Upstream Proficiency Companion (2)11111

Transcript

Companion Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley Original edition published by Express Publishing, 2002 Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG19 6HW Tel.: (0044) 1635 817 363 Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.expresspublishing.co.uk © Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley 2002 Design and Illustration © Express Publishing, 2002 Polish edition copyright © by EGIS Redaktor prowadzący: Marta Kapera Współpraca redakcyjna: Joanna Gołąb, Paweł Gruchała Tłumaczenie: Maria Jodłowiec, Ewa Willim Skład: Joanna Chodźko-Gwoździkowska Naświetlanie: Lettra Graphic Druk: Zakłady Graficzne „Drukarz” This Polish edition is published by arrangement with Express Publishing Made in EU All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Żadna część tej pracy nie może być powielana, czy rozpowszechniana w jakiejkolwiek formie w jakikolwiek sposób, bądź elektroniczny, bądź mechaniczny, włącznie z fotokopiowaniem, nagrywaniem na taśmy lub przy użyciu innych systemów, bez pisemnej zgody wydawcy. First published 2002 ISBN 960-361-595-1 This edition is published in 2005 Printed in Poland by EGIS ul. Pilotów 71, 31-462 Kraków e-mail: [email protected] www.egis.com.pl ISBN 83-7396-134-8 (Polish edition) Contents A. Upstream Proficiency – Coursebook Unit 1 Getting the Message Across ......................................................................................................... 5 Unit 2 The Happiest Days of Your Life? .................................................................................................. 17 Self-Assessment Module 1 ........................................................................................................................... 27 Unit 3 Extra! Extra! ................................................................................................................................ 30 Unit 4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles ................................................................................................... 44 Self-Assessment Module 2 ........................................................................................................................... 57 Unit 5 The Science of Life ...................................................................................................................... 59 Unit 6 The Art of Entertainment ............................................................................................................ 72 Self-Assessment Module 3 ........................................................................................................................... 85 Unit 7 Born to Win! ............................................................................................................................... 87 Unit 8 Respect! ...................................................................................................................................... 98 Self-Assessment Module 4 ......................................................................................................................... 109 Unit 9 Another Day, Another Dollar ..................................................................................................... 111 Unit 10 Our Planet, Our Home .............................................................................................................. 121 Self-Assessment Module 5 ......................................................................................................................... 133 Practice Test ............................................................................................................................................... 136 B. Upstream Proficiency – Workbook Glossary ................................................................................ 143 C. Index to the Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................... 153 D. Key to Companion .............................................................................................................................. 169 3 Key to Phonetic Symbols – Wykaz symboli fonetycznych Vowels and diphthongs – Samogłoski i dwugłoski ≤ ± ¡ ¡º ¬ ¬º e Ω ≈ æ ∞ ƒ ≥ calm, heart act, mass drive, cry fire, tyre out, down flour, sour met, lend say, weight fair, care fit, win feed, me near, beard lot, spot ø ¥ √ μ ∂ Δ ª ∑ º i u º note, coat claw, faun boy, joint could, stood you, use lure, pure turn, third fund, must pierwsza samogłoska w słowie about druga samogłoska w słowie very druga samogłoska w słowie actual druga samogłoska w słowach takich jak bottle lub shorten, zanikająca w szybkiej wymowie Consonants – Spółgłoski b d f g h j k l m n p r r bed, rub done, red fit, if good, dog hat, horse yellow, you king, pick lip, bill mat, ram not, tin pay, lip run, read „r” łączące, występujące na końcu takich wyrazów jak mother lub far, jeśli następuje po nich samogłoska s t v w z « » … ∏ ı ∫ π soon, bus talk, bet van, love win, wool zoo, buzz ship, wish measure, leisure sing, working cheap, witch thin, myth then, bathe joy, bridge Akcent główny oznaczony jest symbolem ` poprzedzającym akcentowaną sylabę (np. attic /`±tæk/), natomiast akcent poboczny oznaczony jest symbolem ¿ poprzedzającym akcentowaną sylabę (np. disappoint /¿dæsº`p√nt/). Abbreviations – Wykaz skrótów abbr adj adv conj excl idm n 4 = = = = = = = abbreviation adjective adverb conjunction exclamation idiom noun (skrót) (przymiotnik) (przysłówek) (spójnik) (wykrzyknik) (idiom) (rzeczownik) pl phr v prep pron sb sth v = = = = = = = plural phrasal verb preposition pronoun somebody something verb (liczba mnoga) (czasownik złożony) (przyimek) (zaimek) (ktoś) (coś) (czasownik) Getting the Message Across Listen, read and talk about (p. 6) 1.1 literacy /`lætºrºsi/ (n) = the ability to read and write / umiejętność czytania i pisania e.g. There is a great problem with literacy in third-world countries. Der.: literate (adj) Opp.: illiteracy 1.10 1.11 Lead-in (p. 7) 1.12 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 rank /r±…k/ (v) = to put in a particular class according to importance, value, ability / ustawić w kolejności (np. od najbardziej do najmniej ważnego) e.g. The academic titles mentioned in the book have been ranked in order of importance. intrusive /æn`tr∂sæv/ (adj) = disturbing / irytujący, denerwujący e.g. One problem associated with fame is the intrusive presence of journalists and cameras in one’s private life. Der.: intrude (v) versatile /`vªsºt¡l/ (adj) = having different uses / wielofunkcyjny e.g. This versatile gadget is a valuable addition to any toolbox. Der.: versatility /vªsº`tilºti/ (n) customised paper /`k∑stºm¡zd ¿pΩpºr/ (n) = paper made according to one’s wishes / papeteria wykonywana na indywidualne zamówienie e.g. She always uses customised paper, which makes it a joy to read her letters. stranded /`str±ndid/ (adj) = helpless, unable to leave a place / nie mogący się skądś wydostać, zdany na własne siły e.g. The holiday makers were stranded on the island because of the storm. transaction /tr±n`z±k«ºn/ (n) = a business deal / transakcja e.g. For some strange reason my last transactions don’t appear in my bank book. elaborate /æ`l±bºrºt/ (adj) = complicated and carefully planned / skomplikowany, wyrafinowany e.g. His elaborate answer to our question confused us even further. Opp.: simple Reading (pp. 8–9) 1.9 grope /grøp/ (v) = to search with difficulty / szukać po omacku 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1 e.g. The sudden appearance of the new disease left scientists groping for a cure. assault /º`s¥lt/ (n) = an attack / atak e.g. The political candidate promised to launch an assault against poverty if she were elected. tedious /`t∞diºs/ (adj) = boring / uciążliwy, nużący e.g. She was given the tedious task of entering lists of numbers. Opp.: interesting quaint /kwΩnt/ (adj) = attractively unusual and old / staroświecki, osobliwy, urokliwy e.g. During our tour of Europe we passed through quaint villages. merchant vessel /`mªt«ºnt vesºl/ (n) = a ship used in trade / statek handlowy e.g. He travelled everywhere while working as a marine engineer on a merchant vessel. bear the flag = to display a flag on a ship / być pod banderą e.g. Every ship on these waters has to bear the flag of its country of origin. distress call /dæs`tres ¿k¥l/ (n) = a signal for help / wezwanie pomocy e.g. The Titanic’s distress call was sent too late for help to arrive on time. adrift /º`dræft/ (adj) = not tied to anything, floating / dryfujący, znoszony przez prąd e.g. Four shipwreck victims were found adrift on a raft yesterday. launch /l¥nt«/ (v) = to set into water / spuścić na wodę e.g. We watched from the quayside as the ship was launched into the sea. enduring /æn`djμºri…/ (adj) = continuing for a long time / ciągły, długotrwały e.g. The 60s had an enduring influence on the British society. legacy /`legºsi/ (n) = sth that exists now because sth else happened in the past / pozostałość, spuścizna e.g. This polluted river is the legacy of the factories that used to remove their waste into it. commonplace /`k≥mºnplΩs/ (adj) = ordinary, usual / powszechny, pospolity e.g. Internet cafés are now commonplace in most cities. Opp.: unusual, rare relay /ræ`lΩ/ (v) = to receive a message and pass it on / przekazać (wiadomość) e.g. The DJ read the note and relayed the news to his listeners. 5 Unit 1 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 6 prudence /`pr∂dºns/ (n) = good judgement / rozwaga, roztropność e.g. He demonstrated a lack of prudence when he quit his job before finding another one. Der.: prudent (adj) distorted /dæ`st¥tæd/ (adj) = (of a signal) unnatural in appearance or sound / zniekształcony e.g. Our television was so old that its image was becoming more and more distorted. Der.: distortion (n), distort (v) infantry /`ænfºntri/ (n) = soldiers who fight on foot / piechota e.g. The infantry cautiously advanced through the open field. artillery /≤`tælºri/ (n) = soldiers trained to use large, heavy weapons / artyleria e.g. He was a captain in the artillery before he retired. come out on top (idm) = to be more successful than others; to be in the first position / być górą, na pierwszym miejscu e.g. Our ice-cream company came out on top by offering a delicious product. peck /pek/ (v) = to strike quickly and repeatedly (e.g. keys in a typewriter) / dosł. dziobać; tu: stukać (np. w klawisze) e.g. The secretary spent hours pecking; she had to finish typing all the letters before the deadline. clatter /`kl±tºr/ (n) = a continuous noise caused by objects hitting each other / brzęk e.g. You could hear a clatter of dishes and cutlery coming from the kitchen. inaugurate /æ`n¥gjμrΩt/ (v) = to introduce, start / inaugurować, dać początek e.g. The introduction of free school lunches inaugurated an era of better health for children. Der.: inauguration (n) wire /w¡ºr/ (v) = to send a telegram / przesłać wiadomość telegraficznie e.g. We wired her sending her our condolences. what hath God wrought! = (biblical quotation) what has God done! / (cytat z Biblii) „Czegóż to dokonał Bóg!“ e.g. “What hath God wrought!” the man said looking at the soaring skyscraper. recede /ræ`s∞d/ (v) = to move away from the central position, to gradually disappear / zniknąć, zacząć zanikać e.g. His enthusiasm for the job started to recede after only a few days of hard work in the office. envision /æn`v滺n/ (v) = to imagine sth as a possibility / przewidzieć, wyobrażać sobie 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 e.g. I don’t envision the building complex being constructed before the set date. gist /πæst/ (n) = the general meaning / główna myśl e.g. The gist of his long speech was that the company must cut wages. question stem /`kwest«ºn stem/ (n) = the main part of a question / tekst pytania (bez odpowiedzi do wyboru) e.g. The question stem is located before the multiple choice answers. laborious /lº`b¥riºs/ (adj) = needing much effort / żmudny, mozolny e.g. Cooking for a family of seven is a laborious task. Opp.: easy redundant /ræ`d∑ndºnt/ (adj) = no longer needed / zbędny, zbyteczny e.g. Due to automation many factory workers have become redundant. Der.: redundancy (n) Opp.: essential neglect /næ`glekt/ (v) = to give no or little attention to / zaniedbać, lekceważyć e.g. The government has often neglected the country’s new immigrants. Der.: neglectful (adj) strenuous /`strenjuºs/ (adj) = taking great effort, energy / wyczerpujący, forsowny e.g. Strenuous exercise should be avoided during heat waves. Der.: strenuously (adv) Opp.: light Language Focus (pp. 10–13) 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 beam /b∞m/ (v) = to give a big smile / uśmiechać się promiennie e.g. The contest winner was beaming with pride. glare /gl≈r/ (v) = to stare in an angry manner / piorunować kogoś wzrokiem, patrzeć gniewnie e.g. When Mark spoke to his ex-girlfriend, Joanne glared at him across the room. smirk /smªk/ (v) = to smile in an unpleasant manner because one is pleased with oneself / uśmiechać się z wyższością e.g. Lara smirked, knowing that she’d soon take her revenge. frown /fr¬n/ (v) = to draw one’s eyebrows together because one is annoyed, puzzled, concentrating, etc / marszczyć brwi, patrzeć z dezaprobatą e.g. She developed deep lines on her forehead from frowning all the time. Unit 1 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 wince /wæns/ (v) = to tighten the muscles in the face to show pain, distress, embarrassment / skrzywić się z bólu, wzdrygnąć się e.g. He winced at the memory of his embarrassing behaviour the night before. retort /ræ`t¥t/ (v) = to reply quickly and angrily / zaripostować, dawać słowną ripostę e.g. The way she retorted left us all speechless. shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders slightly to express doubt or lack of interest / wzruszyć ramionami e.g. The landlady shrugged when the police asked if she knew the whereabouts of her last tenant. abruptly /º`br∑ptli/ (adv) = suddenly, unexpectedly / nagle, raptownie, ostro e.g. The bus stopped abruptly when the traffic lights changed to red. Der.: abrupt (adj) profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense / głęboki, przemożny e.g. My drama teacher had a profound influence on me in high school. Der.: profoundly (adv) rousing /`r¬zæ…/ (adj) = exciting and encouraging / porywający e.g. Her rousing speech on the survival of the planet touched the crowd. pertinent /`pªtænºnt/ (adj) = relevant / istotny, mający ścisły związek z tematem e.g. Since we didn’t have much time, I asked him the most pertinent questions. Der.: pertinence (n), pertinently (adv) Opp.: irrelevant wall-mounted /`w¥l¿m¬ntæd/ (adj) = attached to the wall / umocowany na ścianie e.g. There was a free-standing bookcase and several wall-mounted cupboards in the room. aerial /`≈riºl/ (n) = an antenna / antena e.g. We had to adjust our TV aerial to get better reception. thrust /ár∑st/ (v) = to push forcefully and suddenly / wepchnąć e.g. She thrust the car keys into my hand and told me to drive quickly. plug in /`pl∑g `æn/ (phr v) = to push the plug of an electrical appliance into a socket so that it can work / włączyć do kontaktu e.g. We plugged in the Christmas tree lights and gazed at the bright colours. nook /nμk/ (n) = a quiet, small, sheltered space / zakątek, wnęka 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 e.g. There is a nook in my garden where I can sit and read for hours. jack /π±k/ (n) = an electrical socket into which phone lines are connected / gniazdko telefoniczne e.g. We had telephone jacks installed in every room of the house except the bathroom. niche /n∞«/ (n) = a hollow area in a wall used to display sth / nisza, wnęka e.g. We decided to display the statue in the niche in the hallway. void /v√d/ (n) = a large empty space / próżnia, pustka e.g. Our small motorboat moved slowly into the dark void. headset /`hedset/ (n) = a pair of small headphones used for the telephone or listening to the radio / słuchawki e.g. Wearing a headset at work allows me to answer the telephone and type at the same time. reel /r∞l/ (n) = a round object on which thread, wire, cinema film, etc can be wound / rolka, szpul(k)a e.g. The camera operator inserted the second reel of film. keypad /`k∞p±d/ (n) = a small set of buttons that operate a modern telephone, calculator, etc / przyciski (np. na telefonie, kalkulatorze) e.g. She quickly punched in the phone number on the keypad and waited for an answer. switchboard /`swæt«b¥d/ (n) = a place in a company where all the telephone calls are connected / centrala telefoniczna e.g. The switchboard was jammed with calls from outraged TV viewers. conventional /kºn`ven«ºnºl/ (adj) = usually used / tradycyjny e.g. When I moved to my flat I had enough room for a conventional cooker. Der.: convention (n) Opp.: unconventional retract /ræ`tr±kt/ (v) = to move back or in / wciągnąć, schować e.g. The wheels of the aeroplane were retracted after take-off. recoil /ræ`k√l/ (v) = to suddenly move backwards / cofnąć się odruchowo, odskoczyć e.g. She recoiled in disgust when Joe stepped forward to hug her. materialise /mº`tƒriºl¡z/ (v) = to suddenly become visible / pojawić się niespodziewanie, wyłonić się znikąd e.g. As she looked out of her window, she saw a man materialise out of the fog. 7 Unit 1 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 8 contempt /kºn`tempt/ (n) = a feeling that sb or sth is not worthy of respect / pogarda e.g. I feel nothing but contempt for someone who behaves so cruelly towards others. menacingly /`menæsæ…li/ (adv) = in a threatening way / groźnie e.g. Δhe school bully looked menacingly at the frightened little boy. stern /stªn/ (adj) = serious, disapproving / srogi, surowy e.g. Δhe headmaster’s stern look told the students they were in trouble. scowl /sk¬l/ (v) = to look angrily at sb / popatrzeć gniewnie na kogoś e.g. Δhe spoiled girl scowled at her nanny and threw down a vase. jeer /πæºr/ (v) = to laugh and shout rudely or insultingly at sb/sth / wygwizdać, wyśmiać, wyszydzić e.g. The crowd jeered at the speaker during the whole of her speech. simper /`sæmpºr/ (v) = to smile in a silly, unnatural way / mizdrzyć się, uśmiechać się kokieteryjnie e.g. Δhe adoring fan simpered at her idol. Der.: simpering (adj), simperingly (adv) growl /grøl/ (v) = to make a deep rough sound in the throat, usually in anger / warknąć e.g. ∏e looked at the report and growled, “What is this?” munch /m∑nt«/ (v) = to chew food noisily / chrupać e.g. She munched on an apple while doing her homework. mumble /`m∑mbºl/ (v) = to speak very quietly and not clearly / mamrotać, mowić do siebie e.g. Peter has a habit of mumbling in his sleep. muddle /`m∑dºl/ (v) = to confuse, mix up things / pomieszać, poplątać e.g. After years of knowing the identical twins, I still muddle their names. muster /`m∑stºr/ (v) = to gather, collect / zebrać (np. siły), zdobyć się na coś e.g. Δhe actress mustered all her courage and went to the audition. gape /gΩp/ (v) = to look in surprise (usually with an open mouth) / gapić się z otwartymi ustami e.g. Δhe tourist gaped at the sight of the ancient pyramids before her. ogle /`øgºl / (v) = to look, especially at a woman, in a way that suggets sexual interest / patrzeć lubieżnie e.g. Her boyfriend had a bad habit of ogling women, which always made her jealous. 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 piercing /`pƒsæ…/ (adj) = very high, sharp and clear in an unpleasant way / przenikliwy e.g. I covered my ears when he let out a piercing whistle. yelp /jelp/ (n) = a sudden cry of fear, pain or excitement / skowyt, skomlenie e.g. The dog let out a yelp of excitement and ran to greet his owner. shriek /«ri:k/ (n) = a loud shout in a high voice, made when one is excited or frightened / wrzask, pisk e.g. The child let out a shriek of delight when he saw all the Christmas presents. subtlety /`s∑tºlti/ (n) = a detail hardly noticeable but important / drobny szczegół, subtelność e.g. What makes my sauce so delicious is the subtleties of flavour. nuance /`nj∂≤ns/ (n) = a very slight difference in meaning or appearance / niuans e.g. Δhe two example sentences showed the nuances between the synonyms. minimalist /`mænæmºlæst/ (adj) = (of a style) using a small number of simple things / minimalistyczny e.g. She used a minimalist approach in furnishing her bedroom with only a bed. verbose /vª`bøs/ (adj) = using more words than necessary / (o stylu) rozwlekły, (o osobie) gadatliwy e.g. He answered the student’s question in his usual verbose manner. Der.: verbosity /vª`b≥sºti/ (n) long-winded /¿l≥…`wændæd/ (adj) = saying too much in a boring way / rozwlekły, nużąco długi e.g. By the end of the speaker’s long-winded speech we were ready to go home. elongated /`∞l≥…gΩtæd/ (adj) = long and thin / pociągły, wydłużony e.g. Δhe model’s elongated face on the painting bore little resemblance to her. stretched-out /`stret«t¿¬t/ (adj) = held straight / wyciągnięty e.g. He begged for money with a stretched-out hand. mutter /`m∑tºr/ (v) = to speak in a low voice not easily heard, usually to complain / mamrotać, mruczeć pod nosem e.g. “∏e is an idiot,” she muttered to herself. stutter /`st∑tºr/ (v) = to speak with difficulty in producing sounds / jąkać się e.g. “∏-h-h-help...m-m-m-me,” she stuttered. splutter /`spl∑tºr/ (v) = to speak in a quick, confused way producing short unclear sounds / bełkotać e.g. “But-but what do you mean?” he spluttered. Unit 1 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 1.100 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 pitch /pæt«/ (n) = the height of a speaking voice or musical note / ton e.g. The high pitch of her voice was annoying. striking /`str¡kæ…/ (adj) = very noticeable or unusual / rzucający się w oczy, uderzający, znamienny e.g. I spotted her striking pink hair in the crowd. premises /`premæsæz/ (n pl) = the land and buildings that a business or institution occupies / siedziba, lokal e.g. Alcohol cannot be sold on the premises. in jest = not seriously / żartem e.g. ∏is comments about quitting the rock band were not said in jest; he was sincere. not to mince one’s words (idm) = to say things directly to sb even if they can hurt or offend them / nie owijać w bawełnę e.g. She didn’t mince her words, but called his idea “ludicrous.” on the tip of one’s tongue (idm) = used when one is trying hard to remember sth / na końcu języka e.g. “Oh! ∏is name is on the tip of my tongue!” be all ears (idm) = to be ready and eager to listen to sb / zamienić się w słuch e.g. “π am all ears,” she said and sat on the chair waiting to hear what I had to say. mutual acquaintance /`mj∂t«uºl º`kwΩntºns/ (n) = sb who is known by two or more people / wspólny znajomy e.g. Paul and I met through John, who was a mutual acquaintance. run for Parliament = to attempt to be elected to Parliament / stawać do walki o miejsce w parlamencie e.g. ∞fter years of being interested in politics, she decided to run for Parliament. keep sth under one’s hat (idm) = not to divulge information / trzymać coś w tajemnicy e.g. π hope you will keep the information under your hat. mum’s the word (idm) = used to tell sb or to agree that sth must be kept secret / cicho sza e.g. “Δhanks for listening to me. And don’t forget, mum’s the word.” in strictest confidence = secretly / w głębokiej tajemnicy e.g. ∏e told me in strictest confidence about his troubled conscience. 1.106 1.107 1.108 1.109 1.110 1.111 1.112 1.113 1.114 1.115 1.116 Listening and Speaking (pp. 14–15) 1.105 scruffy /`skr∑fi/ (adj) = dirty or untidy / niechlujny e.g. When we found our family pet, she was scruffy from living on the streets. 1.117 lounge suit /`l¬nπ s∂t/ (n) = a suit of matching jacket and trousers, sometimes worn for a special occasion / garnitur (wizytowy) e.g. ∏is lounge suit was too casual for the Mayor’s reception. tie-dye /`t¡d¡/ (adj) = (of an article of clothing) made by tying knots in it and dyeing it / farbowany nierównomiernie e.g. Don’t my tie-dye trousers remind you of the 60s? pin-striped /`pænstr¡pt/ (adj) = (of a fabric) with very narrow lines / prążkowany e.g. She wore a smart pin-striped suit to the company meeting. trench coat /`trent« køt/ (n) = a long loose raincoat with pockets and a belt / trencz e.g. She put on her trench coat because it was pouring with rain. bomber jacket /`b≥mº π±kæt/ (n) = a short jacket gathered at the waist or hips / krótka dopasowana kurtka (zwykle skórzana) e.g. Δhe bomber jacket I bought last year doesn’t seem stylish any more. baggy cords /`b±gi k¥dz/ (n pl) = loose fitting trousers made of corduroy fabric / luźne (workowate) sztruksy e.g. Δhese baggy cords are perfect for autumn and winter weather. negligible /`neglæπæbºl/ (adj) = too small to be worthy of attention / nieistotny, bez znaczenia e.g. Δhe damage to the car was so negligible I hadn’t even noticed it. posture /`p≥st«ºr/ (n) = the way in which sb usually holds their body / postawa e.g. When she improved her posture her back pain disappeared. multi-lingual /¿m∑ltæ`læ…gwºl/ (adj) = of many languages / wielojęzyczny e.g. ªulti-lingual employees would be an asset to our business. lingua franca /¿læ…gwº `fr±…kº/ (n) = a shared language of communication / lingua franca (wspólny język używany jako środek porozumiewania się przez osoby, dla których nie jest on językiem ojczystym) e.g. English is slowly becoming the lingua franca of the world. linguist /`læ…gwæst/ (n) = a person who studies languages or the way they work / językoznawca e.g. Δhe linguist on the TV programme discussed the similarities between languages. rivalry /`r¡vºlri/ (n) = competition / rywalizacja, konkurencja 9 Unit 1 1.118 1.119 e.g. ∂ver since their youth, there has been rivalry between the two sisters. Der.: rival (n) exemplify /æg`zemplæf¡/ (v) = to be a typical example of / ilustrować, być przykładem e.g. These recipes exemplify what is referred to as healthy Mediterranean cooking. Der.: exemplification (n) get across /`get º`kr≥s/ (phr v) = to make sth understood / przekazać (tak, że słuchacz zrozumie, o co chodzi) e.g. From the look on people’s faces, she knew she was getting her ideas across. Reading (pp. 16–17) 1.120 1.121 1.122 1.123 1.124 1.125 1.126 1.127 1.128 10 think tank /`ıæ…k t±…k/ (n) = a group of experts brought together to provide solutions to problems / zespół ekspertów e.g. The education think tank considered the various problems found in bilingual schools. armoured /`≤mºd/ (adj) = equipped with sth that provides protection / zbrojny, opancerzony e.g. The diplomat travelled everywhere in an armoured car. wiring /`w¡ºræ…/ (n) = a system of wires that supplies electricity to a building / instalacja elektryczna e.g. Δhe power failure was due to faulty wiring. vulnerable /`v∑lnºrºbºl/ (adj) = easily attacked, harmed or hurt / narażony na niebezpieczeństwo e.g. Small children are especially vulnerable to diseases. Der.: vulnerability (n) conceivable /kºn`s∞vºbºl/ (adj) = possible / możliwy (do wyobrażenia), wyobrażalny e.g. πãve searched in every conceivable place for the CD, but I canãt find it. Der.: conceivably (adv), conceive (v) Opp.: inconceivable reduce to tatters = to destroy / zniszczyć, rozerwać na strzępy e.g. The washing machine reduced the delicate sweater to tatters. node /nød/ (n) = a point where one thing joins another / węzeł e.g. The network consisted of more than 1,500 nodes. wind /w¡nd/ (v) = to follow a curving or twisting course / wić się, posuwać się krętą drogą e.g. Δhe path winds through the forest and ends at the stream. intrigue /æn`tr∞g/ (v) = to fascinate, to interest greatly especially by being unusual / intrygować 1.129 1.130 1.131 1.132 1.133 1.134 1.135 1.136 1.137 1.138 1.139 e.g. The concept of flying has always intrigued man. Der.: intrigued (adj), intriguing (adj), intriguingly (adv) indestructible /¿ændæ`str∑ktæbºl/ (adj) = impossible to destroy / niezniszczalny e.g. ªy playful dog needs indestructible toys. Der.: