who also report either using intranasal or injection illicit drugs or sharing needles or drug equipment. Other This HIV exposure category includes cases who report occupational, non-occupational or non­ medical exposure to blood or body fluids; or tattoo or piercing. Perinatal This HIV exposure category includes cases that were born to an HIV case. 40 Ottawa Public Health | Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Health in Ottawa 2011 References 1 Canadian Community Health Survey 2007/2008 and 2009. Statistics Canada, distributed by Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Lee C, Whelan M. Repeat Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. Public Health Ontario. Presented July 5, 2011. Available online at: www.oahpp.ca/about/calendar/documents/Repeat%20STIs%20for%20PHO%20Rounds.0507.pdf Raju S, Whelan, M. Syphilis in Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Presented May 11, 2011. 2 3 Additional Information Toronto Public Health. Sexually Transmitted and Bloodborne Diseases: Communicable Diseases in Toronto, 2009. Available online at: www.toronto.ca/health/cdc/communicable_disease_surveillance/statistics_and_reports/annual_ reports/pdf/2009/2009_sti_annual_report.pdf Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. iPHIS Risk Factor Guide. February 2011. Available online at (password required): https://www.publichealthontario.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTAR GS_0_33273_10344_1544_16373_43/docman/download/115852/0/0/0/DRAFT%20Risk%20 Factor%20Guide%202011%2002%2011.pdf ottawa.ca/health | [email protected] | 613-580-6744 | TTY: 613-580-9656 41 ottawa.ca/health 613-580-6744 TTY: 613-580-9656