indestructibly (adv) subscriber /sºb`skr¡bºr/ (n) = a person who makes regular payments to receive a service / subskrybent, abonent e.g. Δhe cable TV subscribers complained about the price increase. Der.: subscribe (v), subscription (n) segment /`segmºnt/ (n) = a section; any of the parts into which sth is divided / sektor, gałąź, część e.g. Women make up the larger segment of the population. Der.: segmented (adj), segmentation (n) amid /º`mæd/ (prep) = in the middle of; among / pośród e.g. Δhe once happy child found himself amid a bitter custody battle. constellation /¿k≥nstº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = a group of similar things or people / plejada, gwiazdozbiór e.g. There was a constellation of film directors at the International Film Festival. get into the act = to participate in sth that was started by sb else, especially for one’s own benefit / przyłączyć się, dołączyć e.g. ¡ow that our business is doing well, many friends want to get into the act. blistering pace /`blæstºræ… `pΩs/ (n) = a great speed / zawrotne tempo e.g. The cyclist set off at a blistering pace and took the lead. upgrade /¿∑p`grΩd/ (v) = to improve / unowocześnić, podnieść standard e.g. Charity donations enabled the hospital to upgrade its facilities. confederation /kºn¿fedº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = a union of smaller groups, especially established for business or political reasons / związek, stowarzyszenie e.g. Since it joined the confederation, our small clothing company has expanded its exports. mere /mæºr/ (adj) = nothing more than / zaledwie, jedynie e.g. The beach was a mere 200 metres from our rented room. ferocious /fº`rø«ºs/ (adj) = extremely quick / tu: gwałtowny Unit 1 1.140 1.141 1.142 1.143 1.144 1.145 1.146 1.147 1.148 1.149 e.g. The ferocious growth of the industry surprised everyone. Der.: ferociously (adv), ferocity /fº`r≥sºti/ (n) bear little resemblance = to be barely similar / nie być podobnym, mieć mało wspólnego e.g. The new film bears little resemblance to the wonderful book. seething /’s∞∫æ…/ (adj) = here: rapid, uncontrollable / tu: gwałtowny, niepohamowany e.g. The seething expansion of the gang’s illegal activities was stopped by the CIA. Der.: seethe (v) fungal /f∑…gºl/ (adj) = here: growing rapidly and suddenly / tu: gwałtownie rozprzestrzeniający się e.g. The fungal development of the disease surprised everyone. Der.: fungus (n) grim /græm/ (adj) = unpleasant, depressing / ponury e.g. The grim weather made me want to stay at home. Der.: grimly (adv) command grid /kº`m≤nd ¿græd/ (n) = the main system of electric wires which distributes power over a large area / centralna sieć (np. energetyczna, telekomunikacyjna) e.g. There was a breakdown in the electric command grid of the city. jumbled /`d»∑mbºld/ (adj) = mixed up and not in order / pomieszany, w nieładzie e.g. The books and CDs were lying jumbled on the bookshelf. discourse marker /`dæsk¥s `m≤kºr/ (n) = a reference word, time word or linking word which shows how discourse is constructed / wskaźnik organizacji tekstu e.g. ∞ successful composition should include appropriate discourse markers. cohesion /kø`h∞»ºn/ (n) = unity of the text based on its surface elements, such as the linking words / spójność, zwartość e.g. I don’t know what ”it” in line 4 refers to; this essay lacks cohesion. coherence /kø`hƒrºns/ (n) = a clear and logical connection between different parts of a speech, text, etc / logiczna spójność, sprawny, składny wywód e.g. She was an inexperienced speaker; there wasn’t any coherence in her arguments. Der.: coherent (adj) Opp.: incoherence warp /w¥p/ (v) = to change or influence in a bad way / wypaczyć, wykoślawić 1.150 1.151 1.152 1.153 1.154 1.155 1.156 1.157 1.158 1.159 1.160 e.g. πt seems his new income has warped his usual sense of judgement. federally subsidised /`fedºrºli `s∑bsæd¡zd/ (adj) = given money by the government to cover the cost of sth / rządowy, finansowany przez rząd federalny e.g. Immigrants are encouraged to take federally subsidised language courses. stumbling /`st∑mblæ…/ (adj) = here: unsteady / niepewny, mogący w każdej chwili się zmienić e.g. After years of financial instability, the company is slowly achieving a stumbling balance. high-capacity /¿h¡kº`p±sæti/ (adj) = able to do sth to a great degree; powerful / o wielkiej pojemności, wysokowydajny e.g. The new high-capacity engines of our racing cars should bring us more victories. backbone /`b±kbøn/ (n) = the principal support or most substantial element of a group / trzon, filar e.g. √ur manager is the backbone of the firm. lord it over sb (idm) = to gain advantage or achieve dominance over sth / przewyższyć, zdominować e.g. Big corporations can lord it over small businesses. domain /dø`mΩn/ (n) = an area of knowledge or interest / dziedzina e.g. ∏e was a great influence in the domain of architecture. barge in /`b≤π `æn/ (phr v) = to enter or interrupt forcefully and rudely / wtrącać się e.g. ∏e barged in on our conversation without even introducing himself. mull over /`m∑l `øvºr/ (phr v) = to think about or consider sth carefully for a while / rozmyślać nad czymś e.g. π think I’ll need a few days to mull over your proposal. daring /`d≈ræ…/ (adj) = bold in a new or unusual way / śmiały, odważny e.g. Δhey were slightly shocked at my daring suggestion. Der.: daringly (adv) supersede /¿s∂pº`s∞d/ (v) = to replace / zastąpić, wyprzeć e.g. ªÔst of the old road has been superseded by a motorway. censor /`sensºr/ (n) = sb appointed to examine the media and remove anything considered offensive or politically inappropriate / cenzor e.g. Such bad language will never be approved by the censors. 11 Unit 1 1.161 1.162 stockholder /`st≥khøldºr/ (n) = sb who owns shares/stocks of a company / akcjonariusz e.g. The public jumped at the chance of becoming stockholders of the prosperous company. toss /t≥s/ (v) = to throw lightly and carelessly / rzucić e.g. ∏e tossed the ball of paper into the fire. 1.172 1.173 English in Use (pp. 18–21) 1.174 1.163 1.164 1.165 1.166 1.167 1.168 1.169 1.170 1.171 12 outgoings /`¬tgøæ…z/ (n pl) = financial expenses / wydatki e.g. ªy monthly outgoings on rent and food take up most of my salary. cleanse /klenz/ (v) = to clean thoroughly / oczyścić e.g. You must cleanse your face properly before going to bed. Der.: cleanser (n), cleansing (adj) strike /str¡k/ (v) = to cause sb to have a feeling or idea about sth / zrobić wrażenie na kimś, zdumieć e.g. I was struck by how well she dealt with her father’s death. Der.: striking (adj), strikingly (adv) commend /kº`mend/ (v) = to praise / chwalić e.g. Her article on Byzantine history was highly commended. Der.: commendable (adj), commendably (adv), commendation (n) assert /º`sªt/ (v) = to make others recognise sth by behaving firmly and confidently / zamanifestować (prawo do czegoś) e.g. Δhe students asserted their right to participate in university decisions. Der.: assertive (adj), assertion (n), assertively (adv), assertiveness (n) electrify /æ`lektræf¡/ (v) = to make sb feel excited / zelektryzować, zachwycić (np. publiczność) e.g. He electrified the audience with his acting performance. mischief /`mæst«æf/ (n) = behaviour which does slight damage, but is not intended to do serious harm / psota, figiel e.g. ∞ recreation centre would be a good way to keep children busy and away from mischief. Der.: mischievous (adj), mischievously (adv) convey /kºn`vΩ/ (v) = to communicate sth to sb / przekazać, wyrazić e.g. Δhe poet was able to convey his innermost feelings through his work. corporate /`k¥pºrºt/ (adj) = relating to a business or company / dotyczący spółki, firmy, przedsiębiorstwa e.g. ∏e is a corporate lawyer, working for such companies as Sony. 1.175 1.176 1.177 1.178 1.179 1.180 1.181 1.182 1.183 notion /`nø«ºn/ (n) = a belief or idea / pojęcie, pogląd e.g. I had only a vague notion of her background. Der.: notional (adj) off the hook = (of a telephone receiver) not put back correctly / źle odwieszony e.g. The phone’s been busy for hours; it must be off the hook. technophobe /’teknºfºμb/ (n) = sb who is afraid of new developments in technology and tries to avoid using new inventions / osoba bojąca się postępu technicznego e.g. He’s such a technophobe; he’d never use a mobile phone even in an emergency. fad /f±d/ (n) = a fashion or interest which is not likely to last / chwilowa moda e.g. Years ago, people believed that television was just a fad. encroachment /æn`krøt«mºnt/ (n) = intrusion on the rights, property, etc of another person / naruszenie e.g. The UN inspectors found proof of many encroachments on human rights. dignified /`dægnæf¡d/ (adj) = worthy of respect due to calmness, seriousness, grace and control / pełen godności e.g. Following her defeat, the presidential candidate gave a dignified speech. tumble /`t∑mbºl/ (v) = to decrease rapidly in value or amount / gwałtownie spaść e.g. Δhe corporation’s share prices tumbled prior to its take-over. turmoil /`tªm√l/ (n) = a state of confusion, uncertainty or disorder / zamieszanie, wrzenie e.g. After twenty years, her marriage is in turmoil. prospective /prº`spektæv/ (adj) = future or possible / przyszły, potencjalny e.g. All prospective candidates must send in an application and undergo an interview. cellular phone /¿seljμlº `føn/ (n) = (American English) a mobile phone / telefon komórkowy e.g. He turned off his cellular phone as soon as he entered the cinema. will /wæl/ (n) = a legal document in which sb states what should be done with their money and property after their death / testament e.g. She had a new will drawn up, disinheriting her spoiled son. run-down /¿r∑n`daμn/ (adj) = in very poor condition / podupadły, zniszczony e.g. Δhe flourishing part of the city was once a run-down area. Unit 1 1.184 1.185 1.186 1.187 1.188 1.189 1.190 1.191 1.192 1.193 1.194 1.195 1.196 appalling /º`p¥li…/ (adj) = so bad or unpleasant that itãs shocking / przerażający, potworny e.g. ∏e ‘s such an appalling driver, I ‘d never go in a car with him. Der.: appallingly (adv) retain /ræ`tΩn/ (v) = to keep sth / utrzymać, zachować e.g. She retained a healthy attitude during difficult times. in succession = following one after the other; in a row / pod rząd e.g. Δhe estate agent sold four homes in succession. revelation /revº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = sth which is made known, especially sth surprising / rewelacja e.g. During his candid TV interview, he made a few shocking revelations. smash into sth /`sm±«/ (v) = to go, drive or hit forcefully against sth solid; to crash into sth / roztrzaskać się na czymś, uderzyć w coś e.g. The driver smashed his car into the brick wall. render /`rendºr/ (v) = to cause sb to be in a particular state / uczynić kogoś (np. niezdolnym do czegoś, bezbronnym) e.g. ∏er lack of sympathy rendered me speechless and angry. pen /pen/ (v) = to write / napisać, skreślić parę słów e.g. She sat in the moonlight and penned a verse in her poetry book. missive /`mæsæv/ (n) = a letter which is official, long or humorous / pismo, list e.g. She wrote a ten-page missive on the benefits of a single-gender office and gave it to her boss. scribe /skr¡b/ (n) = a person who made copies of documents before printing was invented / skryba, pisarz e.g. Δhe Egyptian scribe wrote the words of his pharaoh on papyrus. cite /s¡t/ (v) = to quote sth; to mention sth as an example / cytować, wymienić e.g. Δhe UN cited several countries which should be held accountable for their human rights violations. epistolatory /e`pæst≥lºtri/ (adj) = written in the form of letters / epistolarny, listowny e.g. Her novel was written in epistolatory form. tuition /tju`櫺n/ (n) = instruction, esp. of individuals or small groups / nauka, zajęcia w małych grupach e.g. Not many families can afford to give their children private tuition. bureaucracy /bjμº`r≥krºsi/ (n) = all the official rules and procedures of an organisation, especially complicated and time-consuming ones / biurokracja 1.197 1.198 1.199 1.200 1.201 1.202 1.203 e.g. πf the government reduced unnecessary bureaucracy, many matters would be solved at a much faster rate. civil service minister /`sævæl sªvæs `mænæstºr/ (n) = the minister responsible for the various government departments and employees / szef administracji państwowej e.g. As civil service minister, he initiated state-funded counselling services for the unemployed. overhaul /`øvºh¥l/ (n) = a complete examination with necessary changes / przegląd e.g. Organisations demanded a complete overhaul of international child protection laws. state form /`stΩt f¥m/ (n) = an official document containing questions and spaces for answers / oficjalny formularz urzędowy e.g. ªany state forms including income tax forms are now a lot easier to fill out than ten years ago. jargon /`π≤gºn/ (n) = technical words and expressions used by particular groups of people and hard to understand / żargon e.g. Δhe lawyers’ argument was difficult to follow with all the legal jargon they used. act upon /`±kt º`p≥n/ (phr v) = to take action as a result of sth / działać na podstawie czegoś e.g. ∞cting upon the article I had read, I asked my doctor for her professional opinion. premise /`premæs/ (n) = a statement or idea on which sth is based / założenie, przesłanka e.g. Δhe basic premise of my psychological therapy is that the origin of a particular behaviour isn’t important. pivotal /`pævºtºl/ (adj) = central and important / decydujący, zasadniczy e.g. Δhe UN played a pivotal role in the peace talks between the governments. Writing (pp. 22–26) 1.204 1.205 1.206 1.207 tremendously /trº`mendºsli/ (adv) = extremely / niezwykle, wyjątkowo e.g. She’s a tremendously well-organised person and that’s what helps her in this hectic job. indispensable /¿ændæ`spensºbºl/ (adj) = absolutely essential / niezbędny, konieczny e.g. Δhis book is an indispensable guide for anyone wishing to discover the hidden beauties of Italy. drop /dr≥p/ (v) = to omit sb or sth / opuścić, pominąć e.g. Δhe star footballer was dropped from the list of players going to the World Cup Championship. purist /`pjμºræst/ (n) = a person who is against any 13 Unit 1 1.208 1.209 1.210 incorrect or unconventional use of language / purysta e.g. Some purists have complained that slang is being used far too often in writing. Der.: purism (n) abbreviation /º¿br∞vi`Ω«ºn/ (n) = a shortened form of a word / skrót e.g. ΔÔ save space, write the abbreviation UN for the United Nations. deprive of /dæ`pr¡v ºv/ (phr v) = to take sth away from sb / pozbawić e.g. War always deprives children of the innocence of their youth. Der.: deprived (adj), deprivation (n) take (all) precautions = to do sth in advance to secure oneself or to avoid problems / przedsięwziąć środki ostrożności e.g. You must take all precautions to protect this library against fire. 1.211 1.212 1.213 1.214 1.215 inclusion /æn`kl∂»ºn/ (n) = the act of making a person or thing part of sth else / włączenie e.g. Δhe inclusion of meals will increase the hotel price by í100. thought-provoking /`ı¥tprºvøkæ…/ (adj) = causing people to think seriously about certain matters / dający do myślenia e.g. We agreed that the German film was difficult yet thought-provoking. columnist /`k≥lºmnæst/ (n) = a person who writes a regular article for a newspaper or magazine / felietonista e.g. She is a fashion columnist for the Montreal Gazette. light-hearted /¿l¡t`h≤tæd/ (adj) = not serious; amusing and entertaining / radosny, beztroski, niefrasobliwy e.g. The company president ended the evening with a light-hearted speech. colloquial /kº`løkwiºl/ (adj) = informal and conversational, more suitable for speech than writing / potoczny, kolokwialny e.g. “Cop“ is a colloquial word for “police officer.“ Der.: colloquially (adv), colloquialism (n) VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 14 1 The new hospital was .......... last week with a lovely ceremony in the grounds. A praised C launched B inaugurated D upgraded 5 New strains of the illness have .......... the once effective medicine useless. A rendered C envisioned B struck D materialised 2 Many magazine .......... have been complaining of its slow delivery. A censors C recipients B administrators D subscribers 6 His .......... plan was deemed too costly and complicated to execute. A verbose C long-winded B elaborate D elongated 3 The air force captain .......... the pilots only minutes before their secret mission. A projected C briefed B conveyed D relayed 7 I feel only a(n) .......... respect for a person of such dignity and humanity. A profound C thought-provoking B rousing D enlightening 4 Our high school teacher encouraged our animated .......... concerning human cloning. A negotiation C discussion B transaction D conference 8 Because the tabloid reporter’s story didn’t give any concrete facts, it was .......... as a wild rumour. A neglected C dropped B dismissed D rejected Unit 1 9 The result of the company’s restructuring was that many workers were made .......... . A redundant C negligible B inferior D vulnerable 10 The astronomer spent weeks studying the new .......... in the northern sky. A constellation C confederation B embrace D inclusion B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ premises ñ conceivable ñ overhauled ñ tedious ñ intrusive ñ outgoings ñ cited ñ encroachment ñ superseded ñ distorted 1 The environmentalist ..................... a 3% decrease in rubbish as evidence that recycling in the home works. 2 It’s difficult to escape from the constant questions of my ..................... next-door neighbours. 3 During the graduation ceremony, we had to sit through a few ..................... speeches. 4 Can anyone understand those ................ announcements made in trains or the underground? 5 This charming shop makes its own fresh pasta on the ..................... . 6 It is ................... he had enough time during the break to search through everyone’s personal files before they returned. 7 The city’s old trams have been ..................... by new models with wheelchair access. 8 The company will decrease its ..................... by cutting down on the number of business trips. 9 This beach remains unspoiled because of the measures that have been taken to protect it against ..................... by property developers. 10 The Ministry of Education has recently ..................... the school curriculum and parents are still trying to comprehend the changes. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 Part of next year’s funds will be allotted to making a football ..................... on the school field. 4 The pain from her ear infection was almost more than she could ..................... . The Italian tenor’s voice reached an unexpected high ..................... during the opera. My children ..................... both mine and my husband’s surnames. The hot ..................... was poured and spread onto the roof of our house. In the opening scene of the play, the two main characters ..................... a crate into the room and place it in the middle of the floor. 2 Their friendship provided a solid ..................... for their marriage. All the funds raised by our ..................... go to various animal causes. There was no ..................... to the accusation he had made. 5 We had a(n) ..................... in the middle of the Nevada desert and it took hours to get the bus fixed. This sheet gives a(n) ..................... of the budgetary needs of our school. Her poor mother had an emotional ..................... following the death of her husband. 3 Invertebrate creatures such as the worm and octopus do not have a(n) ..................... . The small businesses in this city are in fact its economic ..................... . Dan doesn’t have the ..................... to tell his superior what he honestly believes. 15 Unit 1 D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 Modernisation is the only way to be in first position. out The only way ..................................... ........................................ modernise. 2 Keeping quiet about this for a few days would be greatly appreciated. under I’d appreciate it ................................. .................................. for a few days. 3 It was hard for Pam to explain her ideas to her audience. across Pam had difficulties ........................... ................................ to her audience. 4 Sam has not accepted that his mother has died. come Sam ................................................... ............................................... death. 5 There were hardly any similarities between our hotel and the one advertised in the brochure. little Our hotel ........................................... to the one advertised in the brochure. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. With the rise in 1) ........................... of electronic communication, there has also been a significant rise in the theft of mobile phones. It seems that the 2) ........................... of these devices – what makes them so popular – is also what makes them so attractive to thieves. So now the same technology that is used to make mobiles more sophisticated is being applied to protecting them. One 3) ........................... idea involves putting a tiny camera in the screen. When someone calls a number that is not in your mobile’s memory, the telephone takes their picture and sends it on to your home computer. If your mobile is stolen, you can then send the thief’s photograph directly to the police. Another 4) ........................... idea involves the use of GPS technology, allowing the phone company to pinpoint exactly where your phone is at any given time and leading you or the police directly to the thief. In an 5) ........................... use of the text message, there is a scheme whereby the police send as SMS message to the stolen phone every three to five minutes saying, “Warning, this is a stolen telephone.” Although this may not help you get your mobile back, it will make it more difficult for the thief to sell it. Other advances in security include dedicated phone chargers which will only fit a particular phone, special chips that de-activate the phone if it is taken away from its owner, and a range of alarms that let out 6) ........................... sounds. And it is not 7) ........................... that manufacturers might one day produce low-cost models, perhaps even disposable ones, that are not so tempting for thieves. Until such a day, there are a number of things you can do to reduce your 8) ......................... . Always keep your mobile with you and don’t leave it behind in taxis, in restaurants or on the beach. As 9) ........................... obvious as this sounds, a huge number of people lose their phones in this way. Next, you should exercise 10) ........................... when making calls in crowded places – don’t make it obvious that you are carrying an expensive piece of equipment. Keep a record of your serial numbers and, if all of this fails and your phone is stolen, make sure you tell your service provider to block your calls. Being 11) ........................... of your precious mobile is bad enough, but having to pay someone else’s bill will only add insult to injury. 16 POPULAR VERSATILE INTRIGUE COMMEND CONVENTION PIERCE CONCEIVE VULNERABLE STRIKE PRUDENT DEPRIVE The Happiest Days of Your Life? Lead-in (p. 27) 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 foundation /faμn`dΩ«ºn/ (n) = a basis of sth / fundament, podstawa e.g. He considered his upbringing the foundation of his success. civics /`sævæks/ (n) = a study of the rights and duties of citizens / wiedza o społeczeństwie e.g. Jim has always excelled at civics and knows more about human rights than any other student. interpersonal /¿æntº`pªsºnºl/ (adj) = concerning relationships between people / interpersonalny, międzyludzki e.g. The job applicant claimed to have good interpersonal skills. enhance /æn`h≤ns/ (v) = to improve, increase / poprawić, wzmocnić e.g. Her beauty was enhanced by her simple but elegant dress. Der.: enhancement (n) Reading (pp. 28–29) 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 outburst /`¬tbªst/ (n) = a sudden expression of emotions / wybuch e.g. There was a violent outburst following the announcement that there would be job losses. ignorance /`ægnºrºns/ (n) = lack of knowledge / nieświadomość, niewiedza e.g. He displayed a glaring ignorance of basic grammar. make fair grades = to obtain fairly good marks / dostawać dostateczne stopnie e.g. Though lazy, he never failed to make fair grades. clique /kl∞k/ (n) = a group of people who spend time together and don’t allow others to join them / zamknięta grupa, klika e.g. She felt a bit of an outsider at the office as most of the staff had formed cliques. sullen /`s∑lºn/ (adj) = bad-tempered and moody / nadąsany, urażony e.g. Δhe boy gave his mother a sullen look when she told him off. fly into a rage = to suddenly become very angry / wpaść w szał e.g. When she discovered his lies she flew into a rage. slam /sl±m/ (v) = to shut noisily and with force / trzasnąć e.g. He stormed out of the room and slammed the door behind him. 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2 stunned /st∑nd/ (adj) = extremely surprised / osłupiały, oniemiały e.g. His sudden departure left me totally stunned. livid /`lævæd/ (adj) = extremely angry / wściekły e.g. He was absolutely livid about the damage done to his car. curt /kªt/ (adj) = abrupt and rather rude / oschły, szorstki e.g. Δhe waiter was rather curt and unhelpful. Der.: curtly (adv), curtness (n) begrudging /bæ`gr∑πæ…/ (adj) = reluctant, unwilling / niechętny e.g. He expressed only a begrudging consent to their marriage. Der.: begrudgingly (adv) punctuate /`p∑…kt«ueæt/ (v) = to occur at regular intervals / wypełniać, naznaczyć e.g. The country’s history has been punctuated by outbreaks of violence. Der.: punctuation (n) shrug /«r∑g/ (n) = raising the shoulders slightly to show indifference or ignorance / wzruszenie ramion e.g. The student simply replied with an indifferent shrug. wary /`weºri/ (adj) = distrustful, expecting sth bad to happen / nieufny, mający się na baczności e.g. The little boy was told to be wary of strangers. well up /`wel `∑p/ (v) = (of tears) to rise up to the surface / (o łzach) zakręcić się w oczach e.g. The girl was visibly upset and tears welled up in her eyes. unversed in sth /¿∑n`vªst/ (adj) = not knowing much about sth / nieobeznany z czymś, nieświadomy e.g. It is sad to see so many people unversed in our country’s history. Opp.: versed fight or flight = a natural human reaction of either using force or running away in a dangerous situation / zachowanie w sytuacji zagrożenia: walka lub ucieczka e.g. Encountering a bear during your walk in the mountains can trigger the fight or flight response. pull away /`pμl º`wΩ/ (phr v) = to move away / odłączyć się (np. od grupy), odsunąć się e.g. Sensing her dependence on him, he tried to pull away from her. amplify /`±mplæfaæ/ (v) = to increase strength or intensity / wzmocnić e.g. ∏er fears were amplified by his delay in coming home. 17 Unit 2 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 18 notion /`nø«ºn/ (n) = an idea, belief / pogląd, myśl e.g. It is an interesting notion that women tend to make better managers than men. steer away from /`stæºr º`wΩ frºm/ (phr v) = to stay or to lead gently away from / odwieść od czegoś, trzymać (się) z daleka od czegoś e.g. His parents tried to steer him away from a career in show business. reflective /ræ`flektæv/ (adj) = thinking deeply about sth / refleksyjny, introspektywny e.g. John is a quiet and reflective man. impose /æm`pøz/ (v) = to inflict / narzucać e.g. I really resent the way he imposes his views on the rest of us. a foregone conclusion = sth that is certain to happen / pewnik e.g. It’s a foregone conclusion that he will win the race. diminish /dæ`mænæ«/ (v) = to reduce in size / zmniejszyć (się) e.g. The desperate leader felt his power diminish day by day. Opp.: increase come to grips with sb/sth (idm) = to begin to deal with sb/sth / zmierzyć się, uporać się e.g. She has to come to grips with the fact that he isn’t going to change. unclench /¿∑n`klent«/ (v) = to open up / otworzyć, przestać zaciskać e.g. She slowly unclenched her fists. Opp.: clench peer /pæºr/ (n) = a person of the same age or status as sb else / rówieśnik, kolega (np. po fachu) e.g. His ideas were in conflict with those of his academic peers. counselling session /`k¬nseli… `se«ºn/ (n) = a meeting with a professional who gives advice about a problem / spotkanie ze specjalistą, konsultacja e.g. The couple reluctantly met for a marriage counselling session. ridicule /`rædækju:l/ (v) = to poke fun at sb or sth, to mock sb / naśmiewać się (z kogoś lub z czegoś) e.g. They ridiculed his strange way of walking. bully /`bμli/ (v) = to use force or threats to make sb do sth / znęcać się nad słabszym, tyranizować e.g. The child refused to go to school as he was being bullied by a classmate. Der.: bully (n) snappy /`sn±pi/ (adj) = sharp, unfriendly / opryskliwy, szorstki e.g. He answered her back in a snappy way. 2.37 2.38 2.39 introspective /¿æntrº`spektæv/ (adj) = examining one’s own feelings and thoughts / introspektywny, refleksyjny e.g. He was in an introspective mood. quote /kwøt/ (v) = to repeat what sb has said or written / cytować e.g. She was in the habit of quoting Shakespeare. Der.: quotation (n) italics /æ`t±læks/ (n pl) = letters which slope to the right / kursywa, italika e.g. Don’t read the whole text; just focus on the italics. Language Focus (p. 30–33) 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 overseer /`øvºs∞ºr/ (n) = a supervisor of other people’s work / nadzorca e.g. He was promoted to overseer. supervisor /`su:pºv¡zºr/ (n) = a university teacher who helps students write their theses / promotor e.g. The supervisor of my MA thesis positively evaluated my initial research . illegible /æ`leπæbºl/ (adj) = so unclear that it cannot be read / nieczytelny e.g. His handwriting is totally illegible. Der.: illegibility (n) Opp.: legible tutor /`tj∂tºr/ (n) = a private teacher / korepetytor e.g. A good tutor is hard to find these days. Der.: tutorial (adj, n) don /d≥n/ (n) = a lecturer, particularly at Oxford or Cambridge University in England / nauczyciel akademicki (zwłaszcza w Oksfordzie i Cambridge) e.g. The position of don carries great prestige in the academic world. dean /d∞n/ (n) = the head of a university faculty / dziekan e.g. You will have to contact the Dean if you want to change courses. referee /¿refº`r∞/ (n) = a person giving references to sb applying for a job / osoba udzielająca referencji, rekomendacji e.g. You will need to enclose the names of at least two referees with your CV. arbitrator /`≤bætrΩtºr/ (n) = an independent person appointed to settle a dispute / rozjemca e.g. He has an excellent record as an arbitrator in business disputes. grader /`grΩdºr/ (n) = a person who marks students’ exam papers / osoba poprawiająca prace pisemne na egzaminie e.g. It took the grader two weeks to mark all the tests. Unit 2 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 assessor /º`sesºr/ (n) = a person who judges the performance of sb else / egzaminator (zewnętrzny) e.g. All exams are marked by external assessors. Der.: assessment (n) objectivity /¿≥bπek`tævæti/ (n) = basing one’s opinion on facts and not on personal information / obiektywność e.g. Try to analyse the situation with as much objectivity as possible. frostbite /`fr≥stbaæt/ (n) = injury to body parts due to freezing / odmrożenie e.g. His toe was amputated as a result of frostbite. apprentice /º`prentæs/ (n) = a trainee / uczeń zawodu, praktykant e.g. After finishing school he became an apprentice builder. Der.: apprenticeship (n) undergraduate /¿∑ndº`gr±πuºt/ (n) = a student who hasn’t yet obtained a degree / student na studiach licencjackich e.g. As a law undergraduate he lived on a scholarship. post-graduate /¿pºμst`gr±πuºt/ (n) = a student who already obtained a degree and studies for a further qualification, such as a master’s / student podyplomowy (magistrant lub doktorant) e.g. After obtaining her MA in Philosophy, she enrolled on a post-graduate course at university. toddler /`t≥dlºr/ (n) = a young child who is learning to walk / dziecko uczące się chodzić e.g. The room was full of noisy, playful toddlers. entrant /`entrºnt/ (n) = a person recently admitted to university / student rozpoczynający studia e.g. Most university entrants feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the campus. archives /`≤k¡vz/ (n pl) = historical sources of information / archiwum, archiwa e.g. We searched the newspaper archives for information about the accident. register /`reπæstºr/ (v) = to put one’s name on a list, to officially join / zarejestrować się, wpisać się na listę e.g. She decided to register as a volunteer. Der.: registration (n) query /`kwæºri/ (n) = a question / pytanie e.g. I have some queries about the installation of my new printer. in instalments = (of payments) in small sums of money at regular intervals / na raty e.g. I will pay for my new TV in instalments. allocate /`±lºkeæt/ (v) = to give / przydzielić e.g. The new office clerk was allocated a small desk in the corner. 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 play truant (idm) = to stay away from school without permission / wagarować e.g. Her son was expelled for playing truant. expel /æk`spel/ (v) = to dismiss / usunąć, wyrzucić e.g. He was expelled from school for stealing. reprimand /`repræm≤nd/ (v) = to criticise sb for their behaviour or actions / udzielić nagany e.g. She was reprimanded for not meeting her deadlines. cite /saæt/ (v) = to mention sth as an example or proof / wymienić, przytoczyć e.g. The report cited stress as a major cause of ill health among teachers. acknowledge /±k`n≥læπ/ (v) = to recognise / uznać, wziąć pod uwagę e.g. He failed to acknowledge my need for attention. wholesale /`hølseæl/ (adv) = totally, completely / całkowicie e.g. The company’s offices have been moved wholesale. sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to maintain / podtrzymać, utrzymać e.g. πt will be particularly difficult for the government to sustain its electoral success. Der.: sustainable (adj) acquainted /º`kwΩntæd/ (adj) = familiar / zaznajomiony, obeznany e.g. Δhe lawyer said that his client was well acquainted with the facts. Der.: acquaintance (n) bear with /`beº `wæ∫/ (phr v) = to be patient, to listen carefully for a moment / znosić (cierpliwie), wysłuchać przez chwilę e.g. π know you have heard this before but just bear with me for a minute. coincide /¿køæn`s¡d/ (v) = to happen at the same time / zbiegać się, pokrywać się w czasie e.g. It so happens that my birthday coincides with a national holiday. Der.: coincidence (n), coincidentally (adv) plead with sb /pl∞d/ (v) = to ask in an intense and emotional way / prosić, błagać e.g. Δhe terrified woman pleaded with her attacker to let her go. succumb to sth /sº`k∑m/ (v) = to give in to sth / poddać się, ulec e.g. π’m surprised you haven’t succumbed to pressure and resigned. by virtue of (idm) = because of / ze względu na e.g. She managed to become chief executive by virtue of her connections. 19 Unit 2 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87 2.88 20 burn the midnight oil (idm) = to stay up very late in order to study or work / ślęczeć po nocach e.g. ∏e felt completely drained after burning the midnight oil to finish his thesis. live on a shoestring (idm) = to live using very little money / żyć za bardzo małe pieniądze, klepać biedę e.g. ∏e travelled the world living on a shoestring. down-and-out /¿d¬nºn`¬t/ (n) = a tramp / kloszard, bezdomny e.g. Δhey give food and shelter to the city’s down-andouts. suss out /`s∑s `¬t/ (phr v) = to work out / rozgryźć problem, połapać się w czymś e.g. π just couldn’t suss out that difficult mathematical problem. calculus /`k±lkjμlºs/ (n) = a branch of advanced mathematics / rachunek (np. różniczkowy) e.g. ∏e is an absolute genius when it comes to the world of calculus. in the same league (idm) = on the same level / porównywalny, tej samej klasy e.g. These writers just arenãt in the same league. bookworm /`bμkwªm/ (n) = sb keen on reading / mól książkowy e.g. ªy brother is an incorrigible bookworm and will spend his last penny in bookshops. sloppy /`sl≥pi/ (adj) = careless / niedbały e.g. Δhe student’s essay was full of sloppy mistakes. Der.: sloppily (adv) avid /`±væd/ (adj) = enthusiastic / zapalony, namiętny e.g. She is an avid collector of dolls. operational /¿≥pº`rΩ«ºnºl/ (adj) = functioning well / sprawny e.g. Δhese machines will have to be operational in a matter of months. staff-student = here: including both university staff and students / tu: z udziałem wykładowców i studentów e.g. ∞ staff-student meeting will be held next week to discuss extracurricular activities. curfew /`kªfj∂/ (n) = official rules (e.g. on a campus) forbidding noisy activities at night or leaving the place when it’s too late / cisza nocna e.g. All students must be back home before curfew. hall of residence /¿h¥l ºv `rezædºns/ (n) = a building with rooms or flats in universities or colleges for students to live in / dom akademicki e.g. Δhe student tried to find a room in the college’s hall of residence. reservations /¿rezº`vΩ«ºnz/ (n pl) = a feeling of uncertainty / zastrzeżenia, wątpliwości 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 e.g. π had some reservations about my daughter moving in with her boyfriend. budget /`b∑πæt/ (n) = the amount of money available / budżet e.g. When I was a student I lived on a tight budget. recreational /¿rekri`Ω«ºnºl/ (adj) = entertaining / rekreacyjny e.g. Àoungsters in the area complained about an obvious lack of recreational centres. underused /¿∑ndº`j∂zd/ (adj) = not used enough / niedostatecznie wykorzystany e.g. Δhe principal pointed out that most slide projectors in the classrooms were sadly underused. agenda /º`πendº/ (n) = a list of items to be discussed at a meeting / porządek, program (zebrania) e.g. First and foremost on the agenda are the summer festivals to be held this season. Listening and Speaking (pp. 34–35) 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 2.100 cushion /`kμ«ºn/ (v) = to protect / ochraniać, osłaniać e.g. She did her best to cushion the child from anything unpleasant. adequate /`±dækwºt/ (adj) = satisfactory / odpowiedni, należyty, wystarczający e.g. Water facilities are not adequate in developing countries. Opp.: inadequate misconception /¿mæskºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a popular but wrong idea / błędne wyobrażenie lub przekonanie e.g. πt is a common misconception that women are able to endure pain better than men. download /`d¬nlød/ (v) = to transfer to or from a computer / ściągnąć (dane, pliki) e.g. Can you download the latest information for me please? portable /`p¥tºbºl/ (adj) = easily carried or moved / przenośny e.g. π have a portable radio I can bring to the picnic. awkward /`¥kwºd/ (adj) = difficult to manage / niedogodny e.g. I couldn’t wrap the present because it’s such an awkward shape. engrossed /æn`grøst/ (adj) = absorbed / pochłonięty, zaabsorbowany e.g. ∏e was engrossed in the book he was reading. assess /º`ses/ (v) = to evaluate / ocenić e.g. ∏e couldn’t make a decision until he had fully assessed the situation. Der.: assessment (n), assessor (n) Unit 2 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 unjust /∑n`d»∑st/ (adj) = unfair / niesprawiedliwy e.g. The courtãs decision was unjust in that there was insufficient evidence to convict the suspect. liken /`laækºn/ (v) = to compare / przyrównać e.g. He likens running a business to raising a family. prospects /`pr≥spekts/ (n pl) = possibilities that sth will happen / perspektywy, szanse e.g. π decided to learn Japanese to improve my career prospects in the business world. constitute /`k≥nstætj∂t/ (v) = to be part of / stanowić e.g. What constitutes racial discrimination? Der.: constitution (n) 2.115 2.116 2.117 Reading (pp. 36–37) 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.108 2.109 2.110 2.111 2.112 2.113 2.114 bursary /`bªsºri/ (n) = scholarship / stypendium e.g. Δhe university is considering offering bursaries next year to attract more students. launch /l¥nt«/ (v) = to establish, initiate / wprowadzić, zapoczątkować e.g. Δhe new tax scheme the government is planning to launch is ridiculous. eligible /`elæπæbºl/ (adj) = qualified, entitled to sth / spełniający niezbędne warunki, kwalifikujący się e.g. ¡Ôt all students are eligible to receive scholarships. Der.: eligibility (n) subsequent /`s∑bsækwºnt/ (adj) = following sth / kolejny, następny e.g. Δhe crime rate is bound to increase in subsequent years. potential /pº`ten«ºl/ (n) = abilities that can be further developed / zdolności, potencjał e.g. ªany students that have potential go unnoticed due to favouritism. obstinately /`≥bstænºtli/ (adv) = stubbornly / uparcie, z uporem e.g. She obstinately refused to reveal any information to the police. diminutive /dæ`mænjμtæv/ (adj) = very small / drobny, mały e.g. I was greeted by a diminutive woman dressed in black. dizzying heights = a very high level / poziom przyprawiający o zawrót głowy e.g. Her popularity reached dizzying heights. appeal /º`p∞l/ (v) = to make a serious request / apelować, wzywać e.g. She appealed to her professor to give her a second chance. damned /d±md/ (adv) = (informal) used to emphasise what one is saying or doing when 2.118 2.119 2.120 2.121 2.122 2.123 2.124 2.125 one is angry or frustrated / cholernie e.g. π’ve been working damned hard and you don’t appreciate it. verbalised /`vªbºlaæzd/ (adj) = expressed orally / wyrażony słowami e.g. He stands by his verbalised opinion. Der.: verbalisation (n) patronise /`p±trºn¡z/ (v) = to behave in a superior way towards sb / traktować protekcjonalnie e.g. π stopped being her friend because she always patronised me. tantalisingly /`t±ntº¿laæzæ…li/ (adv) = temptingly close but beyond reach / nieuchwytnie, boleśnie blisko e.g. The truth was tantalisingly elusive for the detectives investigating the mysterious murder. speculation /¿spekjμ`le櫺n/ (n) = guessing / przypuszczenie, spekulacja e.g. There has been much speculation over the cause of the fire, but no one really knows how it started. amphibians /±m`fæbæºnz/ (n pl) = animals that can live on land and in water / płazy e.g. Frogs and toads are amphibians. primate /`praæmºt/ (n) = a member of the group of mammals that includes humans, apes and monkeys / ssak z rzędu naczelnych e.g. πt is a misconception that the gorilla is the most dangerous primate. primatologist /¿praæmº`t≥lºπæst/ (n) = a person who studies primates / znawca, badacz ssaków naczelnych e.g. As a primatologist, she spends most of her time in the jungle watching apes. inadequacy /æn`±dækwºsi/ (n) = a failing / niedostatek, niedoskonałość e.g. Δhe educational system has inadequacies and must be improved. Der.: inadequate (adj) Opp.: adequacy dismiss /¿dæs`mæs/ (v) = to reject as unimportant / odrzucić, zlekceważyć e.g. The minister dismissed reports of his resignation as vicious rumours. philistine /`fælæst¡n/ (n) = a person who is ignorant of the arts / filister e.g. He’s an absolute philistine when it comes down to modern art. Der.: philistinism (n) indictment /æn`d¡tmºnt/ (n) = an accusation / oskarżenie, potępienie e.g. πt is a sad indictment on education when students’ annual performance declines. 21 Unit 2 2.126 2.127 2.128 2.129 sorely /`s¥li/ (adv) = very much, seriously / ogromnie, boleśnie e.g. You will be sorely missed if you decide to go abroad. strictures on sb/sth /`strækt«ºz/ (n pl) = severe criticism / ostra krytyka e.g. ∏is TV comedy contained strictures on the goverment so it was banned. reign /reæn/ (v) = to rule / królować e.g. Queen Elizabeth has reigned for 50 years. rectify /`rektæfaæ/ (v) = to correct / naprawić e.g. I know the computer system is down, but I am trying to rectify the situation. 2.140 2.141 2.142 English in Use (p. 38–41) 2.130 2.131 2.132 2.133 2.134 2.135 2.136 2.137 2.138 2.139 22 stanza /`st±nzº/ (n) = one of the parts into which a poem is divided / zwrotka e.g. Write a poem that has 14 stanzas of six lines each. daffodil /`d±fºdæl/ (n) = a yellow spring flower with a tube-like centre and a long stem / żonkil e.g. Daffodil is the symbol of Wales. girlie stuff /`gªli st∑f/ (n) = things suitable for girls and women / coś dla dziewczyn, coś babskiego e.g. Cosmetics are considered girlie stuff and don’t interest men. inadvertently /¿ænºd`vªtºntli/ (adv) = unintentionally / niechcący e.g. She inadvertently turned the wrong knob on the cooker. scorn /sk¥n/ (v) = to reject in a contemptuous way / szydzić, gardzić e.g. ∏Ômeopathy is scorned by many doctors. Der.: scornful (adj), scorn (n) precede /præ`s∞d/ (v) = to come before sth else / poprzedzać e.g. The tornado was preceded by an alarm that lasted for 5 minutes. Der.: precedent (n), preceding (adj) replicate /`replækeæt/ (v) = to copy / powtórzyć, skopiować e.g. ∏e replicated my project and still got credit for it. Der.: replica (n) conscript /kºn`skræpt/ (v) = to enlist for compulsory military service / powołać do wojska, werbować e.g. He was conscripted into the army at the age of twenty. at a/the tender age /`tendºr eæπ/ (n) = at a very young age / w (bardzo) młodym wieku e.g. She was sent to boarding school at the tender age of eleven. ditty /`dætæ/ (n) = a short light-hearted song or poem / rymowanka, krótka (wierszowana) piosenka 2.143 2.144 2.145 2.146 2.147 2.148 2.149 2.150 2.151 e.g. ∏e wrote a ditty about the Loch Ness monster. inspectorate /æn`spektºrºt/ (n) = a body that ensures that rules are obeyed / inspektorat, nadzór e.g. A representative from the Health Department Inspectorate examined the working conditions in the hospital. numeracy /`nj∂mºrºsi/ (n) = the ability to do basic mathematical operations, such as counting / umiejętność liczenia e.g. ªy numeracy skills are poor. efficacy /`efækºsi/ (n) = effectiveness, especially of a medicine / skuteczność (np. leku) e.g. Scientists should always test the efficacy and safety of all medication. admissible /ºd`mæsæbºl/ (adj) = allowed / dopuszczalny e.g. √nly certain evidence is admissible in a court of law. Opp.: inadmissible conspicuous /kºn`spækjuºs/ (adj) = easily noticed / widoczny, zwracający uwagę e.g. ∏is reaction was conspicuous despite all his efforts to hide it. Opp.: inconspicuous compromising /`k≥mprºmaæzæ…/ (adj) = happy to accept a situation which isn’t perfect / idący na ustępstwa e.g. Linda is a very compromising person who is always willing to fit in with her friends’ plans. audible /`¥dæbºl/ (adj) = loud enough to be heard / słyszalny e.g. Δhe guest speaker’s voice was hardly audible. Opp.: inaudible settling /`setlæ…/ (adj) = calming / uspokajający e.g. I found his presence very settling. Opp.: unsettling revocable /ræ`vøkºbºl/ (adj) = that can be cancelled / dający się wycofać, unieważnić e.g. Most laws are revocable. Opp.: irrevocable reducible /ræ`dj∂sæbºl/ (adj) = that can be simplified / dający się uprościć, zredukować e.g. Shakespeare’s plays are not reducible to categories. Opp.: irreducible resistible /ræ`zæstæbºl/ (adj) = not tempting / taki, któremu można się oprzeć e.g. Some people consider smoking resistible. Der.: resist (v), resistance (n) Opp.: irresistible resolute /`rezºl∂t/ (adj) = determined / zdecydowany, stanowczy e.g. She is a hard working and resolute businesswoman. Unit 2 2.152 2.153 2.154 2.155 2.156 2.157 2.158 2.159 2.160 2.161 2.162 2.163 2.164 legible /`leπæbºl/ (adj) = clear enough to be read / czytelny e.g. ÀÔur writing is barely legible. Der.: legibility (n) Opp.: illegible be silhouetted = to be visible as a dark shape against a lighter background / zarysować się na tle czegoś e.g. The castle was silhouetted against the night sky. assemble /º`sembºl/ (v) = to gather / zgromadzić (się) e.g. The last Olympic Games featured the best group of athletes ever assembled. Der.: assembly (n) hint /hænt/ (n) = an indirect suggestion / aluzja e.g. Δhe president of the company gave no hint in his speech that things were about to change. tissue /`tæ«∂/ (n) = soft paper for blowing one’s nose / chusteczki higieniczne e.g. Can you get some tissue from the supermarket? congestion /kºn`πest«ºn/ (n) = blocking of the nose which hinders breathing / zapchanie nosa e.g. This spray relieves nasal congestion. apprenticeship /º`prentæs¿«æp/ (n) = a period of time spent working with sb who has a skill in order to learn that skill / praktyka zawodowa e.g. π am serving an apprenticeship as a plumber. Der.: apprentice (n) under the tutelage of = instructed by sb, usually a person of high authority / pod czyimś kierunkiem e.g. She studied under the tutelage of an experienced pianist. commerce /`k≥mªs/ (n) = trading / handel e.g. ∏e’s an expert in the field of commerce and has written a book on it. Der.: commercial /kº`mª«ºl/ (adj) bound to be = certain to be / na pewno e.g. There’s bound to be a bank somewhere around here. superintendent /¿s∂pºræn`tendºnt/ (n) = a supervisor / kierownik, dyrektor e.g. ªr Smith is the superintendent of the shipping company. turf /tªf/ (n) = short grass and the surface layer of soil under it, held together by its roots / darń e.g. Δhe turf in the football stadium has been newly laid. exposure to sth /æk`spø»ºr/ (n) = experience of sth / kontakt z czymś e.g. π go to professional seminars because it gives me exposure to new methods on how to improve my career. Der.: expose (v) 2.165 commitment /kº`mætmºnt/ (n) = dedication / oddanie, zaangażowanie e.g. ∏is commitment to his job is what helped him get ahead in the business. Writing (p. 42–46) 2.166 2.167 2.168 2.169 2.170 2.171 2.172 2.173 2.174 2.175 2.176 swag /sw±g/ (n) = things that were stolen; here: a great number of sth / łup; tu: mnóstwo (np. nagród) e.g. The film received a swag of awards and became a smashing hit. pressing /`presæ…/ (adj) = urgent, that cannot be postponed / pilny, niecierpiący zwłoki e.g. There are some pressing issues to be dealt with immediately. vocational /vø`kΩ«ºnºl/ (adj) = relating to an occupation / zawodowy e.g. Δechnical colleges provide a great deal of vocational courses. curriculum /kº`rækjμlºm/ (n) = courses taught in a school, university or college / program nauczania e.g. Mathematics is a compulsory part of the curriculum in state schools. embark on /æm`b≤k ≥n/ (phr v) = to start doing sth new / rozpocząć e.g. π have decided to embark on a new career in journalism. Der.: embarkation (n) eradicate /æ`r±dækeæt/ (v) = to get rid of sth / zlikwidować, pozbyć się e.g. Δhe world would be a much safer place if we could eradicate crime and terrorism. Der.: eradication (n) reflect /ræ`flekt/ (v) = to show / odzwierciedlać e.g. Δhe high level of failure among students reflects the poor quality of education. Der.: reflection (n) decline /dæ`kl¡n/ (n) = a reduction in quality, importance or quantity / spadek, obniżenie się e.g. There has been a slight decline in sales this year. suspend /sº`spend/ (v) = to stop sb from attending school temporarily / zawiesić e.g. ∞lex was suspended for beating up Johnny and Mark in the schoolyard. prime /pr¡m/ (adj) = the most important thing / główny, pierwszorzędny e.g. ∞ doctor’s prime responsibility is his patients. utmost /`∑tmøst/ (adj) = greatest / najwyższy e.g. War veterans should be treated with the utmost respect because they have risked their lives for their country. 23 Unit 2 2.177 2.178 2.179 2.180 2.181 2.182 2.183 2.184 2.185 2.186 2.187 2.188 2.189 24 alleviate /º`l∞vieæt/ (v) = to make less severe / złagodzić, zmniejszyć e.g. Governments must find ways to alleviate world hunger. combat /`k≥mb±t/ (v) = to fight, stop from happening / (z)walczyć e.g. Δhere are ways we can combat diseases. outcome /`¬tk∑m/ (n) = a result, consequence / wynik e.g. What do you think the outcome of the investigation will be? in demand = very popular, needed / pożądany e.g. Computer software will always be in demand. labour market /`lΩbº m≤kæt/ (n) = the jobs available / rynek pracy e.g. Δhere are few job opportunities in the labour market. offender /º`fendºr/ (n) = sb who breaks the law / winowajca, przestępca e.g. Most of the offenders were arrested. Der.: offence (n) brainstorm /`brΩnst¥m/ (v) = to discuss ideas and suggestions / urządzić „burzę mózgów” e.g. We need to meet and brainstorm ideas on how to increase sales. shortage /`«¥tæπ/ (n) = lack of sth / niedobór, brak e.g. Δhe world will face a water shortage in the future. accommodate /º`k≥mºdeæt/ (v) = to provide help / pomieścić, przyjąć e.g. Δhe transportation system accommodates everyone in the city centre. Der.: accommodation (n) grant /gr≤nt/ (n) = the money given by the government for a particular purpose / grant, dotacja e.g. ªy application for an educational grant was accepted. outline /`¬tl¡n/ (v) = to explain in a general way / przedstawić w skrócie, naszkicować e.g. Δhe President outlined a plan to improve the country’s economy. cutback /`k∑tb±k/ (n) = a reduction in sth / cięcia (np. w budżecie) e.g. The government is making cutbacks in the state expenditure. under-stocked /¿∑ndº`st≥kt/ (adj) = not having enough of sth / niedostatecznie zaopatrzony e.g. ∏ospital pharmacies should never be understocked. 2.190 2.191 2.192 2.193 2.194 2.195 2.196 2.197 2.198 2.199 2.200 renovation /¿renº`vΩ«ºn/ (n) = a repair, improvement, return to former good condition / remont e.g. Δhese old buildings need extensive renovation. bulk /b∑lk/ (n) = the most of an amount / większość, gros e.g. Δhe bulk of the money raised will go to charity. priority /pr¡`≥rætæ/ (n) = a thing treated as most important / priorytet e.g. The parents’ priority is their children. enrolment /æn`rølmºnt/ (n) = registering as a student on a course / zapisanie się na kurs, wpis na studia e.g. Δhere has been a decline in enrolments this year. resolve /ræ`z≥lv/ (v) = to find a solution / rozwiązać (np. problem) e.g. Relax! Maybe the problem will be soon resolved. Der.: resolution (n) disruption /dæs`r∑p«ºn/ (n) = an interruption of sth / zakłócenie, przerwa e.g. Road works cause major disruptions to the flow of traffic. Der.: disruptive (adj) stem from /`stem frºm/ (phr v) = to originate from / wywodzić się, brać się z czegoś e.g. ª·ny health problems stemming from stress are hard to deal with. implication /æmplæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = a likely consequence of sth / konsekwencja e.g. ∏is decision to resign will have serious political implications for the government. stick one’s nose in sth (idm) = to interfere, get involved with sth that is not one’s concern / wtykać nos w nie swoje sprawy e.g. Why do you stick your nose in other people’s business? outweigh /¿¬t`weæ/ (v) = to be more important than sth else / przeważyć nad czymś e.g. The advantages of carrying out this project far outweigh the disadvantages. implement /`æmplæment/ (v) = to carry out / wprowadzić w życie, wdrożyć e.g. Δhe government is going to implement the new housing plan in the next few months. Der.: implementation (n) Unit 2 VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 He was .......... when he relationship was based on a A cautious B livid realised that their whole lie. C curt D begruding 2 He’s a ........... . He’s only 2 years old. A entrant C novice B undergraduate D toddler 3 The .......... from the History Department from Oxford visited our classroom today. A don C dean B referee D arbitrator 4 Did you hear that Scott was .......... from school today for fighting? A expelled C enrolled B reprimanded D allocated 5 She was so furious that she left the house .......... the door behind her! A slamming C diminishing B unclenching D amplifying 6 πt took me hours to grade his composition because his writing was .......... . A legible C illegible B audible D eligible 7 Any relationship needs to be built on a solid .......... if it is going to last. A autonomy C ignorance B foundation D complexity 8 To be a successful businessman you need to have good .......... skills. A optional C introspective B civic D interpersonal 9 The case was .......... as some of the evidence was doubtful. A insufficient C verbalised B unjust D dismissed 10 Heãs a first time .......... as heãs never committed a crime before. A bully C offender B truant D apprentice B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ outburst ñ complexity ñ consistent ñ correspondence ñ avid ñ curfew ñ portable ñ damned ñ rectify ñ combat 1 For years now, scientists have tried to find ways to ..................... cancer. 2 Some private schools have a(n) ..................... which doesnãt allow students to stay out late. 3 He is a(n) ..................... reader. 4 We need to find a way to ..................... the situation before things get worse! 5 When travelling, I take my ..................... TV with me. 6 I need to catch up on my ..................... . 7 I was studying quietly when I heard a sudden ..................... of cheers and applause. 8 Δhese blood test results are .................. with the previous ones. 9 Don’t nag me about my studying! I’ve been working ..................... hard all week! 10 I’m sorry, but I just don’t understand the ..................... of the situation. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 After three months in the Himalayas, he celebrated his ..................... by throwing a party for all his family. 2 I can't believe he's considering getting ..................... to her; we must talk him out of it. He gave her 5% of his profits in ...................... for her assistance in setting up the business. I tried to call him several times, but his line is constantly ..................... . He said he was travelling to Plymouth but that's a lie; I saw a(n) .................... ticket to Norwich in his wallet. He left the room, saying that he did not want to be .................... in that sort of discussion. 25 Unit 2 3 We must try to protect our natural ..................... . The Health Service does not have the ..................... to care for patients as well as conduct research. 5 The first ................. was a delicious ratatouille served with a crusty white roll and butter. The pilot was advised to change .................. approximately 3 minutes before the aircraft disappeared from the radars. The parents left the children to their own ..................... . 4 Her poor exam results are not ..................... of her general ability. On hearing that he had failed the ..................., Carlton started talking about dropping out of university. Cyclists are advised to wear ..................... clothing at night. George is a very quiet and ..................... man who rarely acts or speaks without thinking. D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 Alison is an excellent student and she’ll definitely make an excellent doctor!. to Alison is such an excellent student that she .................................................... ........................... an excellent doctor. 2 She accidentally found the treasure during a walk in the wood. taking While.................................................. ........................... across the treasure. 3 Paul found it hard to deal with his loss. difficulty Paul ................................................... ............................ terms with his loss. 4 Sylvia has been studying day and night for this exam. midnight Sylvia has been .................................. .................................... for this exam. 5 He was used to having to survive on very little money. shoestring Living ................................................. ............................................. used to. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. Going to university really is one of the most 1) ........................ experiences you will ever have. Apart from being a very sound and worthwhile 2) ....................... in your future, it will provide you with valuable knowledge and 3) ........................ skills which will stand you in good stead for a lifetime. The few months before you actually go will, however, be a 4) ........................ time. Make sure you have made proper arrangements for a place to stay! Being in a city far away from home and having to look for accommodation in the last minute can be quite 5) ........................ . It is not wise to get into the habit of missing classes, as regular 6) ........................ is vital if you want to make fair grades. But studying is not all there is to it. Involving yourself in various 7) ........................ activities or joining a club of your interest will widen your horizons and, in some cases, alter your 8) ........................ of life. You will also have a unique opportunity to make worthy 9) ........................ and long-lasting friends. When you look back on your time at university in years to come, you will certainly feel that it was worth the effort and the 10) ........................ . 26 REMARK INVEST VOCATION STRESS SETTLE ATTEND CREATE PERCEIVE ACQUAINT COMMIT Self-Assessment Module Vocabulary & Grammar (p. 47) SA1.1 SA1.2 SA1.3 SA1.4 SA1.5 SA1.6 SA1.7 SA1.8 SA1.9 SA1.10 SA1.11 mount /m¬nt/ (v) = to increase in quantity or intensity / wzrosnąć, nasilić się e.g. Tension mounted as the police tried to prevent the strikers from continuing their march. stir /stªr/ (v) = to arouse with a strong emotion / pobudzić, zmobilizować (do działania) e.g. Δhe crowd was stirred to action by his rousing speech. moved /m∂vd/ (adj) = feeling sympathy or sadness / wzruszony e.g. π felt moved by his story of how he met his wife. soar /s¥r/ (v) = to rise greatly and quickly / (gwałtownie) wzrosnąć, podskoczyć, iść w górę e.g. The company wasn’t doing well as the production costs continued to soar. contest /kºn`test/ (v) = to formally object to a statement or decision one thinks is wrong / kwestionować, podważyć e.g. He contested his grandfather’s will because he did not inherit anything. perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to notice or realise sth / dostrzec, uświadomić sobie e.g. She soon perceived he was not the man for the job. Der.: perception (n), perceptive (adj) augmented /¿¥g`mentæd/ (adj) = made larger, stronger or more effective / powiększony e.g. The familyãs income was augmented when the oldest son found a job. Der.: augment (v), augmentation (n) elevated /`elævΩtæd/ (adj) = raised; placed in a higher position / wzniosły, podniosły; wysoko postawiony e.g. People of such elevated status rarely give interviews. Der.: elevation (n) defaced /dæ`fΩst/ (adj) = spoiled, e.g. due to writings and drawings / zniszczony, zeszpecony (np. przez graffiti), porysowany e.g. Δhe tourists were shocked at the sight of the defaced statue in the city centre. disfigured /dæs`figºd/ (adj) = having a spoiled appearance / oszpecony e.g. She was disfigured in a terrible car accident. Der.: disfigurement (n), disfigure (v) a foregone conclusion = a certain outcome, sth that will certainly happen / pewnik e.g. It’s a foregone conclusion that he will win the presidential elections again. SA1.12 SA1.13 SA1.14 SA1.15 SA1.16 SA1.17 SA1.18 1 foolproof /`f∂lpr∂f/ (adj) = well designed, easy to understand or use, reliable / niezawodny e.g. Δhe robber had a foolproof plan how to break into the bank. loquacious /lø`kwΩ«ºs/ (adj) = talking a lot / gadatliwy e.g. Usually he’s quite a loquacious person; it seems strange he’s so quiet today. arduous /`≤djuºs/ (adj) = difficult, tiring and involving a lot of effort / żmudny, mozolny e.g. ∞ building constructor’s job is arduous and dangerous. retreat /ræ`tr∞t/ (v) = to move away from sth or sb / wycofać się e.g. Δhe army retreated from the enemy lines. recede /ræ`s∞d/ (v) = to become weaker, smaller or less intense / oddalić się, zmaleć e.g. Δhe violent storm started to recede after about an hour. substantial /sºb`st±n«ºl/ (adj) = large in amount or degree / znaczny e.g. Jennifer has made substantial progress this term. resort to sth /ræ`z¥t/ (v) = to adopt a certain course of action / uciec się do czegoś e.g. Unfortunately, we will have to resort to surgery. Use of English (pp. 47–48) SA1.19 SA1.20 SA1.21 SA1.22 SA1.23 enforcement /æn`f¥smºnt/ (n) = action that ensures that a rule or law is obeyed / egzekwowanie, wprowadzenie w życie e.g. The enforcement of laws should be immediate to ensure their efficacy. out of print = (of books) no longer being printed, not available / (o nakładzie książki) wyczerpany e.g. Δhat book is now out of print. overlook /øvº`lμk/ (v) = to ignore or not notice a problem / przeoczyć, przymknąć oczy na coś e.g. Δhe police officer overlooked my parking ticket and didn’t revoke my driving licence. subsistence /sºb`sistºns/ (n) = government money helping to support sb at the most basic level / zasiłek e.g. A subsistence allowance is provided for those temporarily unemployed. struggle for sth /`str∑gºl/ (n) = a long difficult attempt to achieve sth very important (e.g. freedom) / walka o coś e.g. Δhere is a constant struggle for human rights. 27 Self-Assessment Module 1 SA1.24 SA1.25 SA1.26 SA1.27 SA1.28 pumpkin /`p∑mpkin/ (n) = a large, round orange vegetable with thick skin / dynia e.g. Have you ever tried pumpkin pie? illiterate /æ`lætºrºt/ (adj) = not knowing how to read or write / nie umiejący czytać i pisać e.g. Δhe percentage of illiterate adults has declined considerably in the past few years. humiliate /hj∂`mæliΩt/ (v) = to say or do sth to make sb feel ashamed or stupid / upokorzyć e.g. Why do you constantly humiliate me in front of other people? Der.: humiliation (n) grade /grΩd/ (v) = to arrange (coursebooks, reading materials, etc) according to the level of difficulty / zróżnicować ze względu na stopień trudności e.g. This student’s book is graded as suitable for the proficiency level. in terms of = considering the aspect of / ze względu na e.g. In terms of difficulty, you’re asking too much of the students. SA1.37 SA1.38 SA1.39 SA1.40 SA1.41 Reading (p. 49) SA1.29 SA1.30 SA1.31 SA1.32 SA1.33 SA1.34 SA1.35 SA1.36 28 portion /`p¥«ºn/ (n) = a part / część e.g. My portion of the cake is smaller than yours. propped up /¿pr≥pt `∑p/ (adj) = supported (e.g. with pillows) / oparty (np. na poduszkach) e.g. The patient was uncomfortable so the nurse helped her sit propped up with an extra pillow. stitch /stæt«/ (v) = to sew / szyć ręcznie e.g. My grandmother would sit in her armchair and stitch away for hours making clothes. elbow /`elbø/ (n) = the arm of a chair / oparcie krzesła (na ręce), podłokietnik e.g. π leaned on the elbow of my mum’s armchair and listened to her stories. tenderly /`tendºli/ (adv) = in a gentle and caring way / czule, delikatnie e.g. My mother always touched my cheek tenderly and calmed my fears. Der.: tender (adj), tenderness (n) vanity /`v±nætæ/ (n) = great pride / próżność e.g. There is no end to his vanity! He thinks he’s perfect! Der.: vain (adj) remembrance /ræ`membrºns/ (n) = a memory of sth or sb / wspomnienie e.g. I still have fond remembrances of my grandfather. prayer /preºr/ (n) = the act of speaking to God, or the words spoken when speaking to God / modlitwa, nabożeństwo e.g. I used to say my prayers every night before I went to bed. SA1.42 SA1.43 SA1.44 SA1.45 SA1.46 SA1.47 SA1.48 SA1.49 grave /grΩv/ (adj) = quiet and serious / poważny e.g. My father was always grave and strict when he punished us. make allowance(s) for sb/sth (idm) = to take sth into account in your decisions, plans or actions / wziąć pod uwagę, wziąć poprawkę (na coś) e.g. You must make allowances for his behaviour; he’s upset at the moment. trifling /`tr¡flæ…/ (adj) = small and unimportant / znikomy, błahy, nieistotny e.g. We paid a trifling sum for the clock. Der.: trifle (n) unrestrained /∑nræ`strΩnd/ (adj) = expressing feelings openly and easily; here: feeling at ease, allowing for spontaneity / niepohamowany, bezgraniczny; tu: czujący się swobodnie e.g. Due to Jane’s harshenss, Tom could never feel unrestrained in her presence. √pp.: restrained ardently /`≤dºntli/ (adv) = with extremely strong feelings about sth or sb / żarliwie, gorliwie e.g. My lawyer fought ardently to prove my innocence. timid /`tæmæd/ (adj) = shy and nervous, having no courage or confidence / nieśmiały, płochliwy e.g. Δeresa is a very timid little girl. frock /fr≥k/ (n) = (old-fashioned) a woman’s or girl’s dress / sukienka e.g. π used to like wearing my grandmother’s old frocks when I was a child. recollect /¿rekº`lekt/ (v) = to remember / przypomnieć sobie e.g. π find it hard to recollect things from my childhood. Der.: recollection (n) austere /¥`stƒr/ (adj) = strict and serious / surowy, srogi e.g. My father’s austere look always frightened me. day boarder = a student that stays at school during the day only and doesn’t sleep there / uczeń nie mieszkający w internacie szkolnym, dochodzący do szkoły e.g. My grandfather was a day boarder at school and worked in the evenings. stiff /stæf/ (adj) = formal, not friendly / sztywny, oficjalny e.g. My father wrote a stiff letter to the headmaster to complain about my unfair punishment. rejoicings /ræ`π√si…z/ (n pl) = celebrations / radosne świętowanie e.g. Δhere were rejoicings in every home when the war was over. confide in /kºn`f¡d æn/ (phr v) = to tell sb a secret / zwierzać się komuś e.g. ÀÔu are the only person I can confide in, Mum! Self-Assessment Module 1 SA1.50 SA1.51 SA1.52 SA1.53 SA1.54 SA1.55 SA1.56 SA1.57 SA1.58 vacant expression = a blank expression which implies that sb doesn’t understand sth or isnãt thinking about anything / bezmyślna mina e.g. I tried to find out what was bothering her, but she just stared at me with a vacant expression on her face. perceptive /pº`septæv/ (adj) = good at noticing or realising things that are not obvious / spostrzegawczy, wnikliwy e.g. She will be a wonderful psychologist as she’s very perceptive and understanding. Der.: perception (n) bearable /`b≈rºbºl/ (adj) = able to be accepted or endured / znośny e.g. Δhe only thing that made the heat bearable was a light breeze that came from the north. √pp.: unbearable unrequited /¿∑nræ`kw¡tæd/ (adj) = (of feelings) not returned, not mutual / nieodwzajemniony e.g. Unfortunately, my love for him was unrequited as he didn’t feel the same way. condescending /k≥ndæ`sendi…/ (adj) = disapproving of sbãs behaviour; patronising / protekcjonalny e.g. ªy grandmother always had a condescending attitude towards those outside the family. self-righteous /¿self`r¡t«ºs/ (adj) = being sure (often falsely) that one is right and morally superior / zadufany w sobie, przekonany o własnej nieomylności e.g. She’ll never admit sheãs wrong. Sheãs very selfrighteous and narrow-minded. unaffectionate /¿∑nº`fek«ºnºt/ (adj) = not showing any love or fondness to others / nieczuły e.g. ªy grandfather was very unaffectionate towards me – as if I didnãt exist. √pp.: affectionate withhold /wi∫`høld/ (v) = (formal) not to give sb what they want / zataić, nie ujawniać e.g. The criminal withheld valuable information from his lawyer which she needed in order to defend him properly. well disposed /¿wel dæ`spøzd/ (adj) = likely to agree or support sb / przychylnie nastawiony e.g. On my first day of school, everyone was well disposed towards me as I was very nervous and frightened. SA1.59 SA1.60 SA1.61 indignant /æn`dægnºnt/ (adj) = shocked or angry because sth is unfair or unjust / oburzony e.g. The strikers were indignant that the government had ignored their requests. self-deprecating /¿self`deprºkΩti…/ (adj) = critical of oneself or representing oneself in a modest, lighthearted way / niedoceniający siebie, zbyt skromny e.g. I related my childhood in a self-deprecating way. apprehensive /¿±prº`hensæv/ (adj) = afraid that sth bad will happen / pełen obaw e.g. Do you feel apprehensive about the future? Listening (p. 50) SA1.62 SA1.63 SA1.64 visual aid = a thing you can look at to help you understand sth or remember information (e.g. films, models, slides) / pomoc wizualna e.g. Our professor uses a lot of visual aids in his class presentations. unwittingly /¿∑n`witæ…li/ (adv) = doing sth or getting involved in sth without realising it / nieświadomie, niechcący e.g. I was unwittingly involved in the plan to get Johnson expelled from school. relevant /`relºvºnt/ (adj) = important or significant in a situation / istotny e.g. Your composition doesnãt have enough relevant information to support your argument. Der.: relevance (n) √pp.: irrelevant Writing (p. 50) SA1.65 SA1.66 SA1.67 extract /`ekstr±kt/ (n) = a part of a book or piece of writing / fragment, urywek e.g. We had to read an extract from one of Shakespeare’s plays and analyse it. coverage /`k∑vºriπ/ (n) = the reporting of sth (e.g. the news) / miejsce poświęcone jakiemuś tematowi (np. w gazecie), relacja, sprawozdanie e.g. The news coverage was very detailed. update /`∑pdΩt/ (n) = the latest information on sth / aktualności, najświeższe wiadomości e.g. There was a special weather update about the strength of the tornado. 29 3 Extra! Extra! Lead-in (p. 53) 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 30 stock market crash = a drastic fall in the price of stocks / krach na giełdzie e.g. The 1929 stock market crash was the worst in history. unbiased /¿∑n`b¡ºst/ (adj) = fair and able to judge sth in a balanced way / obiektywny, bezstronny e.g. Δhe report presented the case in an unbiased way. Opp.: biased hard-hitting /¿h≤d`hætæ…/ (adj) = talking about or dealing with a difficult situation in a direct way / demaskatorski e.g. He made many enemies with his hard-hitting journalism. incisive /æn`s¡sæv/ (adj) = expressing ideas and thoughts clearly, briefly and forcefully / celny, wnikliwy, cięty e.g. ∏e was chosen to lead the project due to his incisive nature. Der.: incisiveness (n), incisively (adv) bow to sth /b¬/ (v) = to agree to do sth, especially when it is not what one wanted / ugiąć się przed czymś e.g The government bowed to the pressure of miners and increased their wages. uncompromising /¿∑n`k≥mprºm¡zæ…/ (adj) = determined not to change one’s opinions in any way / bezkompromisowy e.g. They split up because they were both uncompromising and unwilling to change their ways. Opp.: compromising sensitise sb to sth /`sensæt¡z/ (v) = to make sb aware of sth / uwrażliwić, wyczulić kogoś na coś e.g. Many environmental groups try to sensitise people to the problems of rainforest destruction. Der.: sensitivity (n) sponsorship /`sp≥nsº«æp/ (n) = financial support (usually for sporting events by large companies) / sponsoring, patronat e.g. Our local team is on the lookout for sponsorship to fund its weekly matches. quotation /kwø`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = a sentence or phrase taken from a book, film, etc, repeated by sb else / cytat e.g. He used a quotation from Shakespeare to illustrate his point. Der.: quote (v, n) 3.10 virtue /`vªt«∂/ (n) = a good quality or way of behaving / zaleta e.g. She has many virtues, the most important of which is her ability to sympathise. Reading (pp. 54–55) 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 macho /`m±t«ø/ (adj) = proud of one’s masculinity / dumny z bycia (stuprocentowym) mężczyzną, wyznający kult męskości e.g. ∏is macho behaviour really puts me off. Can’t he just act normally? evasive /æ`vΩsæv/ (adj) = avoiding giving a straight answer / wymijający, stosujący uniki e.g. The politician was deliberately evasive, not wanting to answer the journalists’ questions. Der.: evasiveness (n), evasively (adv) vested interest = a strong reason for acting in a certain way / żywotny lub osobisty interes e.g. Those with a vested interest in this company will want to see profits increase. dormitory /`d¥mætri/ (n) = here: a large room in a boarding school where several children sleep / tu: duża sala sypialna w internacie e.g. ∞ll was quiet in the dormitory when suddenly a small boy cried out in his sleep. officious /º`f櫺s/ (adj) = eager to tell people what to do, bossy / nadgorliwy, natrętny e.g. ¡Ôbody in the office likes her because she is very officious and always bossing everyone around. prefect /`pr∞fekt/ (n) = an older pupil with special duties who helps control younger pupils / uczeń starszej klasy odpowiedzialny za dyscyplinę e.g. The prefect ordered pupils to stand quietly in line. frog-march /`fr≥gm≤t«/ (v) = to take sb somewhere by force, to hold sb by the arms and walk along / zaprowadzić siłą e.g When the pupil had misbehaved for the third time, the teacher frog-marched him off to the headmaster’s office. Der.: frogmarch (n) intone /æn`tøn/ (v) = to speak in a slow and serious way / powiedzieć, recytować monotonnym głosem e.g. He intoned the verses of the poem in a solemn way. Der.: intoner (n) cane /kΩn/ (n) = a long stick used to strike pupils in school / trzcinka do bicia e.g. “If you keep that up, you‘ll get a few whacks of the cane, I’m warning you.” Unit 3 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 spool /sp∂l/ (v) = to roll up quickly, to go forward quickly / przewinąć (np. taśmę) e.g. If we spool forward to the 21st century, we can see the huge changes which have come about. preoccupied /pri`≥kjμp¡d/ (adj) = having oneãs thoughts taken up with a problematic situation / pochłonięty, zaabsorbowany e.g. She seems preoccupied today; maybe she is having problems at home. Der.: preoccupation (n) grump /gr∑mp/ (v) = to make sounds which suggest dissatisfaction or irritation / pomrukiwać z niezadowolenia e.g. There is no point in grumping at the situation; just sort it out. Der.: grumpy (adj), grumpily (adv), grump (n) platitude /`pl±tætj∂d/ (n) = a trivial statement / frazes, komunał e.g. Politicians are famous for their platitudes in the face of criticism. inception /æn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a beginning / powstanie, rozpoczęcie e.g. Δhe inception of the new channel made the directors of other channels uncomfortable because it posed a threat to their ratings. a household name/word (idm) = a name or word that is very well known / powszechnie znana nazwa, marka, itp. e.g. “General Motors” is a household name. cajoling /kº`πølæ…/ (adj) = persuading sb in a very insistent way to do sth / przymilny, schlebiający e.g. She can be persistent and cajoling when she wants to get her own way. Der.: cajolery (n), cajolingly (adv) intimidating /æn`tæmædΩtæ…/ (adj) = frightening and making others lose confidence / budzący grozę, onieśmielający e.g. Δhe headmaster can be very intimidating. ªy knees shake whenever he speaks. persistent /pº`sæstºnt/ (adj) = continuing to do sth in spite of the opposition of others / uparty, nieustępliwy e.g. She is so persistent that she will keep nagging until I agree to buy her that new coat. Der.: persistently (adv), persistence (n) come across /`k∑m º`kr≥s/ (phr v) = to seem to have particular qualities / wypaść, zrobić dobre wrażenie, wydawać się e.g. On television the minister came across as being very intelligent. 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 be a thorn in sb’s side/flesh (idm) = to be a continuous problem which cannot be solved / być komuś solą w oku e.g. This pupil is a thorn in the side of the whole school: he disrupts everyone and we can do nothing about it. the establishment /∫º æ`st±blæ«mºnt/ (n) = those who have power or influence in the country or in society in general / establishment, grupa społeczna u władzy lub mająca wpływ na rząd e.g. There is no point in fighting against the establishment – it is too strong. in our midst (idm) = among our group / wśród nas, w naszym gronie e.g. The traitor was in our midst all along and we never realised it. sneering /`snæºræ…/ (adj) = expressing contempt / szyderczy e.g. His sneering countenance showed me he cared nothing for what I was saying. Der.: sneer (v), sneeringly (adv) encounter /æn`k¬ntºr/ (n) = a meeting / (przypadkowe) spotkanie, kontakt e.g. After the encounter with his boss, he promised himself that he would never misbehave again. scrap /skr±p/ (v) = to do away with, get rid of / wyrzucić, pozbyć się e.g. √ur car got so old that we decided to scrap it rather than get it fixed again. consumer-oriented = targeted at the wishes of consumers / nastawiony na konsumentów, komercyjny e.g. Most shopping centres are consumer-oriented, with parking and baby-minding facilities available. oversee /¿øvº`s∞/ (v) = to be in control of sth, to make sure it is done right / nadzorować e.g. The foreman oversees the whole construction of the building. Der.: overseer (n) relaunch /¿r∞`l¥nt«/ (v) = to re-introduce sth in a new format / wprowadzić ponownie (na rynek) e.g. We decided to relaunch the perfume after figures showed that it would prove more popular with older women. inner city areas = areas near the centre of a city, suffering from economic or social problems / ubogie dzielnice śródmiejskie e.g. The police are intent on curbing crime in inner city areas. overwhelmed /¿øvº`welmd/ (adj) = affected very strongly by sth / przytłoczony, głęboko poruszony e.g. I was overwhelmed by the sight of the ship sinking before my eyes. 31 Unit 3 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to see and understand sth / postrzegać, dostrzegać e.g. Many people are not able to clearly perceive what the problems of our society are. Der.: perception (n), perceptive (adj) ill-inspired /¿ælæn`sp¡ºd/ (adj) = badly thought out / niefortunny e.g. This ill-inspired decision will have lasting repercussions. harbour /`h≤bºr/ (v) = to have sth on one’s mind for a long time / żywić (np. uczucie, urazę) e.g. Since the dispute, he had harboured feelings of resentment for his colleague. lay down /`lΩ `d¬n/ (phr v) = to officially state the way to do sth / ustanowić, określić e.g. ªanagement has laid down that all staff must be at their desks by 9 o’clock. highbrow /`h¡br¬/ (adj) = intellectual, academic / intelektualistyczny, „uczony”, przeintelektualizowany e.g. He tends to watch highbrow documentaries about political events. perplexed /pº`plekst/ (adj) = confused / zdumiony, skonsternowany e.g. He looked at me with a perplexed expression as if he didn’t know what to do. Der.: perplexity (n) dismissive /¿dæs`mæsæv/ (adj) = treating sb or sth as if they had no value / lekceważący e.g. When I tried to explain the problem, her attitude was dismissive and uncaring. Der.: dismissively (adv) discomfort /dæs`k∑mfºt/ (n) = not feeling well or at ease / zakłopotanie, skrępowanie e.g. The politician began to feel extreme discomfort when the journalist asked him personal questions. acute /º`kj∂t/ (adj) = sensitive and powerful, well developed / doskonały, ostry, wyostrzony e.g. ∞n owl’s acute sense of hearing helps it to hunt at night. Der. : acutely (adv) far-reaching /¿f≤`r∞t«æ…/ (adj) = extensive / dogłębny, daleko idący, dalekosiężny e.g. Δhe invention of the computer had far-reaching effects on the way people work. 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60 3.61 Language Focus (pp. 56–59) 3.51 32 editorial /¿edæ`t¥riºl/ (n) = part of the newspaper in which the editor writes his or her comments / artykuł wstępny („od Redakcji”) e.g. This week’s editorial includes an appraisal of the latest political upheaval. 3.62 circulation /¿sªkju`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = the number of newspapers or magazines sold (in a given time) / nakład e.g. If we include some articles aimed at young people, circulation might increase. readership /`r∞dº«æp/ (n) = the number of people who read a newspaper or magazine / czytelnicy e.g. Our readership remains at around 70% of the population of those over 50 years old. obituary /º`bæt«uºri/ (n) = a newspaper note or article about a dead person / nekrolog lub krótki artykuł poświęcony zmarłej osobie e.g. My father has a creepy fascination with the obituaries. Reading who has died is the first thing he does when he gets the newspaper. supplement /`s∑plæmºnt/ (n) = a separate section, especially a colour magazine, added to a newspaper / dodatek e.g. I only buy that newspaper for the Arts supplement. broadsheet /`br¥d«∞t/ (n) = a large-sized newspaper usually considered serious in content / gazeta dużego formatu (kojarzona z wyższą jakością) e.g. Δhe Times is one of Britain’s main broadsheets. feature /`f∞t«ºr/ (n) = a newspaper article / (obszerny) artykuł e.g. The editor asked me to write a feature on inner-city slums. tabloid /`t±bl√d/ (n) = a small-sized newspaper containing light articles and gossip / gazeta brukowa e.g. The tabloids got hold of the photos of the couple and printed them on the front page. censorship /`sensº«æp/ (n) = an official examination of books, films, etc before they are available to the public, and removal of unnacceptable parts / cenzura e.g. Press censorship prevents journalists from including certain details in their reports. glossy /`gl≥si/ (adj) = (of a magazine or photograph) printed on shiny, high quality paper / błyszczący, połyskliwy e.g. I love the feel of these glossy pages in Vogue. treaty talks /`tr∞ti `t¥ks/ (n pl) = official negotiations between countries before an agreement is made / rozmowy przed podpisaniem traktatu, układy e.g. During the treaty talks, both sides agreed to a reduction in the number of nuclear warheads. negotiable /næ`gø«ƒbºl/ (adj) = (of prices, terms of employment, etc) that can be changed / do negocjacji, do uzgodnienia Unit 3 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.70 3.71 3.72 3.73 3.74 e.g. The price of this land is negotiable – let’s haggle and reach an agreement. Der.: negotiate (v), negotiation (n) reshuffle /¿r∞`«∑fºl/ (n) = rearranging, interchanging the positions, especially of the cabinet members / przetasowanie (np. w rządzie) e.g. Most of the ministers were moved to different ministries in the last reshuffle. cynicism /`sænæsæzºm/ (n) = cynizm backbencher /`b±kbent«ºr/ (n) = a member of Parliament who is not a minister and does not hold a position in the party / szeregowy poseł e.g. Although he was only a backbencher, he was vocal in his criticism of the press. FTSE (100) index, Footsie /`fμtsi/ (abbr) = the Financial Times Stock Exchange index that is published in the Financial Times and indicates the relative price of shares on the London Stock Exchange on the basis of Britain’s one hundred largest public companies / indeks giełdy londyńskiej publikowany przez Financial Times, obliczany dla stu największych brytyjskich spółek akcyjnych e.g. To prepare our business presentation, we have to check last week’s Dow Jones index and FTSE 100 index. weigh on /`wΩ `≥n/ (phr v) = to worry sb / ciążyć, leżeć na sercu e.g. This health problem is weighing on my mind. I hope it will be sorted out soon. equities /`ekwætiz/ (n pl) = assets (usually in the stock market) / akcje zwykłe e.g. π decided to invest in equities but lost all my money. probe /prøb/ (v) = to investigate, to look into / zbadać, przeprowadzić śledztwo e.g. While probing into the crime, detectives found a lot of evidence to suggest that other crimes had been committed by the same person. riddle /`rædºl/ (n) = a puzzle / zagadka e.g. πn order to solve the riddle, the police have to find the mastermind of the robbery. plunge /pl∑nπ/ (n) = a drop, a reduction / gwałtowny spadek e.g. Δhere has been a dramatic plunge in the price of stocks. ordeal /¥`d∞l/ (n) = a difficult or unpleasant situation / męka, ciężka próba e.g. After the kidnapping ordeal, the family just wanted to forget the whole thing. row /r¬/ (n) = a quarrel / kłótnia, sprzeczka e.g. After another row, they decided to part. pledge /pleπ/ (v) = to promise, undertake / przyrzec, zobowiązać się 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.80 3.81 3.82 3.83 3.84 3.85 3.86 e.g. π have pledged to send some money to help famine victims in Africa. capacity /kº`p±sætæ/ (n) = as many people as a place can hold / maksymalna pojemność e.g. The arena was filled to capacity for the Rolling Stones concert. biannual /b¡`±njμºl/ (adj) = occurring twice a year / ukazujący się dwa razy w roku e.g. The company produces a biannual report, in June and December, on its profits and turnover. Der.: biannually (adv) fortnightly /`f¥tn¡tli/ (adv) = every two weeks / co dwa tygodnie e.g. The magazine is published fortnightly; so you get two every month. fanzine /`f±nz∞n/ (n) = a magazine for fans of a particular person or football team / fanzine (gazeta dla fanów) e.g. ∞˜ · sports enthusiast, he enjoyed reading the athletics fanzine. flyer /`fl¡ºr/ (n) = a small sheet of paper advertising a product or event / ulotka reklamowa e.g. The concert was advertised only on flyers. host /høst/ (v) = to introduce a TV show and talk to guests who appear on it / prowadzić program, być gospodarzem programu e.g. Lou Dobbs hosts a programme on CNN. feature /`f∞t«ºr/ (v) = to present / przedstawić, ukazać e.g. Δhe programme featured an interview with a famous footballer. Der.: feature (n) dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = disagreement / spór e.g. Workers are involved in a dispute with management regarding safety practices. Der.: disputable (adj) die down /`d¡ `d¬n/ (phr v) = to become less intense / przycichnąć, ustąpić e.g. √nce all the fuss has died down, we’ll look into the situation and find a peaceful solution. overnight /`øvºn¡t/ (adv) = throughout the night / natychmiast (z dnia na dzień); nocą, w nocy e.g. π travelled overnight on the train to Newcastle and arrived at 6 am. drag on /`dr±g `≥n/ (phr v) = to go on for a long time tediously / ciągnąć się, przedłużać się e.g. Δhe lecture dragged on for such a long time that I nearly fell asleep. egg on /`eg `≥n/ (phr v) = to encourage sb to do sth / namówić kogoś do czegoś e.g. Although all her friends were egging her on to bungee jump, she refused because she was too scared. 33 Unit 3 3.87 3.88 3.89 3.90 3.91 3.92 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 34 something to fall back on = sth one uses when everything else has failed, the last resort / ostatnia deska ratunku, coś, na czym można się oprzeć e.g. We’d better keep some money in the bank so that we have something to fall back on if the business fails. get the office fitted out = to equip the office with the necessary machinery to function properly / wyposażyć biuro (np. w sprzęt), zaopatrzyć w coś e.g. We will never be organised unless we get the office fitted out properly. sub-editor /¿s∑b`edætºr/ (n) = sb who checks and changes the text of a newspaper before it is printed / adiustator e.g.The sub-editor has his own column in our magazine. follow things through = to continue with sth until it is finished / doprowadzić do końca, dokończyć e.g. You always give up on tasks. You never follow things through to the end. perseverance /¿pªsæ`væºrºns/ (n) = continuing sth even though it is difficult / wytrwałość e.g. Despite his injury, he showed perseverance and managed to win a medal. doom /d∂m/ (v) = to condemn / skazać (na niepowodzenie) e.g. Δhe dispute between the band members was so severe that they were doomed to split up. repel /ræ`pel/ (v) = to drive back, push away / odeprzeć e.g. Δhe army finally managed to repel the enemy from their territory. Der.: repellant (n) biased /`b¡ºst/ (adj) = partial, unfair, supporting one group as opposed to another / stronniczy, nieobiektywny e.g. Δhe referee was definitely biased as he favoured the away team. √pp.: unbiased, impartial innuendo /ænjμ`endø/ (n) = an indirect reference to sth unpleasant / insynuacja e.g. π object to that innuendo - if you want to say something, say it straight out. analogue /`±nºl≥g/ (adj) = measuring or storing large amounts of information by using physical quantities such as voltage / analogowy e.g. Analogue TV is the forerunner of digital TV. Opp.: digital allude /º`l∂d/ (v) = to refer to sth, mention in an indirect way / robić aluzję, nawiązywać do czegoś e.g. ∞lthough subtle, her comments alluded to the fact that accounts had been tampered with. 3.98 3.99 3.100 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 3.107 3.108 commercial break /kº`mª«ºl brΩk/ (n) = a break in a programme for advertisements to be shown / przerwa na reklamy e.g. When the commercial break comes on, I usually flick to another channel. gritty /`græti/ (adj) = tough, unpleasant, showing sth in a realistic way / naturalistyczny e.g. Δhe documentary presented a gritty look at the real problems of an inner-city ghetto. Der.: grittiness (n) grinding /`gr¡ndæ…/ (adj) = making a harsh noise / zgrzytliwy e.g. Δhe train came to a grinding halt. Der.: grindingly (adv) gripping /`græpæ…/ (adj) = extremely exciting / porywający e.g. Δhe book was so gripping that I couldn’t put it down. grasping /`gr≤spæ…/ (adj) = greedy for money and unwilling to spend it / pazerny e.g. ¡Ô wonder he is so rich, he is a very grasping type of person who never buys anything. grating /`grΩtæ…/ (adj) = annoying, bothering / drażniący, działający na nerwy e.g. ∏i˜ character is very grating – he manages to annoy everyone. Der.: gratingly (adv) commentator /`k≥mºntΩtºr/ (n) = a person who describes an event or broadcasts it over the radio or TV / komentator e.g. Δhe football match was made much more exciting by the commentator’s thorough knowledge of the game. in some respects = in some ways / pod pewnymi względami e.g. √verall, his ideas are very strange, but in some respects I think he’s right. at short notice (idm) = within a short space of time / w ostatniej chwili e.g. We were told at very short notice that the order had to be sent as soon as possible. endeavour /æn`devºr/ (n) = an effort, attempt / wysiłek, staranie, przedsięwzięcie e.g. Despite his best endeavours, he failed to reach the finals of the tennis tournament. pundit /`p∑ndæt/ (n) = sb who knows a lot about sth and is often asked for his/her opinion / specjalista, ekspert e.g. The political pundit gave a well-informed opinion of the new bill. Unit 3 3.109 3.110 3.111 3.112 3.113 3.114 crucial /`kr∂«ºl/ (adj) = vital, very important / decydujący, rozstrzygający e.g. How we do in the next match is crucial, if we don’t win, we are out of the competition altogether. fixtures /`fækst«ºz/ (n pl) = sporting events which take place at a particular time and place / (planowa) impreza sportowa e.g. Saturday’s fixtures have been cancelled due to the bad weather. surveillance /sº`vΩlºns/ (n) = continued watching of sb or sth / obserwacja, inwigilacja e.g. Δhe police have had the gang under surveillance for a long time and are expecting to make arrests shortly. plagued /plΩgd/ (adj) = infested, tormented by sth / nękany, dręczony e.g. The small town was plagued by reporters after the scandal. sitcom /`sætk≥m/ (n) = a situation comedy, an amusing TV series about a group of people / serial komediowy e.g. The new sitcom on Wednesday nights presents a humorous view of sharing a house. convention /kºn`ven«ºn/ (n) = a meeting of experts in a particular field / zjazd, kongres e.g. Delegates are requested to return the application form for the convention as soon as possible. 3.120 3.121 3.122 3.123 3.124 3.125 Listening & Speaking (pp. 60–61) 3.115 3.116 3.117 3.118 3.119 entail /æn`tΩl/ (v) = to involve, include / pociągać za sobą, wiązać się z czymś e.g. Could you tell me exactly what the job entails before I accept it? web browsing /`web br¬zæ…/ (n) = searching the Internet / przeglądanie stron w Internecie e.g. In some countries, web browsing is a slow and costly process. phase out /`fΩz `¬t/ (phr v) = to gradually stop using sth / stopniowo wycofywać e.g. Δhe company is phasing out typewriters and introducing computers. download /`d¬nlød/ (v) = to transfer data to/from a computer via a communication link or computer network / przesyłać dane do lub z komputera e.g. Since she was connected to the network, she could download files from another computer terminal. ratings /`rΩtæ…z/ (n pl) = a record of the numbers of people watching particular programmes on TV / wskaźniki oglądalności e.g. When ratings fell suddenly, they decided to cancel the show. 3.126 3.127 benevolent /bº`nevºlºnt/ (adj) = kind and fair / życzliwy, dobrotliwy e.g. His benevolent behaviour earned him the respect of his employees. Der.: benevolence (n) coin /k√n/ (v) = to be the first person to use an expression or word / ukuć (wyrażenie), utworzyć (nowe słowo) e.g. Δhe word “Taylorism,” referring to a management philosophy, was coined in the 20th century. fictional /`fæk«ºnºl/ (adj) = occurring only in stories, plays or films and not actually true / fikcyjny e.g. ∏e had made up a whole series of fictional characters to people his stories. Der.: fiction (n) prejudiced /`preπμdæst/ (adj) = having an unfounded like or dislike for sb based on a general belief about a group of people / uprzedzony, stronniczy e.g. ∏er contempt for working class people reveals how prejudiced she is. scrutiny /`skr∂tænæ/ (n) = close examination or observation / baczna obserwacja, analiza e.g. Following rumours of their intention to marry, the celebrity couple came under scrutiny from the press. Der.: scrutinise (v) outright /¿¬t`r¡t/ (adv) = completely, totally, immediately / kategorycznie, z miejsca e.g. He was opposed to their proposals and rejected them outright. sighting /`s¡tæ…/ (n) = an occasion of seeing sth strange or unusual / zgłoszony, zarejestrowany przypadek zaobserwowania czegoś niezwykłego e.g. Several UFO sightings have been reported in recent weeks. improvise /`æmprºv¡z/ (v) = to make or do sth with whatever is available / improwizować e.g. She didn’t have a hammer so she improvised and used a large stone. Der.: improviser (n), improvisation (n) Reading (pp. 62–63) 3.128 3.129 inaugural /æ`n¥gjμrºl/ (adj) = first, marking the beginning of sth important / inauguracyjny e.g. The president’s inaugural speech was designed to pacify his opponents. Der.: inauguration (n) policy /`p≥læsi/ (n) = a set of ideas or plans that is used for making decisions / polityka, strategia e.g. The school policy clearly states that students must not smoke on the premises. 35 Unit 3 3.130 3.131 3.132 3.133 3.134 3.135 3.136 3.137 3.138 3.139 3.140 3.141 36 stilted /`stæltæd/ (adj) = formal, unnatural / wyniosły, sztuczny e.g. I could tell that he was not a native English speaker due to his stilted language. bogey /`bøgi/ (n) = sth people worry about, usually without reason / postrach, obawa e.g. Models’ main bogey is the fear of getting old. Der.: bogeyman (n) depraved /dæ`prΩvd/ (adj) = morally bad or evil / zdeprawowany e.g. Δhis gruesome murder was certainly the work of depraved individuals. uplifted /¿∑p`læftæd/ (adj) = cheerful, feeling positive about sth / podniesiony na duchu e.g. Having panicked about the situation, I felt uplifted when she said that everything was fine. innocuous /æ`n≥kjμºs/ (adj) = harmless, inoffensive / nieszkodliwy e.g. ∞lthough most people are up in arms about the new advertising campaign, I think it is quite innocuous. no-man’s-land = land between the borders of two states or armies that is not controlled by either of them / dosł. ziemia niczyja; tu: działalność niepodporządkowana żadnej konkretnej dziedzinie e.g. ∏·ving just started our business, we are still in the no-man‘s-land between success and failure. abolish /º`b≥læ«/ (v) = to do away with, to get rid of / znieść, położyć czemuś kres e.g. The government has introduced a bill to abolish the death penalty. Der.: abolition (n) outlandish /¬t`l±ndæ«/ (adj) = unusual, strange, unreasonable / dziwaczny, cudaczny e.g. His outlandish dress made him stand out in the crowd. Der.: outlandishly (adv), outlandishness (n) demise /dæ`m¡z/ (n) = an end, downfall, death / upadek e.g. Falling ratings spelled the demise of the sitcom. ad mag = a type of advertising which uses a storyline to sell a product / reklama oparta na historyjce e.g. ∞dvertising using ad mags has not appeared on TV for many years. proprietor /prº`pr¡ºtºr/ (n) = an owner / właściciel e.g. My father bought out his partner and became the sole proprietor of the business. cartel /k≤`tel/ (n) = an association of similar companies which act as one / kartel e.g. Δhe chairman of the company suggested that we would be more powerful if we formed a cartel. 3.142 3.143 3.144 3.145 3.146 3.147 3.148 3.149 3.150 3.151 3.152 3.153 outlets /`¬tlets/ (n pl) = here: means by which sth can be broadcast / tu: możliwości reklamowania się e.g. There are many outlets available to advertisers for their products. reinstate /¿r∞æn`stΩt/ (v) = to reintroduce sth / przywrócić e.g. The ban on cigarette advertising was reinstated due to increases in smoking-related illnesses. twist /twæst/ (n) = an unexpected ending or turn in a story / zwrot (akcji) e.g. Everyone was taken by surprise by the twist at the end of the film. liven up /`lævºn `∑p/ (phr v) = to make sth more active and cheerful / ożywić e.g. Why don’t we play some pop music to liven up the party! gloss /gl≥s/ (n) = shine, attractiveness / blask, blichtr e.g. TV commercials may seem attractive but don’t let the gloss trick you. Der.: glossy (adj) slot /sl≥t/ (n) = available broadcasting time / czas antenowy przeznaczony na reklamę e.g. During peak time viewing, advertising slots are more expensive. tingling /`tæ…glæ…/ (adj) = slightly stinging; here: exciting / kłujący; tu: ekscytujący e.g. Δhe prospect of the escapade gave me a pleasant, tingling feeling. jerky /`πªki/ (adj) = characterised by sudden, sharp movements or changes / nierówny, urywany e.g. ∏is movements are so jerky that he looks like a robot. Der.: jerkiness (n) caption /`k±p«ºn/ (n) = words written underneath a picture explaining what it is about / napis pod zdjęciem e.g. I didn’t understand the cartoon until I read the caption underneath. detractor /dæ`tr±ktºr/ (n) = sb who criticises sth / krytyk e.g. The film was a success despite what the detractors said. Der.: detract (v) bound up with /`b¬nd `∑p wæ∫/ (adj) = closely connected with and inseparable / związany z czymś e.g. The successful launch of a new product is bound up with good timing. spur on /`spªr `≥n/ (phr v) = to encourage / dopingować, zachęcać e.g. πn the final stretch of the race, all the supporters shouted at the top of their voices to spur him on. Unit 3 3.154 3.155 3.156 3.157 3.158 3.159 3.160 3.161 3.162 subject sb to sth /sºb`πekt/ (v) = to make sb experience sth (usually unpleasant) / poddać kogoś czemuś, wystawić, narazić na coś e.g. ∞t the health farm, we were subjected to all sorts of exercise routines, which left us completely exhausted. extol /æk`støl/ (v) = to praise / wychwalać e.g. ∞fter you have finished extolling the virtues of the resort, can you tell me how much it will cost to stay there? recap on sth /`r∞k±p/ (v) = to repeat some points already mentioned / zreasumować e.g. Let me just take a moment to recap on the points covered so far. set /set/ (n) = the scenery used for a play, film, etc / scenografia, dekoracje e.g. We need four people to design and paint the set for our play. frame /frΩm/ (n) = one of the separate photos that a film is made up of / klatka (filmu) e.g. π watched the scene frame by frame and still could not make you out. outcome /`¬tk∑m/ (n) = a result / wynik, rezultat e.g. Although we know he’s guilty, we’ll have to wait for the outcome of the trial. inoffensive /ænº`fensæv/ (adj) = harmless, not unpleasant / nieszkodliwy e.g. He made a small inoffensive remark which didnãt upset anybody. enhancing /æn`h≤nsæ…/ (adj) = improving in value, quality or attractiveness / poprawiający e.g. Drinking plenty of water is said to have an enhancing effect on the skin. strained /strΩnd/ (adj) = under pressure, looking worried or nervous / pełen napięcia e.g. √verwork has given him a strained look. English in Use (pp. 64–67) 3.163 3.164 3.165 talent scout /`t±lºnt sk¬t/ (n) = sb who looks for gifted or skilled people in unusual places / łowca talentów e.g. π hope I’ll play well in the match today; a talent scout from a big team will be there. alleviate /º`l∞viΩt/ (v) = to make sth less intense or severe / złagodzić, zmniejszyć e.g. ¡ew houses in the suburbs were built to alleviate the problem of overpopulation in the city. overflow /¿øvº`flø/ (v) = to flow over the edge due to overfilling / wysypywać się, przelewać się, wylewać się e.g. Don’t fill the glass up to the top; it will overflow! Der.: overflow (n) 3.166 3.167 3.168 3.169 3.170 3.171 3.172 3.173 3.174 3.175 3.176 3.177 CEO /¿s∞ ∞ `ø/ (abbr) = chief executive officer, the highest ranking official in a business company / dyrektor naczelny, dyrektor generalny e.g. Betty had to work really hard for years before she became CEO in her company. baggage handler = a person who loads and unloads luggage from aircraft / bagażowy e.g. All flights are grounded due to the baggage handlers’ strike. whereabouts /`w≈rºb¬ts/ (n) = the exact location, place of residence / miejsce pobytu, miejsce, gdzie ktoś lub coś się znajduje e.g. The police know the whereabouts of the criminal but donãt have enough proof to arrest him. derive /dæ`r¡v/ (v) = to come or develop from sth / powstać z czegoś, pochodzić od czegoś e.g. The word “television” is derived from the Greek word “tele” and the Latin word “visio”. Der.: derivative /dæ`rævºtæv/ (n) varnish /`v≤næ«/ (n) = a liquid which hardens to provide a protective coat for wood / lakier, werniks e.g. ∞ thick layer of varnish on the door will protect it from the bad weather over the winter. distract /dæ`str±kt/ (v) = to take sbãs attention away from what they are doing / rozproszyć, odwrócić uwagę e.g. π am sure having the TV Ôn while studying will distract him from his work. draught /dr≤ft/ (n) = a current of air flowing through a place / przeciąg e.g. π think I caught this cold from sitting in a draught all afternoon. GP /¿π∞ `p∞/ (abbr) = general practitioner, a doctor who is trained in general medicine and works in the local community / lekarz rodzinny e.g. Doctor Hopkins has been our GP for twenty years. proofread /`pr∂fr∞d/ (v) = to check a written text for mistakes / zrobić korektę e.g. ∞lways proofread your compositions before handing them in to the teacher. Der.: proofreader (n) wig /wæg/ (n) = false hair / peruka e.g. ∏is wig blew off to reveal his bald head. aspiring /º`sp¡ºræ…/ (adj) = trying to become successful in a certain field / początkujący, z ambicjami e.g. These lectures will be of interest to any aspiring writers among you. Der.: aspiration (n) solid /`s≥læd/ (adj) = well founded, firm / solidny, rzetelny 37 Unit 3 3.178 3.179 3.180 3.181 3.182 3.183 3.184 3.185 3.186 3.187 3.188 38 e.g. πf you have a solid educational background, you are bound to succeed. land sth /l±nd/ (v) = to get sth that is difficult to obtain / zdobyć coś, załapać się e.g. Joanna landed the main part in a Hollywood film! apprenticeship /º`prentæs¿«æp/ (n) = working for sb for a period of time to learn skills for that job / praktyka zawodowa e.g. Once he had completed his apprenticeship at the garage, he became a fully-trained mechanic. sensationalism /sen`sΩ«ºnºlæzºm/ (n) = presentation of the facts in such a way as to provoke strong feelings / pogoń za sensacją e.g. ªÔst tabloid newspapers depend on sensationalism to increase their circulation. assassin /º`s±sæn/ (n) = a person hired to kill sb (e.g. a politician) / zamachowiec e.g. Δhe murder was obviously carried out by a hired assassin. Der.: assassination (n), assassinate (v) infant /`ænfºnt/ (n) = a small baby / niemowlak e.g. Δhe woman walked out of the maternity ward holding the infant in her arms. Der.: infantile (adj), infancy (n) subsequent /`s∑bsækwºnt/ (adj) = happening after / późniejszy e.g. Δhe interest-rate cut and subsequent increase in investment helped to restore the economy. unfold /∑n`føld/ (v) = to develop and become known / rozgrywać się e.g. Δhe full horror of the disaster unfolded before our eyes on the TV screen. detachment /dæ`t±t«mºnt/ (n) = objectivity / bezstronność, obiektywizm e.g. ∞ journalist must show complete detachment when covering a story. usurp /j∂`zªp/ (v) = to take over sth when Ône has no right to do so / uzurpować sobie coś e.g. You have no right to usurp my position; I was here long before you. hindsight /`h¡nds¡t/ (n) = the ability to understand sth about an event after it has happened / ocena sytuacji z perspektywy czasu e.g. With hindsight, we could have done things differently. galvanise /`g±lvºn¡z/ (v) = to cause sb to take action by making them feel excited or angry / zelektryzować e.g. Δhe report on child labour galvanised charity organisations worldwide. 3.189 3.190 3.191 3.192 3.193 3.194 3.195 3.196 3.197 3.198 3.199 3.200 aftermath /`≤ftºm≤á/ (n) = a situation resulting from a major event / następstwo e.g. People were left homeless in the aftermath of the hurricane. unrestrained /¿∑nræ`strΩnd/ (adj) = expressing feeling in a strong, extreme or intense manner / bezgraniczny, nieograniczony, niepohamowany e.g. She let out an unrestrained cry of joy when she won the tennis match. outwit /¿¬t`wæt/ (v) = to outsmart, to trick, to be cleverer than sb / przechytrzyć e.g. The fox outwitted the hunters by walking in the river and covering its scent. court sb /k¥t/ (v) = to have a romantic relationship with sb before getting married / zalecać się do kogoś, spotykać się z sympatią e.g. They had been courting for a year before they married. Der.: courtship (n) craftsman /`kr≤ftsmºn/ (n) = sb skilled in a certain handicraft / rzemieślnik e.g. πt is clear from the finish on this vase that the craftsman who made it is highly skilled. fragile /`fr±π¡l/ (adj) = easily broken or damaged / delikatny, kruchy e.g. Δhis crystal glass is extremely fragile; handle it with care. Der.: fragility /frº`πælºti/ (n) resilient /ræ`zæliºnt/ (adj) = able to recover easily from unpleasant or damaging events / odporny e.g. μeing a resilient man, he soon recovered from the shock of losing his job. resonant /`rezºnºnt/ (adj) = having a deep, strong sound / donośny e.g. His resonant voice could be heard all over the room. ointment /`√ntmºnt/ (n) = a smooth thick substance put on sore skin to heal it / maść e.g. Although the ointment stung, it helped the wound heal more quickly. morality /mº`r±læti/ (n) = principles governing good behaviour, distinction between good and bad conduct / moralność e.g. μeing fair and just, she is regarded as having high standards of morality. condense /kºn`dens/ (v) = to make a text shorter by removing irrelevant material / skrócić e.g. This speech is too long; you will have to condense it. competence /`k≥mpætºns/ (n) = the ability to do sth well or effectively / kwalifikacje, umiejętności e.g. Having proved her competence to do the job, she was taken on at the end of her trial period. Unit 3 3.201 3.202 3.203 3.204 3.205 3.206 3.207 3.208 3.209 3.210 3.211 quantifier /`kw≥ntæf¡ºr/ (n) = a grammatical term for words which describe the quantity of sth / zaimek lub liczebnik określający liczbę lub ilość czegoś e.g. It is essential to use quantifiers when describing amounts of things. ply sb with sth /pl¡/ (v) = to keep giving sb large amounts of sth / zasypywać kogoś (np. prezentami) e.g. Granny always plied me with dolls and teddy bears. violation /¿v¡º`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = breaking of an agreement, rule or promise / naruszenie, pogwałcenie e.g. Not wearing a seatbelt is a violation of traffic laws. Der.: violator (n), violate (v) NCAA /¿en s∞ Ω `Ω/ (abbr) = the National Collegiate Athletic Association, a US voluntary organisation through which the US colleges and universities govern their athletic programmes / w Stanach Zjednoczonych, organizacja koordynująca uniwersyteckie programy sportowe e.g. The NCAA has more than one thousand members. counter /`k¬ntºr/ (v) = to act against sth / odeprzeć, odrzucić e.g. To counter increasing vandalism, strict fines were introduced. recanting /ræ`k±ntæ…/ (n) = stating publicly that one’s previous opinions have changed / odwołanie, wyparcie się e.g. Δhey prevented any recanting by using a tape recorder. Der.: recantation (n) inhibited /æn`hæbætæd/ (adj) = embarrassed, not feeling free to express oneself / skrępowany e.g. Being admonished as a child made me feel inhibited about expressing my feelings. Opp.: uninhibited forthcoming /¿f¥ı`k∑mæ…/ (adj) = willing to talk / otwarty, chętnie udzielający informacji e.g. She obviously didn’t want to discuss her plans; she wasn’t forthcoming about the details. consent /kºn`sent/ (n) = permission / zgoda e.g. πn Britain, you cannot get married before the age of 18 without your parents’ consent. Der.: consent (v) federal /`fedºrºl/ (adj) = connected with national rather than local institutions / federalny e.g. While the federal government has control over foreign affairs, each state is individually responsible for law enforcement. Der.: federalism (n), federalist (n), federation (n), federally (adv) sneaky /`sn∞ki/ (adj) = doing sth in a secret, suspicious way / przebiegły, podstępny 3.212 3.213 3.214 3.215 3.216 3.217 3.218 3.219 3.220 3.221 3.222 e.g. Spying on competitors is a very sneaky way of doing business. dried-up sources = people who had previously given unofficial information to journalists but stopped doing so / utracone źródła informacji e.g. The lack of exclusive information in our articles is due to dried-up sources. upfront /∑p`fr∑nt/ (adj) = honest, open / szczery, otwarty e.g. Instead of being upfront about the incident, he told us a pack of lies. lawsuit /`l¥s∂t/ (n) = a court case against sb / proces, sprawa sądowa e.g. The employee brought a lawsuit against the company for unfair dismissal. testimony /`testimºni/ (n) = a formal statement for legal purposes / zeznanie e.g. Δhe testimony of the witnesses led to the prosecution of the accused. indisputable /¿ændæ`spj∂tºbºl/ (adj) = unquestionable / niepodważalny, bezsporny e.g. The fact that the earth revolves around the sun is indisputable. recklessly /`reklºsli/ (adv) = carelessly / lekkomyślnie e.g. ∏e was arrested for driving recklessly and knocking down an old lady. law enforcement officer = a member of the police force / funkcjonariusz organu ochrony porządku publicznego e.g. ∞fter being tipped off, law enforcement officers raided the house and arrested the gang. abhorrent /ºb`h≥rºnt/ (adj) = hateful, disgraceful, unacceptable / odrażający, wstrętny e.g. I cannot stand cruelty to animals. I find it abhorrent. Der.: abhorrence (n), abhorrently (adv) glut /gl∑t/ (n) = an excessive amount of sth / nadmiar e.g. The European Union has a glut of milk; cows are simply producing too much. scam /sk±m/ (n) = (informal) a clever and dishonest plan (e.g. for making money) / szwindel, przekręt e.g. I’m tired of all your scams, why don’t you get a decent job instead? gotcha /`g≥∏º/ (excl) = (informal) an exclamation used when one has caught sb or won sth from them, a written representation of the way some people pronounce ”(I) have got you” / Mam cię! e.g. Hidden cameras are responsible for all the ”gotcha” pieces on TV which show famous people in embarrassing situations. 39 Unit 3 3.223 3.224 3.225 3.226 3.227 3.228 breach /br∞t«/ (n) = a rupture, break / naruszenie (np. przepisów); ochłodzenie, zerwanie e.g. His unwillingness to compromise caused a breach in their relationship. deception /dæ`sep«ºn/ (n) = tricking sb / oszustwo, podstęp e.g. He dressed as a waiter as part of his deception to get into the celebrity wedding. principle /`prænsæpºl/ (n) = a rule of conduct / zasada (moralna), prawo, reguła e.g. He refuses to gossip about people because it goes against his principles. elusive /æ`l∂sæv/ (adj) = difficult to find or get hold of / nieuchwytny, trudno osiągalny e.g. For years the criminal had proved too elusive for the police until he finally made the mistake they had been waiting for. profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense / głęboki e.g. Losing the match had a profound effect on him; he was upset for days. concrete proof = clear evidence / jasny, oczywisty dowód e.g. Δhe video tape of the thief was concrete proof that he was guilty of the crime. Writing (pp. 68–72) 3.229 3.230 3.231 3.232 3.233 40 register /`reπæstºr/ (n) = the style of language (formal or informal) / styl, odmiana języka, rejestr języka e.g. ∞ letter of complaint should always be written in a formal register. be inclined = to be likely to think or act in a certain way / skłaniać się ku czemuś e.g. ∞fter hearing the testimony of the witness, I am inclined to believe that she was innocent. grossly /`grøsli/ (adv) = extremely / rażąco e.g. This film was grossly overrated; I really don’t see what all the fuss was about. Der.: gross (adj) beyond dispute = that cannot or should not be questioned or discussed / poza dyskusją e.g. The fact that smoking is bad for our health is beyond dispute. take issue with sb about/on/over sth (idm) = to disagree or start arguing with sb about sth / nie zgodzić się z kimś e.g. π am sorry, I would like to take issue with you on what you just said – do you really expect us to accept that? 3.234 3.235 3.236 3.237 3.238 3.239 3.240 3.241 3.242 3.243 3.244 3.245 abuse /º`bj∂z/ (v) = to use sth in a bad way or for a bad purpose / nadużywać, używać niewłaściwie e.g. ∏e abused his power by making unreasonable demands on people. Der.: abusive /º`bj∂sæv/ (adj), abuse /º`bj∂s/ (n) bear out /`beºr `¬t/ (phr v) = to prove / potwierdzić, zaświadczyć o czymś e.g. The fact that I am right will be borne out eventually and then you will all have to agree with me. infer /æn`fªr/ (v) = to decide that sth is true on the basis of certain information / wywnioskować e.g. Looking at the results of the survey, we can infer that children are influenced by advertising. Der.: inference (n) in one’s capacity = in one’s position / jako (np. dyrektor) e.g. In my capacity as Headmaster, I welcome you to Sunnyhill School. CBE /¿s∞ b∞ `∞/ (abbr) = Commander (of the Order) of the British Empire, an award instituted in 1917, given in Britain both to men and women for services to their country, originally to the British Empire / Komandor Orderu Imperium Brytyjskiego, wysokiego odznaczenia państwowego w Wielkiej Brytanii e.g. My grandfather was Sir John Killingback, CBE. urge /ªπ/ (v) = to strongly advise / namawiać, nakłaniać e.g. The meteorological office urged people to stay at home because of the strong winds. blessing /`blesæ…/ (n) = sth good that you are grateful for / błogosławieństwo e.g. Δhe rain was a blessing after so many months of drought. curse /kªs/ (n) = damnation / przekleństwo, klątwa e.g. It is often said that there is a curse on the Kennedy family as they have suffered so many misfortunes. Der.: cursedly (adv), cursed (adj) boon /b∂n/ (n) = an advantage, sth that makes life easier / dobrodziejstwo e.g. Δhe invention of the electric vacuum cleaner was a real boon to housewives. stir up /`stªr `∑p/ (phr v) = to cause problems, trouble / wzbudzić, wznieść, wywołać e.g. He loves to stir up trouble in the office by starting rumours and gossiping. medium /`m∞diºm/ (n) = a means of expressing or communicating ideas / środek wyrazu, przekazu e.g. Δhe medium of film is often used to convey images of society. adverse /`±dvªs/ (adj) = negative / niekorzystny, niepożądany, wywołujący sprzeciw Unit 3 3.246 3.247 3.248 3.249 e.g. Due to adverse criticism, the producer withdrew the film. Der.: adversary (n), adversely (adv), adversity (n) distorted /dæ`st¥tæd/ (adj) = reported or represented in an untrue or inaccurate way / zniekształcony, wypaczony e.g. μy only showing the negative aspects of the city, the report gave a distorted view of the area. attribute /º`træbj∂t/ (v) = to say or think that a particular thing is the cause of sth / przypisywać coś komuś lub czemuś e.g. The bad weather was attributed to a low-pressure belt coming in from the west. Der.: attributive (adj), attribution (n) animosity /¿±næ`m≥sºti/ (n) = a strong feeling of dislike or anger / niechęć, animozja e.g. The crowd could sense the animosity between the rival players. pertain /pº`tΩn/ (v) = to relate to sth / dotyczyć, odnosić się e.g. Everything pertaining to staff must be discussed with the personnel manager. 3.250 3.251 3.252 3.253 3.254 ally /`±l¡/ (n) = a helper, supporter / sojusznik e.g. You have found a good ally in him; he will stand by you no matter what. vice versa /¿v¡sæ `vªsº/ (adv) = used to indicate that the reverse of what one has said is also true / odwrotnie, na odwrót e.g. People can travel freely from France to Spain and vice versa. insurmountable /ænsº`m¬ntºbºl/ (adj) = impossible to overcome or deal with / nie do pokonania e.g. Reversing the effects of global warming seems an insurmountable task. Der.: insurmountability (n), insurmountably (adv) humble /`h∑mbºl/ (adj) = ordinary, not special in any way / skromny, zwyczajny e.g. The little hotel looked humble from the outside but inside it was extremely luxurious. Der.: humbly (adv) consumerism /kºn`sj∂mºræzºm/ (n) = the belief that buying or using many products is good / konsumpcjonizm, postawa konsumpcyjna e.g. ∞dvertising encourages consumerism to the extent that people buy products they don’t really need. VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 The economy was severely affected by the stock market .......... . A crash C comment B collision D consequence 6 Few newspaper reports are .........., presenting opinion rather than fact. A objective C depicted B updated D reflective 2 Discussing the effects of the new law was the main item on the .......... . A calendar C agenda B diary D rota 7 Not having played a fatherly role before, his acting was .......... and unnatural. A undreamt C stilted B formatted D bound 3 Despite its initial success, the programme’s producer .......... fears about the future. A inspired C suffered B harboured D pursued 8 Small enterprises struggle to compete with international .......... . A outlets C proprietors B landlords D corporations 4 Having a strong interest in environmental issues, he decided to .......... the new ecology magazine. A dispose of C feature in B subscribe to D vote on 9 The Royal wedding was broadcast .......... on major TV channels around the world. A reportedly C simultaneously B grossly D fortnightly 5 Critics of .......... television believe that it has a negative effect on society’s view of reality. A overactive C interactive B inactive D reactive 10 If you are interested in celebrity .........., then tabloid newspapers are best for you. A incidents C rumours B gossip D editorials 41 Unit 3 B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ unbiased ñ host ñ outwit ñ evasive ñ supplement ñ inaugural ñ discomfort ñ columnist ñ scrutiny ñ innocuous 1 The Sunday newspaper contained a full colour ................ on medicinal plants. 2 Being a gossip ..................... , she knows all the latest show business news. 3 Despite his lack of experience, he was chosen to .............. the children’s TV show. 4 The interviewer tried to ................ the politician by asking questions he couldn’t answer. 5 After brawling in public, the pop singer’s life came under much ..................... from the press. 6 During the chat show, the footballer was ................... about the dispute with the team manager. 7 Despite their great ..................... the victims talked to the journalist about their ordeal. 8 The ..................... editorial in the newspaper said that the opposition had a long way to go in order to win the election. 9 Although the reporter felt that his remarks were ..................... , the actor was quite offended. 10 Technical problems marred the new channelãs ..................... broadcast. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 I felt quite sick when the dentist started to ..................... around my mouth. 4 In my ..................... as project leader, I am pleased to welcome you to the team. Sniffer dogs were brought along to ..................... the area for clues. The refugee camp was at full ..................... and couldn’t house any more people. The press are well known for the way they ..................... into people’s backgrounds. Her creative ..................... helped her to succeed in the position of fashion editor. 2 During the scandal, the newspaper’s ..................... figures were higher than ever. 5 On a hot summer’s day, there is nothing I like more than to ..................... into an outdoor swimming pool. Cold feet and hands can be caused by poor ................. . Investors were frantic when stock market prices began to ..................... . Fake fifty pound notes have been found in ..................... in some areas of the country. 3 Although he has a gentlemanly appearance, there is something ..................... about him. Only those with licence plates that end in a(n) ..................... number can drive through the town centre today. He can’t find a matching pair of socks since they are all ..................... . 42 They decided to take the ..................... and go and work overseas. Unit 3 D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 The audience grew bored of the politician’s never-ending speech. dragged As the politician’s .............................. ................, the audience grew bored. 2 The article strongly supported the decision to make students pay tuition fees. biased The article ......................................... the decision to make students pay tuition fees. 3 Ever since the magazine started it has had a problem attracting enough advertisers. thorn Attracting enough advertisers has been .................................................. ........... the magazine since it started. 4 The manager flatly refused to consider the proposal. outright The proposal ..................................... ..................................... the manager. 5 Please don’t start the task unless you intend to complete it. follow If you ................................................. ........................ , please don’t start it. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. There was time when 1) ........................... in sport were limited to the arena, pitch or court where games were played. The boom in 2) ........................... deals has revived a number of sports, giving the advertisers and the sport itself more television coverage. Alongside this, 3) ........................... breaks are flooded with top performers promoting anything from sportswear to shampoos. Now businesses and 4) ........................... have reached beyond the medium of TV and have struck right at the heart of 5) ........................... . Familiar logos, names and faces from the sporting world now appear on all kinds of goods so that advertisers can 6) ........................... get their message across when you least expect it. Thus, when you buy that carton of milk, you not only get a picture of your favourite footballer, but you also get the name of his team’s sponsor, which will filter through to your subconscious while you are 7) ........................... with something else. While some consider this to be only a minor 8) ........................... , there are others who view it as a significant and unwelcome 9) ........................... which is taking over our lives. There is also the 10) ........................... damaging effect on existing businesses to consider – the advantage that large wealthy companies have over smaller ones is 11) ........................... . The more money you put into sports sponsorship, it seems, the more you get out of it. ADVERTISE SPONSOR COMMERCE CORPORATE CONSUME SNEAKY OCCUPY DISTRACT INTRUDE POTENTIAL DISPUTE 43 4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles Lead-in (p. 73) 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 versatile /`vªsºt¡l/ (adj) = having many different uses / uniwersalny, wszechstronny, wielofunkcyjny e.g. Δhis kitchen blender is amazingly versatile. Der.: versatility /vªsº`tælæti/ (n) pricey /`pr¡si/ (adj) = expensive / drogi e.g. I really like that dress, but it’s a bit pricey. stow /stø/ (v) = to store / schować e.g. Δhe bus driver stowed the passengers’ luggage in the baggage compartments before leaving. deck /dek/ (n) = the floor of a ship / pokład e.g. ∞lison stood on the deck of the huge cruise liner and waved goodbye to her parents. mind the gap (excl) = watch out for a hole or space / napis lub ostrzeżenie na kolei lub w metrze, by uważać na odstęp pomiędzy pociągiem a peronem e.g. ∞t train stations passengers are warned to mind the gap between the platform and the train. moderately /`m≥dºrºtli/ (adv) = not extremely / umiarkowanie e.g. Δhe majority of commuters seem to be moderately satisfied with the new transport system. Der.: moderation (n) figure /`fægºr/ (n) = a particular amount or number given in official information / cyfra, liczba, wielkość e.g. Unemployment figures have increased by 0.5% since last year. distraction /dæ`str±k«ºn/ (n) = an activity intended to entertain and amuse sb / oderwanie się (np. od pracy), rozrywka, odmiana e.g. Edward’s sole distraction is the occasional visit to the amusement arcade. fulfilment /fμl`fælmºnt/ (n) = satisfaction from achieving sth / satysfakcja, zaspokojenie, spełnienie e.g. π will never forget the feeling of fulfilment I had when I graduated from university. Reading (pp. 74–75) 4.10 4.11 44 conquer /`k≥…kºr/ (v) = to defeat, overcome / zdobyć, podbić, zawojować e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary was the first man to conquer Mt Everest. Der.: conqueror (n), conquest (n) a raw/rough deal (idm) = unfair treatment / niesprawiedliwe traktowanie e.g. I feel Jackie is getting a raw deal from the teacher: she is never praised for her hard work. 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 predator /`predºtºr/ (n) = an animal that preys on other animals / drapieżnik e.g. Lions, tigers and crocodiles are predators. Der.: predatory (adj) terrain /tº`rΩn/ (n) = the physical features of a stretch of land / teren e.g. ÀÔu need a Jeep to travel through such rough terrain. obstacle /`≥bstºkºl/ (n) = sth that prevents you from doing sth / przeszkoda e.g. In the Camel Trophy Race, you have to overcome many difficult obstacles. puncture /`p∑…kt«ºr/ (v) = to make a hole in a tyre / „złapać gumę” e.g. ∞s I was driving to work this morning, I punctured my rear tyre. diverge from sth /daæ`vªd»/ (v) = to depart from sth and go in a different direction / rozwidlać się, rozchodzić się e.g. When you reach the point where two paths diverge from the main road, take the first one. Der.: divergence (n), divergent (adj) unpaved /∑n`pΩvd/ (adj) = not covered with concrete or paving stones / nieutwardzony, bez asfaltu e.g. The path to their front door was unpaved. treacherous /`tret«ºrºs/ (adj) = extremely dangerous and unpredictable / zdradliwy, podstępny e.g. Δhey were glad to have survived their treacherous journey around Alaska. Der.: treacherously (adv), treachery (n) hazardous /`h±zºdºs/ (adj) = dangerous, involving risk / niebezpieczny, ryzykowny e.g. Smoking is hazardous to our health. trail /trΩl/ (n) = a rough path / szlak e.g. Δhe trail that went through the gorge was rough and treacherous. immersed /æ`mªst/ (adj) = submerged / zanurzony e.g. Δhe cars were totally immersed in water due to the flood. Der.: immersion (n) penultimate /pº`n∑ltæmºt/ (adj) = the one before the last in a series / przedostatni e.g. Δhe penultimate paragraph should state your opinion. deface /dæ`fΩs/ (v) = to spoil sth, e.g. a wall, by writing or drawing on it / zeszpecić, zniszczyć e.g. Δhe beautiful statue was defaced with graffiti. Unit 4 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 impassable /æm`p≤sºbºl/ (adj) = impossible to travel through / nieprzejezdny, nie do przebycia e.g. πn winter, some roads are impassable. Der.: impassability (n) hit the trail/road (idm) = to start a journey / wyruszyć na szlak, w podróż e.g. We hit the trail early so as to reach the first rest stop by noon. be riddled with sth (idm) = to be full of sth (often bad or unpleasant) / być pełnym czegoś, upstrzonym czymś, roić się od czegoś e.g. The student’s composition was riddled with mistakes. arid /`±ræd/ (adj) = dry / (np. o klimacie) suchy e.g. Desert areas are arid due to the lack of rain. the dead of winter = the middle of winter / środek zimy e.g. πt is dangerous to travel by boat in the dead of winter. in bloom = having flowers / kwitnący, obsypany kwiatami, w rozkwicie e.g. Spring is a beautiful season as all the flowers and trees are in bloom. traverse /trº`vªs/ (v) = to go across / przemierzyć, przecinać e.g. ∏e tried to traverse the wooden bridge but it was too frail and collapsed. meandering /mi`±ndºræ…/ (adj) = bending, winding / wijący się, kręty e.g. Àou can easily get lost in a jungle because of all its meandering paths. flash flood /`fl±« fl∑d/ (n) = a sudden flood after heavy rain / gwałtowna powódź e.g. Last years we had a flash flood after just a few hours of heavy rain. run-off /`r∑n≥f/ (n) = the rainwater that is not absorbed by the soil / płynąca woda deszczowa e.g. ∞fter the downpour, the run-off was collected and used for washing. scatter /`sk±tºr/ (v) = to spread things all over an area / rozrzucić, rozproszyć, rozsiać e.g. Δhe children scatter their toys all over the house. rocky outcrop /`r≥ki `¬tkr≥p/ (n) = part of a rock sticking out of the ground / wyrastający z ziemi fragment skały e.g. Δhe rocky outcrops in the gorge made it difficult to go through. boulder /`bøldºr/ (n) = a large rounded rock / głaz e.g. Crossing that valley is dangerous because boulders quite often fall from the cliffs. 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 hard-core /`h≤dk¥r/ (n) = small pieces of stone, brick, etc used for building roads / podłoże (drogi) z kamieni, gruzu, itp. e.g. We need a ton of hard-core to repair this stretch of the road. crawler /`kr¥lºr/ (n) = here: a person or vehicle moving steadily forward / tu: osoba lub pojazd poruszający się wytrwale naprzód e.g. ªy new Jeep is a powerful crawler. hand-picked /¿h±nd`pækt/ (adj) = chosen carefully / starannie wyselekcjonowany e.g. The research team, hand-picked for the difficult mission, carried out the task successfully. hub /h∑b/ (n) = the central part of a wheel / piasta e.g. In the accident, I broke the hub in the wheel of my bike. deceptively /dæ`septævli/ (adv) = encouraging to believe sth that is not true / zwodniczo, pozornie e.g. ∏e gave a deceptively simple explanation for his actions. dirt road /`dªt rød/ (n) = a rough road in the country, made from hard earth / droga polna, nieutwardzona e.g. To reach John’s farm, follow this dirt road for about ten miles. tackle /`t±kºl/ (v) = to deal with / stawić czoło, pokonywać przeszkodę e.g. π always tackle my problems. I never give up. cleft /kleft/ (n) = a narrow opening / szczelina, rozpadlina e.g. Δhe climber tried to go through a cleft in the rocks, but it was too narrow. tip over /`tæp `øvºr/ (phr v) = to turn over / wywrócić (się), przewrócić (się) e.g. Racing cars are always in danger of tipping over. leg /leg/ (n) = a stage of a journey or process / faza, stadium, etap e.g. The return leg of his journey across Africa was a dangerous one. opt for /`≥pt fºr/ (phr v) = to choose, decide / wybierać, zdecydować się na coś e.g. We opted for a small cottage as we couldn’t afford a five-star hotel. ravine /rº`v∞n/ (n) = a very deep narrow valley with steep sides / wąwóz e.g. Δhe helicopter nearly crashed into the ravine due to poor visibility. traction /`tr±k«ºn/ (n) = the hold that sth (e.g. a vehicle) has on the ground / przyczepność e.g. ÀÔu should use all-weather tyres because they have good traction. 45 Unit 4 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 strewn /str∂n/ (adj) = scattered / rozrzucony, rozsypany e.g. ∞s I was driving, I noticed that there were rocks of all sizes and shapes strewn over the fields. vulnerable /`v∑lnºrºbºl/ (adj) = weak, without protection and easily hurt / bezbronny, narażony na niebezpieczeństwo, bezradny e.g. She has been feeling very vulnerable since her divorce. Der.: vulnerability (n) ledge /led»/ (n) = a piece of rock on the side of a cliff or mountain that looks like a shelf / występ, półka skalna e.g. Δhe mountain ledge was difficult to reach. contend with /kºn`tend wi∫/ (phr v) = to deal with or face / zmagać się, borykać, stawić czoło e.g. πn this competition you will have many obstacles to contend with. sheet metal /`«∞t metºl/ (n) = metal that has been made into thin sheets / blacha (np. karoserii) e.g. ΔÔ make cars, you need to use sheet metal. unyielding /∑n`j∞ldæ…/ (adj) = solid, hard / twardy, nieustępliwy, nieugięty e.g. The engineers were forced to blast their way through the unyielding rock. meticulously /mº`tækjμlºsli/ (adv) = carefully, thoroughly / skrupulatnie, drobiazgowo e.g. She does her job meticulously. pick one’s way (idm) = to move carefully and slowly / iść, posuwać się ostrożnie wybraną drogą e.g. We picked our way through the thick Amazon jungle. mishap /`mæsh±p/ (n) = an unfortunate event, an accident / niefortunny wypadek, pechowe zdarzenie e.g. Lately, I seem to be having lots of mishaps. drenched /`dren∏t/ (adj) = (of clothes or skin) completely wet / przemoknięty, przemoczony e.g. When the clouds burst I got drenched since I didn’t have an umbrella. part and parcel (idm) = an essential part of sth / nieodłączna część e.g. ∏aving children and paying bills is part and parcel of married life. Language Focus (pp. 76–79) 4.61 4.62 46 drift /dræft/ (v) = to float or be carried by the movement of water or wind / dryfować, płynąć z prądem e.g. Δhey abandoned the boat and it was left to drift away in the ocean. moor /mμºr/ (v) = to stop and secure a ship with 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.70 4.71 4.72 4.73 a rope or chain so that it can’t move away / zacumować e.g. We moored the yacht away from the crowded beach to have more privacy. disembark /dæsæm`b≤k/ (v) = to leave, get off a ship or aeroplane at the end of a journey / wysiąść e.g. Δhe sailors were glad to disembark after their four-month voyage. Der.: disembarkation (n) Opp.: embark fleet /fl∞t/ (n) = a group of ships / flota e.g. Aristotle Onassis once owned the largest fleet of ships in Greece. gangway /`g±…wΩ/ (n) = a small bridge linking the ship and the shore across which people can get on and off / trap e.g. Mike walked down the gangway and met his family on the shore. run aground = (of a ship) to touch the ground in a shallow part of a river, lake, sea or ocean / osiąść na mieliźnie e.g. Δhe tanker’s engine broke down and the vessel ran aground. mainland /`mΩnl±nd/ (n) = the largest part of a country or continent (when compared to the islands around it) / ląd stały e.g. We must hurry or we’ll miss the ferry to the mainland. permit /`pªmæt/ (n) = an official document stating that sb may do sth / pozwolenie, przepustka e.g. To get a job in a foreign country you need to have a work permit. stand-by /`st±ndb¡/ (adj) = (of tickets) unreserved, cheaper and subject to availability / miejsce rezerwowane w ostatniej chwili e.g. I was lucky as I had at least a stand-by ticket. meagre /`m∞gºr/ (adj) = small in quantity or poor in quality / mizerny, nędzny e.g. ∞ll civil servants got a meagre pay rise of 3%. deficient in sth /dæ`f櫺nt/ (adj) = not having enough of sth / niedostateczny, ubogi w coś e.g. Her diet is deficient in iron. Der.: deficiency (n) coarse /k¥s/ (adj) = rough, not smooth or soft / szorstki, chropowaty e.g. The beach was beautiful except for the coarse pebbles which hurt my feet. starboard /`st≤bºd/ (n) = the right side of a ship when one is facing forward / sterburta, prawa burta e.g. Δhe captain saw dolphins along the starboard. Unit 4 4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.80 4.81 4.82 4.83 4.84 4.85 aisle /¡l/ (n) = a long narrow gap between rows of seats or shelves / nawa; przejście e.g. The aisles in the cinema were full of people trying to get to their seats. turbulence /`tªbjμlºns/ (n) = a violent and uneven movement / turbulencja, zawirowanie e.g. ∞s the aeroplane reached Greek airspace it encountered some turbulence which made the flight quite uncomfortable. Der.: turbulent (adj) stern /stªn/ (adj) = severe / surowy, poważny e.g. Δhe Minister stated that stern measures would be taken against motorcyclists who were not wearing their helmets. rekindle /r∞`kændºl/ (v) = to bring back the feelings one had for one’s companion / rozpalić, rozbudzić na nowo (np. uczucie) e.g. Janice and Tom rekindled their romance when they went to Paris. be sited /`b∞ `s¡tæd/ (v) = to be put, placed or built in a particular area / być lub zostać usytuowanym, mieścić się e.g. Δhe new cinema is to be sited behind the supermarket. relocation /¿r∞lø`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = moving to a new place / przeniesienie (się) e.g. Δhe government voted in f·vour of the relocation of their offices. Der.: relocate (v) shift /«æft/ (n) = movement, change / zmiana e.g. ∞s he made a sharp turn there was a shift in weight and the truck tipped over. incorporate /æn`k¥pºrΩt/ (v) = to include / włączyć, zawrzeć e.g. Δhe police have incorporated former gang leaders into their task force to help control gang violence. Der.: incorporation (n), incorporated (adj) integrate /`æntægrΩt/ (v) = to become a part of or to be accepted by sth / włączyć, zintegrować (się) e.g. When moving to a new country, it can be difficult to integrate into a new way of life. Der.: integration (n) track /tr±k/ (n) = a narrow road or path / ścieżka, droga e.g. The mountain track was uneven and bumpy. spell /spel/ (n) = a short period of time / okres, czas e.g. Δhere was a spell of dry weather before the rainy season began. rejoice /ræ`π√s/ (v) = to show great joy / radować się e.g. When the Presidential candidate won the election, everyone in his political party rejoiced. 4.86 4.87 4.88 4.89 4.90 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 pamper /`p±mpºr/ (v) = to spoil with comfort and attention / rozpieszczać e.g. Many parents pamper their children too much. indulge in /æn`d∑lπ æn/ (phr v) = to allow oneself to do or have sth that one will enjoy / dogodzić sobie, sprawić przyjemność e.g. π indulge in an expensive dinner from time to time. Der.: indulgent (adj), indulgence (n) exult /æg`z∑lt/ (v) = to feel and show great happiness and pleasure in a triumph or success / cieszyć się, nie posiadać się z radości e.g. He was still exulting in his success when I saw him later in the day. Der.: exultant (adj), exultation (n) mischievous /`mist«ævºs/ (adj) = naughty / szelmowski, figlarny e.g. When children are very quiet, they are usually being mischievous. Der.: mischievously (adv) bullet train /`bμlºt ¿trΩn/ (n) = (informal) a Japanese high-speed passenger train / japoński szybkobieżny pociąg pasażerski e.g. We took a bullet train from Tokyo to Kyoto. maze /meæz/ (n) = a complex system of paths or passages designed to confuse people / labirynt e.g. He got lost into the hospital’s maze of corridors. super-conducting /¿s∂pºkºn`d∑ktæ…/ (adj) = allowing electricity to pass without resistance / nadprzewodzący e.g. Superconducting metals are quite economical. Der.: superconductor (n), superconductivity (n) levitate /`levætΩt/ (v) = to appear to rise and float in the air without any support / unieść się w powietrzu (siłą woli), lewitować e.g. Some magicians seem to have the ability to levitate. Der.: levitation (n) pulse /p∑ls/ (n) = a temporary increase in level (of light, sound or electrical current) / impuls e.g. The machines are operated by electronic pulses. Der.: pulsation (n) twinkle /`twænkºl/ (n) = brightness, shine / błysk, iskierka, migotanie e.g. She looked at me with a twinkle in her eye. speck /spek/ (n) = a very small mark, stain or piece of sth / drobina, plamka, punkcik e.g. ∏e was angry when he saw a speck of dirt on his new white shirt. wink /wæ…k/ (n) = the brief closing of an eye / mrugnięcie oka 47 Unit 4 4.98 4.99 4.100 4.101 4.102 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 4.109 48 e.g. ∏e gave me a wink to show me he was going to play a trick on Susan. bequeath /bæ`kw∞∫/ (v) = to hand down, to leave as a legacy / pozostawić, przekazać (w spadku) e.g. Δhe Minister bequeathed his successor a well-planned educational system. Der.: bequest (n) oversee /øvº`s∞/ (v) = to see that sth is done or works properly / nadzorować e.g. The manager went to oversee the new workers. Der.: overseer (n) overlook /øvº`lμk/ (v) = to have a view from above / (o oknie) wychodzić na coś; górować nad czymś e.g. Δheir flat on the eighth floor overlooked the city. overhang /øvº`h±…/ (v) = to stick out and hang over and above sth / zwisać, zwieszać się (nad czymś) e.g. The plants overhang the balcony and almost reach the streets below. overlap /øvº`l±p/ (v) = to cover part of the other thing / zachodzić na coś, pokrywać się częściowo e.g. ΔÔ close this bag, you must fold the top part so that it overlaps the bottom part. twirl /twªl/ (v) = to turn around and around in a smooth, fairly fast movement / wirować, kręcić się e.g. π love watching the leaves twirl as they fall to the ground in autumn. coil /k√l/ (v) = to wind into a series of loops or into the shape of a ring / zwijać (się) e.g. A python coils around its prey in order to kill it. snake /snΩk/ (v) = to move like a snake / wić się e.g. Δhe ten-mile race snaked through the city. thaw /á¥/ (v) = to melt / roztopić się, stajać e.g. πf the ice at the North Pole starts to thaw, it will cause severe environmental damage. Opp.: freeze pluck /pl∑k/ (v) = to pull sth (e.g. a flower) in order to remove it from where it is growing / zerwać, wyszarpnąć, wyrwać e.g. Δhe gardener plucked out the weeds from the garden. propel /prº`pel/ (v) = to cause sth to move in a particular direction / wprawić w ruch, popchnąć, napędzić e.g. The boat is propelled by an inboard engine. Der.: propellant (n), propeller (n) rotate /rø`tΩt/ (v) = to turn in a circular movement / obracać (się), wprawić w ruch obrotowy e.g. ΔÔ loosen up the tight muscle in your shoulder, stretch your arm out to the side and rotate it. Der.: rotation (n) 4.110 4.111 4.112 4.113 4.114 4.115 4.116 4.117 4.118 4.119 4.120 lounge /l¬nπ/ (n) = a place where you can sit and relax / hol, poczekalnia e.g. The airport lounge was full of people waiting for their flights. negligence /`neglæπºns/ (n) = failure to do sth one ought to have done / zaniedbanie e.g. She was charged with parental negligence after leaving her children at home alone. Der.: negligent (adj), negligently (adv) slide /sl¡d/ (v) = to move smoothly and quickly / ślizgać się, ześlizgnąć się, zsunąć się e.g. When the roads are icy my bike slides all over the place. Der.: slide (n) skid /skæd/ (v) = to slide sideways or forwards while moving or trying to stop (e.g. a car) / wpaść w poślizg e.g. Δhe car’s brakes didn’t work so I skidded and hit the road sign. retract /ræ`tr±kt/ (v) = to move or pull (sth) back / cofnąć, wycofać, schować (się) e.g. When the aircraft’s wheels were retracted, we were allowed to unfasten our seatbelts. Der.: retraction (n), retractable (adj) adjust /º`π∑st/ (v) = to change so as to suit particular needs / dostosować, wyregulować e.g. Δhe Minister adjusted the new tax law to better serve the public. Der.: adjustment (n), adjustable (adj) modify /`m≥dæf¡/ (v) = to change sth slightly in order to improve it / zmodyfikować, zmienić e.g. Δhe club decided to modify its policy to attract more members. Der.: modification (n) veer /væºr/ (v) = to suddenly move in one direction / zjechać z drogi, skręcić gwałtownie, obrócić się (w poprzek drogi) e.g. ∞ll of a sudden, the car in front of me veered across the motorway and hit the crash barrier. down under = (informal) in or to Australia or New Zealand / do lub w Australii lub Nowej Zelandii; na antypody, na antypodach e.g. I’d love to see kangaroos and koalas down under. grass-roots /¿gr≤s`r∂ts/ (adj) = of the ordinary people in an organisation or movement / dotyczący szeregowych członków organizacji e.g. Greenpeace continues to gain grass-roots support from all over the world. pound /p¬nd/ (v) = to hit with great force / walić, uderzać o coś; iść lub biec głośno tupiąc Unit 4 4.121 4.122 4.123 4.124 4.125 4.126 4.127 4.128 4.129 4.130 4.131 4.132 4.133 e.g.Δhe waves pounded against the giant cliffs during the violent storm. flourishing /`fl∑ræ«æ…/ (adj) = growing healthily / kwitnący, dobrze prosperujący e.g. France is well-known for its flourishing wine production. vineyard /`vænjºd/ (n) = a place where grape vines are grown in order to produce wine / winnica e.g. Germany, France and Italy are well-known for having the finest vineyards in the world. dotted with sth /`d≥tæd/ (adj) = having many things scattered over the surface / pokryty czymś e.g. The countryside was dotted with apple and peach orchards. stuffed /st∑ft/ (adj) = filled / wypchany e.g. I bought lots of stuffed animals for my young niece. banner /`b±nºr/ (n) = a long strip of cloth with sth written on it / transparent, sztandar e.g. Δhe strikers held up huge banners with slogans on them. sausage sizzlers = a sausage barbecue / rożen, grill z kiełbaskami e.g. When I went to Australia, I really enjoyed going to sausage sizzlers! marshal /`m≤«ºl/ (n) = an official who supervises a public event (usually a sports event) / organizator imprezy sportowej e.g. Δhe marshals at the National Horse Race made sure it was well organised. sheer /«ƒr/ (adj) = complete / czysty (np. przypadek) e.g. πt was sheer luck that saved her from getting killed in that accident. rock the boat (idm) = to upset a calm situation / namieszać, narozrabiać e.g. I’m not going to tell her what happened because I don’t want to rock the boat. fly off the handle (idm) = to suddenly and completely lose one’s temper / wyjść z siebie, stracić panowanie nad sobą e.g. ∏e couldn’t listen to any more criticism and flew off the handle. drive sb round the bend (idm) = to make sb crazy, to annoy sb very much / doprowadzać do szału e.g. Jerry really drives me round the bend with his constant complaining. outrageous /¬t`rΩπºs/ (adj) = shockingly bad or excessive / skandaliczny, oburzający e.g. π didn’t buy the theatre tickets as they were at such an outrageous price. confront /kºn`fr∑nt/ (v) = to deal with a problem / stanąć twarzą w twarz z kimś lub czymś 4.134 4.135 4.136 4.137 4.138 4.139 4.140 4.141 4.142 4.143 4.144 e.g. Don’t confront him right now, you’ll only make things worse. Der.: confrontation (n) mule /mj∂l/ (n) = the offspring of a horse and a donkey / muł e.g. π’ve never ridden a mule before. merge /mªπ/ (v) = to combine or come together to make a whole / połączyć (się) e.g. When the companies merged they became more successful. Der.: merger (n) ultimate /`∑ltæmºt/ (adj) = the most important / ostateczny, największy e.g. Δhe ultimate challenge for me would be parachuting. Der.: ultimately (adv) upkeep /`∑pk∞p/ (n) = maintenance / koszty utrzymania e.g. Governmental funding will go towards the upkeep of the Archaeological Museum. familiarise sb with sth /fº`mæliºr¡z/ (v) = to give sb a thorough knowledge of sth / zapoznać kogoś z czymś e.g. πt took me a while to familiarise myself with the use of the computer. Der.: familiar (adj), familiarity (n) lane /lΩn/ (n) = a part of a main road marked by one or two painted division lines / pas drogi e.g. When driving on the motorway, always be careful when you change lanes. hard shoulder /¿h≤d `«øldºr/ (n) = a strip of ground with a hard surface along a motorway where vehicles can stop / utwardzone pobocze e.g. John felt sick and we had to pull over onto the hard shoulder. lay-by /`lΩb¡/ (n) = a short strip of road by the side of a main road where cars can stop for a while / zatoczka e.g. After driving non-stop for four hours, we stopped in a lay-by to have lunch. slip road /`slæp rød/ (n) = a road which cars use to drive on and off a motorway / wjazd na autostradę lub zjazd z autostrady e.g. Unfortunately, I got off on the wrong slip road and ended up in a strange neighourhood. execute /`eksækj∂t/ (v) = to carry out and complete an action successfully / wykonać e.g. We should be very careful when we execute this plan. Der.: execution (n) considerate /kºn`sidºrºt/ (adj) = caring / uprzejmy, taktowny, liczący się z innymi 49 Unit 4 4.145 4.146 4.147 4.148 e.g. She has always been considerate towards other people. Der.: consideration (n) overtake /øvº`tΩk/ (v) = to pass a car that is moving in the same direction / wyprzedzić e.g. πt is illegal to overtake cars on the left in Britain. hazard lights = flashing lights on a car, used when other drivers have to be warned of possible danger / światła awaryjne e.g. In an emergency, pull over to the side of the road and turn your hazard lights on. Morocco /mº`r≥kø/ (n) = Maroko Der.: Moroccan /mº`r≥kºn/ (n, adj) vaccination /¿v±ksæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = an injection that prevents you from getting a disease / szczepienie ochronne e.g. π always have a flu vaccination in September before schools open. 4.155 4.156 4.157 4.158 4.159 Listening & Speaking (pp. 80–81) 4.149 4.150 4.151 4.152 4.153 4.154 50 carpooling /`k≤p∂læ…/ (n) = (of a group of people) taking turns to drive each other to work or drive each others’ children to school / podwożenie się wzajemne do pracy lub do szkoły, korzystanie z „puli“ samochodów e.g. Carpooling is very common among working parents in the United States . commute /kº`mj∂t/ (v) = to travel a long distance between home and work every day / dojeżdżać do pracy e.g. ªike commutes from Watford to London every day. Der.: commuter (n) density /`densæti/ (n) = many people or things in a specific area / gęstość, zagęszczenie e.g. ªexico City has the highest population density in the world. Der.: dense (adj) detrimental /¿detræ`mentºl/ (adj) = harmful or damaging to sth or sb / szkodliwy, ujemny e.g. ¡Ôwadays, many foods have become detrimental to our health due to all the chemicals they contain. incentive /æn`sentiv/ (n) = encouragement / motywacja, zachęta e.g. Children need incentive to study. leak /l∞k/ (v) = (of a liquid or gas) to escape or leave through a crack or hole in a container / ulatniać się, wyciekać e.g. We need to call a plumber because I saw water leaking from the washing machine. Der.: leakage (n) envisage /æn`væzæπ/ (v) = to imagine that sth is true or likely to happen / przewidzieć, wyobrazić sobie e.g. ¡Ô Ône envisaged that Albert Einstein would become the most famous scientist of the 20th century. prospect(s) of/for sth /`pr≥spekt/ (n) = the chances of being successful / szanse, widoki, perspektywy na coś e.g. At thirty, he was a street musician with no prospects of employment. delve /delv/ (v) = to search deeply / zagłębić się w coś, badać wnikliwie e.g. Δhe police are delving into the circumstances surrounding Mr Jones’ death. charabanc /`«±rºb±…/ (n) = an early type of bus, used mainly for pleasure trips / omnibus, dawny autobus wycieczkowy e.g. π have never ridden in a charabanc before. jet lag /`πet l±g/ (n) = the feeling of tiredness and confusion after a long journey between places that have a time difference / zmęczenie po podróży samolotem związane ze zmianą stref czasowych e.g. πt takes me two days to recover from jet lag every time I return from Australia. Der.: jetlagged (adj) Reading (pp. 82–83) 4.160 4.161 4.162 4.163 4.164 4.165 etiquette /`etæket/ (n) = a set of customs and rules of polite behaviour / etykieta e.g. Diplomats have a special type of etiquette to follow, especially on formal occasions. kick off /`kæk `≥f/ (phr v) = to begin / rozpocząć, otworzyć e.g. Δhe team leader kicked off the game after the national anthem had been sung. complementary /¿k≥mplæ`mentºri/ (adj) = (of two or more things or people) having an attractive combination of skills, qualities, etc / uzupełniający, dopełniający się e.g. Δhe two new strategies for improving health care are complementary. rack /r±k/ (n) = a piece of equipment consisting of metal or wooden bars, used for holding things in position / stojak, pojemnik; tu: bagażnik na rowery e.g. My car is equipped with a bike rack. up in arms about/over sth (idm) = very angry about sth / oburzony czymś e.g. The farmers are up in arms about the new tax laws. unwarranted /∑n`w≥rºntæd/ (adj) = not authorised, unjustified / nieuzasadniony Unit 4 4.166 4.167 4.168 4.169 4.170 4.171 4.172 4.173 4.174 4.175 4.176 4.177 4.178 4.179 e.g. The police officer used unwarranted brutality against many prisoners. unruly /∑n`r∂li/ (adj) = disorderly / niezdyscyplinowany e.g. His unruly behaviour got him into a lot of trouble. encounter /æn`k¬ntºr/ (v) = to face / natknąć się, napotkać e.g.You never know what you may encounter in the jungle, so be prepared. forge ahead /`f¥π º`hed/ (phr v) = to progress steadily / posuwać się do przodu e.g. ∏is small company forged ahead and soon became world famous. rampant /`r±mpºnt/ (adj) = widespread, increasing uncontrollably / szalejący, wybujały e.g. Crime is rampant in large cities. wrapped up /¿r±pt `∑p/ (adj) = absorbed, engrossed / pochłonięty e.g. ∏e gets so wrapped up in his work that he has no time to socialise. logistics /lº`πæstæks/ (n) = organisation of services / logistyka e.g. Solving the issue of homelessness in the city was hindered by problems of logistics. despair /dæ`speºr/ (v) = to feel hopeless / rozpaczać e.g. She was despairing over the possibility that things would just get worse. Der.: despair (n), desperation (n) unfold /∑n`fºμld/ (v) = to develop / rozwinąć (się) e.g. Δhe police were eager to see how the murder case would unfold. multi-layered /¿m∑lti`lΩºd/ (adj) = with many layers / wielowątkowy, wielowarstwowy e.g. ∏e produced a multi-layered film of intrigue, horror, love and adventure. weave /w∞v/ (v) = to make a complicated story or pattern with closely linked details / dosł. tkać; tu: snuć (np.opowieść), wplatać (np. wątek) e.g. He weaves such interesting details into his stories. hardship /`h≤d«æp/ (n) = misfortune, difficulty / ciężkie położenie, bieda e.g. In times of war, most people experience hardship. articulate /≤`tækjμlΩt/ (v) = to say sth clearly so that it can be understood / wymawiać; jasno się wysławiać e.g. When he gives a speech, he articulates every word. windowsill /`wændøsæl/ (n) = a shelf along the bottom of a window either inside or outside a building / parapet e.g. A couple of pigeons were perching on the windowsill outside my house. unsettling /∑n`setli…/ (adj) = worrying / niepokojący e.g. Δhe thought of losing my job was quite unsettling. 4.180 4.181 4.182 4.183 4.184 4.185 4.186 4.187 4.188 4.189 4.190 reassess /¿r∞º`ses/ (v) = to think about sth and decide whether you need to change your opinion about it / ponownie rozważyć, zweryfikować ocenę e.g. You may not have a great job, but you will have to reassess the whole situation before changing careers. ingrained /æn`grΩnd/ (adj) = deeply fixed / ustalony, sztywny e.g. Most people have ingrained political and religious beliefs. engender /æn`πendºr/ (v) = to cause to occur / zrodzić, przyczynić się do powstania czegoś e.g. Becoming a parent for the first time engenders a new responsibility. assumption /º`s∑mp«ºn/ (n) = a supposition / założenie e.g. Don’t base your decision on the assumption that he is innocent. Der.: assume (v) restlessness /`restlºsnºs/ (n) = being bored, impatient and wanting to do sth / niepokój, nerwowość e.g. The children displayed signs of restlessness. Der.: restless (adj) Opp.: calmness yearning /`jªnæ…/ (n) = a strong desire for sth / pragnienie, tęsknota za czymś e.g. ∏e has always had a yearning to travel round the world. cold sweat /¿køld `swet/ (n) = a state in which one sweats and feels cold at the same time due to fear or nervousness / zimny pot e.g. Δhe nightmare I had was so real that I woke up in a cold sweat. pore over /`p¥r `øvºr/ (phr v) = to read sth and study it carefully / studiować, ślęczeć nad czymś e.g. πt was hard to decide where to go on holiday, so we pored over several travel brochures. utilise /`j∂tæl¡z/ (v) = to use / wykorzystywać e.g. We should try to utilise our natural resources in the best way. Der.: utilisation (n) aviation /¿Ωvi`Ω«ºn/ (adj) = of the operation and production of aircraft / lotniczy e.g. πn order to get into the air force, you need to have some experience in the aviation business. Der.: aviator (n) debunk /¿d∞`b∑nk/ (v) = to show that sth is untrue / obalić, podważyć e.g. Δhe professor debunked the myths about the life of Rembrandt in his biography. Der.: debunker (n) 51 Unit 4 4.191 4.192 4.193 two-pronged /¿t∂`pr≥…d/ (adj) = having two parts / składający się z dwóch części e.g. He had a two-pronged plan for the success of his advertising campaign. hamper /`h±mpºr/ (v) = to hinder, obstruct / utrudnić, przeszkodzić e.g. ∏is severe allergies hampered his lifestyle dramatically. lift /læft/ (v) = to end a law or rule / znieść, wycofać e.g. Δhe government has lifted the tax on the purchase of new cars. 4.203 4.204 4.205 English in Use (pp. 84–87) 4.194 4.195 4.196 4.197 4.198 4.199 4.200 4.201 4.202 52 confirm /kºn`fªm/ (v) = to make sure sth is true or definite / potwierdzić e.g. ÀÔu should always confirm your flight before going to the airport. Der.: confirmation (n) the Highway Code /∫º ¿h¡wΩ `kød/ (n) = an official book published by the Department of Transport which has the rules people need to use public roads safely / kodeks drogowy e.g. ¡ew drivers should study the Highway Code carefully and keep it nearby in case they need it. compensation /¿k≥mpºn`sΩ«ºn/ (n) = money paid for loss or damage / odszkodowanie, rekompensata e.g. He was awarded compensation after the accident. carrier /`k±riºr/ (n) = a passenger airline / przewoźnik e.g. ªany European carriers are in debt and may have to close down. bump /b∑mp/ (v) = to refuse sb a reserved place on a flight / skreślić z listy pasażerów e.g. Certain airlines are known for overbooking their flights and bumping passengers. the early bird catches/gets the worm (idm) = the person who arrives in a place first usually gets what they want / kto rano wstaje, temu Pan Bóg daje; kto pierwszy, ten lepszy e.g. Don’t go to the sales at the last minute, the early bird catches the worm! for good measure (idm) = in addition to a number of other things / na dokładkę e.g. Our instructor gave us a few extra details about the experiment for good measure. insomnia /æn`s≥mnæº/ (n) = not being able to sleep / bezsenność e.g. ªany people suffer from insomnia when they are under stress. Der.: insomniac (n) doze /døz/ (v) = to sleep lightly for a while / zdrzemnąć się 4.206 4.207 4.208 4.209 4.210 4.211 4.212 4.213 4.214 4.215 e.g. She was watching television when all of a sudden she dozed off. bent on sth /`bent ≥n/ (adj) = determined to do sth / zdecydowany, zdeterminowany e.g. ∏e’s really bent on learning how to fly. snooze /sn∂z/ (v) = to sleep lightly for a short period of time / uciąć sobie drzemkę e.g. ∏e snoozed in the afternoon. Der.: snooze (n) deter /dæ`tªr/ (v) = to prevent sb from doing sth / odstraszyć e.g. ¡Ôthing deterred her from becoming a successful scientist. Der.: deterrent (n) distract /dæ`str±kt/ (v) = to take sb’s attention away from sth / rozproszyć, odwrócić uwagę e.g. π don’t want anyone to distract me tonight. I have a lot of work to do. Der.: distraction (n) regale sb with sth /ræ`gΩl/ (phr v) = to tell sb stories or jokes whether they want to listen or not / raczyć kogoś, zabawiać (opowieściami lub dowcipami) e.g. Grandfather used to regale us with stories from his past. drift off /`dræft `≥f/ (phr v) = to gradually fall asleep / zapadać w sen e.g. ∏e slowly drifted off to sleep while I read him his favourite fairy tale. snore-stopper = sth or sb that wakes you or prevents you from sleeping / przeszkoda w zaśnięciu e.g. Noisy children can be real snore-stoppers. get white knuckled = to be very excited but frightened / jednocześnie bać się i być podekscytowanym e.g. π got white knuckled at the way he was driving! bare /beºr/ (adj) = mere / nędzny, marny e.g.They are getting a pay rise of a bare 2 percent! garment /`g≤mºnt/ (n) = a piece of clothing / część garderoby e.g. Dark-coloured garments should be washed together. thud /á∑d/ (n) = a dull sound a heavy object makes when falling down / głuchy odgłos e.g. I was watching television when I heard a thud in the other room. strike /str¡k/ (v) = to come to mind / przychodzić na myśl e.g. What’s the first thing that strikes you about the pyramids? tuneful /`tj∂nfºl/ (adj) = having a pleasant tune / melodyjny Unit 4 4.216 4.217 4.218 4.219 4.220 4.221 4.222 4.223 4.224 e.g. ªy mother speaks in a tuneful way. Der.: tune (n) formalities /f¥`m±lætiz/ (n pl) = formal actions carried out as part of a particular activity or event / formalności e.g. When getting an identification card, you will have to go through all the necessary formalities like fingerprinting and photo taking. Der.: formal (adj), formality (n) rinse /ræns/ (v) = to wash sth in clean water to remove dirt or soap / płukać e.g. The dishes need to be rinsed after you wash them. fray /frΩ/ (v) = (of sb’s nerves or temper) to become strained / (o nerwach) puszczać e.g. π need to go on holiday and relax because my nerves are beginning to fray. cater for /`kΩtº `f¥r/ (phr v) = to provide / troszczyć się o coś e.g. ∂verything is catered for at holiday resorts like Club Med. the Mediterranean /∫º ¿medætº`rΩniºn/ (n) = Morze Śródziemne the Caribbean /∫º ¿k±rº`b∞ºn/ (n) = Morze Karaibskie lub Karaiby the Maldives /∫º `m¥ld¡vz/ (n) = Malediwy Der.: Maldivian /m¥l`dævæºn/ (adj, n) Mexico /`meksækø/ (n) = Meksyk Der.: Mexican /`meksikºn/ (adj, n) crèche /kre«/ (n) = a place where small children can be left to be looked after while their parents are doing sth else / żłobek e.g. Let’s leave the children at the crèche while we go to the supermarket. 4.229 4.230 4.231 4.232 4.233 4.234 4.235 4.236 Writing (pp. 88–92) 4.225 4.226 4.227 4.228 cork /k¥k/ (n) = a soft, light substance from the bark of a Mediterranean oak tree / korek e.g. We could use wood and cork to insulate the walls of the house. drape /drΩp/ (v) = to loosely cover sth / przykryć, udrapować e.g. ∞thletes that win a race or competition usually drape their country’s flag over their shoulders. Der.: drapery (n) maroon /mº`r∂n/ (adj) = dark reddish-purple / rdzawoczerwony, kasztanowy e.g. ∏er couch has beautiful, maroon upholstery. upholstered /∑p`hølstºd/ (adj) = (of items of furniture) having a soft covering / tapicerowany, wyściełany 4.237 4.238 4.239 e.g. The chair was upholstered in red velvet. Der.: upholstery (n), upholsterer (n) decay /dæ`kΩ/ (n) = very bad condition / upadek, ruina e.g. Crime, violence and economic decay are a problem in big cities. proximity /pr≥k`sæmæti/ (n) = the nearness to a place or person / bliskość e.g. Living in the city centre puts you in close proximity to all public services. amenity /º`m∞næti/ (n) = facility / udogodnienie e.g. Δhe holiday resort has all the necessary amenities to make your stay as pleasant as possible. impenetrable /æm`penºtrºbºl/ (adj) = impossible or difficult to get through / nieprzenikniony, nie do przebycia e.g. Δhe vegetation in the jungle made it impenetrable. Der.: impenetrably (adv) Opp.: penetrable impeccable /æm`pekºbºl/ (adj) = perfect, having no faults / nienaganny, bez zarzutu e.g. I was surprised that he reacted the way he did, his behaviour is usually impeccable. enchanting /æn`t«≤ntæ…/ (adj) = charming, very attractive / czarujący, zachwycający e.g. πt was such an enchanting village. Der.: enchantment (n) insight /`æns¡t/ (n) = an accurate and deep understanding of sth / zrozumienie, trafne spostrzeżenie, wgląd, ogląd e.g. √nce you experience certain situations in life, you gain insight into how life works. Der.: insightful (adj) unhygienic /∑nh¡`π∞næk/ (adj) = dirty and likely to cause infection or disease, unclean, unhealthy / niehigieniczny, brudny e.g.Δhe bar was fined for being dirty and unhygienic. Der.: hygiene (n) Opp.: hygienic hang around /`h±… º`r¬nd/ (phr v) = to spend a lot of time in a place doing nothing / kręcić się wokół jakiegoś miejsca e.g. Criminals often hang around poorly lit neighbourhoods. Tannoy /`t±n√/ (n) = a system of loudspeakers used for making announcements / megafon(y), system głośników e.g. We heard our flight being announced over the Tannoy. hitchhiking /`hæt«h¡kæ…/ (n) = going from place to place by getting lifts from people in passing vehicles without paying / autostop 53 Unit 4 4.240 4.241 4.242 4.243 4.244 4.245 e.g. π remember hitchhiking when I first visited the United States. radiator /`rΩdieætºr/ (n) = a metal device with pipes used to heat a room / grzejnik, kaloryfer e.g. We need to repair that leaky radiator before it causes more problems. ominous /`≥mænºs/ (adj) = suggesting that sth bad is going to happen / złowieszczy e.g. Δhe dark clouds and sound of thunder were ominous signs of a possible storm. Der.: omen /`ømen/ (n) precaution /præ`k¥«ºn/ (n) = an act intended to prevent sth from happening / środek ostrożności, środek zapobiegawczy e.g. ∞fter being alerted about a possible tornado we locked ourselves in the basement as a safety precaution. Der.: precautionary (adj) unwind /∑n`w¡nd/ (v) = to relax / odprężyć się e.g. ∞fter a hectic day at work I had a long, hot bath to help me unwind. meticulous /mº`tækjμlºs/ (adj) = careful, cautious / drobiazgowy, szczegółowy e.g. Δhat doctor is very meticulous when he examines his patients. Der.: meticulously (adv) recuperation /ræ¿kj∂pº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = recovery / wyzdrowienie, regeneracja sił e.g. His recuperation took less time than the doctors had expected. Der.: recuperate (v), recuperative (adj) 4.246 4.247 4.248 4.249 4.250 4.251 irritable /`ærætºbºl/ (adj) = easily annoyed / drażliwy, rozdrażniony e.g. Don’t bother your father now because he’s irritable. Der.: irritably (adv), irritant (n), irritate (v) humpback bridge /¿h∑mpb±k `bræπ/ (n) = in Britain, a small road bridge with a steep ascent and descent / mostek w kształcie ostrego łuku, spotykany w Wielkiej Brytanii e.g. I took a picture of a beautiful humpback bridge the other day. cast /k≤st/ (v) = to make e.g. a light or shadow appear / rzucić (np. cień, światło) e.g. The dark clouds were casting a shadow over the lake. mesmerised /`mezmºr¡zd/ (adj) = spellbound / zafascynowany, zahipnotyzowany e.g. We were mesmerised by the beautiful sunset. Der.: mesmerising (adj) winding /`w¡ndæ…/ (adj) = going in a particular direction with a lot of bends or twists / kręty e.g. We walked along the winding path and enjoyed the beauty of the countryside. lushness /`l∑«nºs/ (n) = (of vegetation) richness, abundance / bujność e.g. ∞ll I could do was marvel at the lushness of the jungle as I flew over it in the helicopter. Der.: lush (adj) VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 When I travel by ship, I like to sleep on .......... at night. A deck C starboard B board D gangway 2 The rough .......... made travelling through the jungle a bit difficult. A coarse C mainland B terrain D track 54 3 Animals such as lions, tigers and wolves are considered to be .......... . A crawlers C conquerers B humpbacks D predators 4 I took the wrong .......... off the motorway and ended up in the wrong district. A lay-by C slip road B lane D trail Unit 4 5 He has a .......... in his eyes every time he sees her. A speck C wink B twinkle D pulse 6 He wanted to show off his driving skills, so he decided to .......... three cars at once. A overtake C overlap B skid D slide 7 He .......... at the good news. A rejoiced C indulged B kissed D pampered 9 I travelled along the long .......... river until I reached a beautiful, exotic waterfall. A coiling C merging B twirling D winding 10 She .......... cleaned her house as she was expecting guests for dinner. A moderately C meticulously B unyieldingly D deceptively 8 I need to finish my report by tomorrow, so please keep it quiet - I want no .......... . A obstacles C fulfilments B distractions D mishaps B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ pricey ñ puncture ñ impassable ñ vineyard ñ carpooling ñ etiquette ñ unruly ñ purchase ñ sweat ñ rampant 1 I broke out in a cold ..................... just before taking my driving test. 2 That train ticket was a bit .................... , don’t you think? 3 Most drivers carry a spare tyre in case of a(n) ................ . 4 When in France, we drove past the largest ..................... I’ve ever seen. 5 The path through the jungle was ..................... due to the thick vegetation. 6 Children that show ..................... behaviour on the plane will be reprimanded accordingly. 7 Fear of flying is ..................... nowadays. 8 Before travelling to a foreign country you should try to learn the local ..................... , customs and traditions. 9 When planning your summer holiday it’s wise to ..................... your tickets during low season since there are better prices then. 10 If ..................... was encouraged in today’s busy cities, it would help to reduce the problem of pollution. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 The rebels decided to give up the armed ................ and call a truce. 3 Overnight, snow had ..................... up against the door, so we could not get out. Life was a ..................... for Roger because he was from a very poor family and had to work from a very young age. The lecture was so boring that he ..................... off to sleep after 15 minutes. The government has not yet recognised the strikers’ ..................... for better working conditions. 2 Jones is a key ..................... in the trade union movement. The boat had come loose from its moorings and ..................... out to sea. 4 The witch cast a ..................... on a dog to see if she could change it into something else. James is like a father ..................... to me. I was under her ................. from the moment I saw her. We don’t have an exact ..................... , but it could cost as much as í10,000. We have had a long ..................... of bad weather lately, haven’t we? 55 Unit 4 5 Just one day was enough for them to ................ up a close friendship. Lightning can ..................... if you stay under a tree in a thunderstorm. He decided to ..................... a deal with the lawyers to lessen his sentence. D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 We should set off early if we want to reach the first rest area by noon. hit Only if we .......................................... ..................... early will we get to the first rest area by noon. 2 If you want to be a good driver, you need to be alert and careful. parcel Being alert and careful is all ............... ...................... of being a good driver. 3 I forgot my umbrella, so of course I got very wet in today’s thunderstorm. skin I got .................................................. ................ in today’s thunderstorm as I had forgotten my umbrella. 4 Although the situation seems calmer right now, I wouldn’t discuss it with him again today. rock I wouldn’t .......................................... .............................. until the situation calms down entirely. 5 If you want to find a bargain in the sales you must get there early. worm If you want to find a bargain in the sales, remember that ........................ ........................................................ . E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. Nowadays it is possible to travel huge distances in a matter of hours rather than weeks or months. Travel by air has never been more popular and at the same time more 1) ..................... . Because business is 2) ...................... , more and more seats are crammed on to planes to accommodate the number of passengers who wish to travel in this way. Just as the 3) ..................... of the train revolutionised travel in the Victorian era, planes did the same in the 20th century, so what is next? There may soon be an acceptable alternative to the plane as a means of rapidly getting from one place to another – the train. This train will be different, however. Currently under 4) ..................... by at least two countries is the Maglev train. This train does not rely on a conventional engine for 5) ..................... and there are no wheels. Instead, 6) ..................... coils allow powerful electromagnets in a guide rail to repel similar magnets on the underside of the train, lifting the whole train up to four inches above the rail. 7) ..................... of other powerful magnets push and pull the train forward. 8) ..................... of the train means that there is very little friction. This means that speeds of up to 310 mph could 9) ..................... be achieved. When one considers that commercial aircraft fly at up to 500 mph, this ”supertrain” could well be an attractive alternative for 10) ..................... , especially for distances of less than 1,000 miles. When one takes into consideration the 11) ..................... business of baggage handling, check-in times and the time spent getting to and from airports, being able to travel from Paris to Rome for example in just over two hours is an attractive proposition. 56 COMFORT FLOURISH VERSATILE DEVELOP PROPEL CONDUCT PULSE LEVITATE THEORY COMMUTE TEDIUM Self-Assessment Module Vocabulary & Grammar (p. 93) SA2.1 SA2.2 SA2.3 SA2.4 drenched /drent«t/ (adj) = thoroughly wet / przemoczony, przemoknięty e.g. He was drenched to the skin as he was caught in a sudden downpour. innocuous /æ`n≥kjμºs/ (adj) = harmless / nieszkodliwy, niewinny e.g. My remark was totally innocuous but she seems to have been insulted by it. stilted /`stæltæd/ (adj) = formal / wyniosły, podniosły, napuszony e.g. The author’s style was extremely stilted and I didn’t enjoy his book. coincidence /kø`ænsædºns/ (n) = a simultaneous occurrence of events / zbieg okoliczności e.g. It was by sheer coincidence that I met Jack on the train. I hadn’t planned it. Der.: coincidental (adj) SA2.12 SA2.13 SA2.14 SA2.15 SA2.16 Use of English (pp. 93–94) SA2.5 SA2.6 SA2.7 SA2.8 SA2.9 SA2.10 inefficiency /¿ænæ`f櫺nsi/ (n) = incompetence, inability to be productive / nieudolność, niekompetencja e.g. His inefficiency in the workplace led to his dismissal. Der.: inefficient (adj) commentary /`k≥mºntri/ (n) = a description (spoken or written) / sprawozdanie, relacja, komentarz e.g. His commentary on the football game was excellent. round the bend = to go round a curve in the road / wziąć zakręt e.g. As I rounded the bend, a beautiful cottage appeared in the distance. rival /`r¡vºl/ (n) = an opponent / przeciwnik, konkurent e.g. The boxer beat his rival in the second round. Der.: rivalry (n) intimidated /æn`tæmædΩtæd/ (adj) = frightened / zastraszony e.g. She felt intimidated by the tone of his voice and didn’t raise any objections. brevity /`brevæti/ (n) = briefness / zwięzłość, lakoniczność e.g. The brevity of my report made it easy for my professor to mark it quickly. SA2.17 SA2.18 SA2.19 SA2.20 SA2.21 SA2.22 Reading (pp. 94–95) SA2.11 tier /`tƒr/ (n) = a row or layer of sth, placed one above the other / warstwa, piętro e.g. For birthday, I got a chocolate cake with three tiers. SA2.23 2 settler /`setlºr/ (n) = sb who takes up residence in a new or foreign place / osadnik e.g. The first settlers on the American continent were mainly English convicts. trailing stick = a stick used for hiking / kij, laska e.g. The hikers made sure they had their trailing sticks with them before setting off into the forest. stampede /st±m`p∞d/ (n) = a rush, running in an uncontrollable way / ucieczka w popłochu, paniczny pęd e.g. There was a stampede for the exit when fire broke out. radiation /¿rΩdæ`Ω«ºn/ (n) = small particles of a radioactive substance / promieniowanie e.g. After the leak at the nuclear power station, thousands of people in the area were exposed to high levels of radiation. tilted /`tæltæd/ (adj) = slanted, moved slightly backwards, forwards or to the side / przekrzywiony, zsunięty e.g. Michael looked very handsome in his nonchalantly tilted hat. terraced /`teræst/ (adj) = with steps that have been cut into the side of a hill, where crops can be grown / tarasowy, ułożony w tarasy e.g. Terraced hills and fields of crops make up the landscape of the area. vine /v¡n/ (n) = a plant which produces grapes / winorośl e.g. The farm land was used to grow wheat and vines. byway /`b¡wΩ/ (n) = a small road which is not used by many people / boczna droga e.g. The byways of Britain are an undiscovered wonder for the traveller. juncture /`π∑…kt«ºr/ (n) = a place where the roads join / miejsce przecinania się dróg, krzyżówka, skrzyżowanie e.g. The train crashed at the juncture of two main lines. fiery /`f¡ºri/ (adj) = having the colour of fire / płomienny, ognisty e.g. Her most attractive feature was her fiery red hair. chestnut /`t«esn∑t/ (n) = a tall tree with wide leaves which has edible nuts / kasztanowiec e.g. We had a picnic under the large chestnut tree in the park yesterday. beech /b∞t«/ (n) = a tree with a smooth grey trunk, valued for its pale wood / buk 57 Self-Assessment Module 2 SA2.24 SA2.25 SA2.26 SA2.27 SA2.28 SA2.29 SA2.30 SA2.31 SA2.32 SA2.33 SA2.34 58 e.g. The beech tree is a valuable commodity in the timber industry. emerge /æ`mªπ/ (v) = to come out from a position where you could not be seen / pojawić się, wyłonić, wyjść e.g. The robber emerged from his hiding place after the police had gone. Der.: emergence (n) hedge /heπ/ (n) = a row of bushes or small trees / żywopłot e.g. The large garden was surrounded by hedges. procession /prº`se«ºn/ (n) = a group of people who are walking in a line / pochód, procesja, orszak e.g. The funeral procession stopped once it reached the cemetery. bossy /`b≥si/ (adj) = telling other people what to do, ordering people around / apodyktyczny, rządzący się jak szara gęś e.g. Her collegues resent her bossy nature. Der.: bossiness (n) extravagantly /æk`str±vºgºntli/ (adv) = wildly, terribly / okropnie e.g. Little Martin cried extravagantly when the older boys broke his plane. tug /t∑g/ (v) = to give sth a quick and strong pull / szarpać, pociągać e.g. The little girl tugged at her mother’s skirt to get her attention. shut-in /¿«∑t`æn/ (adj) = shy, withdrawn / skryty, zamknięty w sobie e.g. Sheila is a very shut-in teenager, a little too serious for her age. composed /kºm`pøzd/ (adj) = calm and selfcontrolled / opanowany, spokojny e.g. I was expecting her to be very anxious, but she was very calm and composed. inward /`ænwºd/ (adj) = existing in the mind, not shown to other people / skryty, ukryty, skierowany do wewnątrz e.g. She gave an inward smile when she discovered her firend’s little secret. Der.: inwardly (adv) agitation /¿±πæ`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = anxiety / wzburzenie, poruszenie e.g. Her agitation at her child’s disappearance was obvious. vapour /`vΩpºr/ (n) = tiny drops of liquid in the air which appear as mist / para, opary e.g. The polluted water gave off a toxic vapour. SA2.35 SA2.36 SA2.37 SA2.38 SA2.39 SA2.40 SA2.41 SA2.42 SA2.43 SA2.44 steeply /`st∞pli/ (adv) = very quickly; sharply / stromo; gwałtownie e.g. Prices rose steeply due to the recession. arras /`±rºs/ (n) = a wall-hanging / arras e.g. A magnificent arras beautified the dining hall of the castle. unnerve /¿∑n`nªv/ (v) = to worry sb, make sb feel uncomfortable / zdenerwować, wytrącić z równowagi e.g. I was unnerved by the scrutiny I was subjected to upon entering the auditorium. Der.: unnerving (adj), unnervingly (adv) obscure /ºb`skjΔr/ (v) = to hide, prevent sth from being seen / zasłonić e.g. A tall man sat in front of me during the film and obscured my view. Der.: obscurity (n) misinterpret /¿mæsæn`tªpræt/ (v) = to misunderstand / błędnie zinterpretować e.g. The politician’s speech was misinterpreted, leading to a breakdown in relations between the two countries. Der.: misinterpretation (n) distract /dæ`str±kt/ (v) = to draw sb’s attention away with sth else / rozproszyć, odwrócić uwagę e.g. I was distracted from my work by the beauty of the scenery outside my window. predicament /præ`dækºmºnt/ (n) = a dilemma, an unpleasant situation / trudna, kłopotliwa sytuacja, położenie e.g. We didn’t realise our predicament until the avalanche was already half way down the mountain. competent /`k≥mpætºnt/ (adj) = able, having the ability to do sth well / zdolny, kompetentny e.g. Many adults are not competent enough to deal with a medical emergency. Der.: competently (adv) Opp.: incompetent obliterate /º`blætºrΩt/ (v) = to cause to become invisible / zatrzeć, zamazać, zasłonić e.g. The dark clouds obliterated the sun. Der.: obliteration (n) stray /strΩ/ (v) = to move away from the course / zboczyć z kursu, z trasy e.g. In the dark, we strayed from the path and got losts. Listening (p. 96) SA2.45 ascent /º`sent/ (n) = an upward journey / wspinaczka pod górę, wejście na górę e.g. The climber began his ascent from the base of the mountain, and reached the summit five hours later. Opp.: descent The Science of Life Listen, read and talk about... (p. 98) 5.1 5.2 breakthrough /`brΩkır∂/ (n) = an important achievement or development / przełom e.g. The AIDS vaccine would be a breakthrough in medicine. ailment /`Ωlmºnt/ (n) = a minor illness / dolegliwość e.g. She is not seriously ill, but has a few minor ailments. 5.12 5.13 Lead-in (p. 99) 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 ECG /¿∞ s∞ `π∞/ (abbr) = electrocardiogram, a medical test that measures and records electrical activity of the heart / elektrokardiogram, EKG e.g. The doctor examined me and wanted to see my ECG. 3D, three-D /¿ır∞`d∞/ (adj) = three-dimensional / trójwymiarowy e.g. This cinema is very popular as it shows 3D films. geriatrics /πeri`±træks/ (n) = the study of medical care and illness that relates to elderly people / geriatria e.g. The requirement for the position in the nursing home was a degree in geriatrics. shin /«æn/ (n) = the front part of the leg between the ankle and knee / goleń e.g. ∏e was limping because the football hit him in the shin. retina /`retænº/ (n) = the area at the back of the eye / siatkówka e.g. During the medical examination, the ophthalmologist discovered a problem that had to do with the retina of her eye. sternum /`stªnºm/ (n) = the long, flat bone that your ribs are attached to which goes from your throat to the bottom of your ribs / mostek e.g. The professor pointed out the sternum and explained that the ribs are attached to it. abdomen /`±bdºmºn/ (n) = the area of the body below the chest where the stomach and intestines are / brzuch e.g. The gym instructor advised her to do fifty sit-ups a day to tone her abdomen. shoulder blade /`«øldº blΩd/ (n) = one of two large, flat triangular bones that are below the shoulders in the upper part of the back / łopatka e.g. ∏er left shoulder blade was injured in the car accident. calf /k≤f/ (n) = the thick part between the knee 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5 and ankle at the back of the leg / łydka e.g. Ballet dancers develop muscular calves. tonsils /`t≥nsælz/ (n pl) = two soft small organs found at the back of the mouth / migdałki e.g. Δhe little boy asked his sister to open her mouth to check whether or not she had tonsils. knuckles /`n∑kºlz/ (n pl) = the joints of the fingers, especially those connecting the fingers and the rest of the hand / kłykcie e.g. She gripped the bar so hard that her knuckles were white. ribcage /`ræbkΩπ/ (n) = the structure of ribs in the chest, protecting the lungs and other organs / klatka piersiowa e.g. Jack was so skinny that you could see his ribcage in detail. malaria /mº`l≈riº/ eradicate /æ`r±dækΩt/ (v) = to get rid of sth completely / zlikwidować, wykorzenić e.g. Δhe Health Authority’s report mentions that smallpox has been eradicated. life expectancy /¿l¡f æks`pektºnsi/ (n) = the length of time a person is likely to live / średnia długość życia e.g. Δhe life expectancy of humans has increased over the centuries. vaccine /`v±ks∞n/ (n) = a substance containing harmless germs which is given to a person to produce antibodies and provide immunity / szczepionka ochronna e.g. Δhey can take the vaccine orally or by injection. Der.: vaccination (n) activist /`±ktævæst/ (n) = sb who works to bring about social or political change / działacz, aktywista e.g. He became an environmental activist and organised protest marches against the dumping of radioactive waste. Reading (pp. 100–101) 5.20 5.21 5.22 Laënnec /lΩ`nek/ quote /kwøt/ (n) = a passage or phrase from a book, poem, play or speech / cytat e.g. He ended his speech with a quote from an ancient philosopher. Der.: quotation (n) fully-fledged /¿fμli`fleπd/ (adj) = fully developed / pełnoprawny, w pełni rozwinięty 59 Unit 5 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 60 e.g. What started as a small business is now a fullyfledged multi-national corporation. unwieldy /∑n`w∞ldi/ (adj) = hard to move or carry because of weight, size or shape / nieporęczny, niewygodny e.g. The wardrobe was too unwieldy for him to move by himself. quire /`kw∑æº/ (n) = 25 pieces of writing paper / libra (25 kartek) e.g. I needed a quire of paper to finish my assignment. perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to see, notice or realise sth, especially when itãs not obvious; to regard sth as / zauważyć, spostrzec, postrzegać e.g. I can’t understand how they perceive dancing as relaxing. Der.: perception (n) distinct /dæ`stæ…kt/ (adj) = clear or separate from sth else / wyraźny, zdecydowany e.g. There has been a distinct improvement in his work. Der.: distinctive (adj) √pp.: indistinct dissection /dæ`sek«ºn/ (n) = cutting up of a dead body so that it can be scientifically examined / sekcja e.g. πn next week’s biology class, we are going to perform a dissection on a dead mouse. Der.: dissect (v) revelation /¿revº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = disclosing sth previously secret or unknown / rewelacja, odkrycie, ujawnienie e.g. Δhe book was a revelation to her as far as sociological theory was concerned. Der.: reveal (v) valve /v±lv/ (n) = a small piece of tissue in the heart or in a vein which controls the flow of blood and keeps it flowing in one direction only / zastawka e.g. The doctor said my heart couldn’t work properly because of the faulty valve. autopsy /`¥t≥psi/ (n) = an official examination of a dead body by a doctor who is to identify the cause of death / sekcja zwłok e.g. The doctor performed an autopsy, as requested by the police. thoracic /ı¥`r±sæk/ (adj) = of the thorax, enclosed by the ribs / piersiowy, znajdujący sięw klatce piersiowej e.g. Doctor Gold is a specialist in thoracic surgery. auscultation /¿¥skºl`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = listening carefully to the sounds coming from the chest of a patient / osłuchiwanie e.g. Δhe doctor performed a careful auscultation on the patient. standpoint /`st±ndp√nt/ (n) = a point of view / punkt widzenia 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 e.g. From an ethical standpoint, experimenting on animals is always wrong. imprudent /æm`pr∂dºnt/ (adj) = not very wise or well thought out / nierozsądny, nierozważny e.g. The report criticises the government for being imprudent in its education policies. Der.: prudent (adj), prudence (n) proponent /prº`pønºnt/ (n) = sb who supports a particular idea or plan of action and speaks about it in public / orędownik e.g. The new minister is a leading proponent of free health care. tuberculosis /tj∂¿bªkjμ`løsæs/ (n) = an infectious disease that affects the lungs / gruźlica płuc e.g. In some countries, it is compulsory for children to be tested for tuberculosis before they attend nursery school. principle /`prænsæpºl/ (n) = a basic rule or law / reguła, zasada, prawo e.g. Very few people understand the principles of molecular physics. makeshift /`mΩk«æft/ (adj) = temporary and low in quality / prowizoryczny e.g. Δhe children’s makeshift tent was made from a tablecloth and chairs. scourge /skªπ/ (n) = sth that causes suffering or trouble / dopust boży, plaga e.g. Unemployment is the scourge of the young today. cavity /`k±væti/ (n) = a hole or space between two surfaces / dziura, ubytek e.g. Δhe cavity in the wall was filled with a plaster mixture. ravage /`r±væπ/ (v) = to destroy or damage / spustoszyć, wyniszczyć e.g. Δhe antique chair was ravaged by time and use. solidify /sº`lædæf¡/ (v) = to become solid / stwardnieć, skrzepnąć, zgęstnieć e.g. The broth was left out overnight and solidified. tissue /`tæ«∂/ (n) = the material that animals and plants are made of / tkanka e.g. Human tissue is made up of cells. yield /j∞ld/ (v) = to provide or produce sth / dostarczać, dawać, przynosić e.g. This year’s crop yielded fifty tons of wheat. rale, bruit, egophony /r≤l br∂t ∞`g≥fºni/ (n) = sounds detected by lung examination / furczenie, szmer, rzężenie e.g. The doctor told his students that rale, bruit and egophony are sounds made by different lung tissues. compact /kºm`p±kt/ (adj) = made up of parts that are positioned closely together, using very little Unit 5 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 5.58 5.59 space / niewielkich rozmiarów, funkcjonalny e.g. Although her bag was small, it was compact and held quite a few things. binaural /b¡`n¥rºl/ (adj) = for both ears / dwuuszny, obuuszny e.g. Δhe doctor used a sophisticated binaural stethoscope to examine the child. ivory-tipped /`¡vºr∞¿tæpt/ (adj) = with one end made from elephants’ tusks / z końcówką z kości słoniowej e.g. My granddad’s paper-knife was ivory-tipped. ebony /`ebºni/ (adj) = made of very hard, heavy dark-coloured wood / hebanowy, z hebanu e.g. The ebony cabinet was made in Jamaica. modestly /`m≥dºstli/ (adv) = a little bit / umiarkowanie e.g. My attitude towards him changed only modestly when I heard he was found not guilty. interchangeable /¿æntº`t«Ωnπºbºl/ (adj) = that can be exchanged for or replaced by sth else / wymienny e.g. Luckily the car’s engine parts were interchangeable with those from another model. Der.: interchange (v) diaphragm /`d¡ºfr±m/ (n) = a thin piece of material or tissue forming a partition / błona, membrana e.g. The diaphragm and the bell were two different ”heads” used with old stethoscopes. mitral valve /`m¡trºl ¿v±lv/ (n) = one of the valves of the heart / zastawka mitralna e.g. The doctor diagnosed a problem with the mitral valve. prolapse /`prøl±ps/ (n) = a condition in which a body organ moves forwards or down from its normal position / wypadanie, opadanie e.g. She is in bed with a prolapsed disc. domelike /`døml¡k/ (adj) = shaped like or resembling a dome / w kształcie kopuły, kopulasty e.g. Δhe architect designed the new building with a domelike roof. rumbling /`r∑mblæ…/ (adj) = making a low, gurgling sound / bulgoczący, dudniący, burczący e.g. Δhe volcano was making a rumbling sound a few days before it erupted. Der.: rumble (v), (n) solely /`sølli/ (adv) = exclusively / wyłącznie, tylko, jedynie e.g. I came here solely to meet with you in private. emit /æ`mæt/ (v) = to produce or send out light, gas, smell or heat / wydawać, wydzielać e.g. Fire emits both heat and light. correlate /`k≥rºlΩt/ (v) = to connect / powiązać, skorelować 5.60 5.61 5.62 5.63 5.64 5.65 5.66 5.67 5.68 e.g. Most doctors correlate smoking with lung cancer. probe /prøb/ (v) = to investigate / zbadać, zgłębić e.g. The detectives are probing into the missing person’s case. palpate /`p±lpΩt/ (v) = to examine medically by touch / obmacać, zbadać palpacyjnie (dotykiem) e.g. After palpating the affected area, the doctor diagnosed the patient. tumour /`tj∂mºr/ (n) = abnormal tissue that has grown in the body / guz, narośl e.g. Δhe vet diagnosed the animal as having a stomach tumour. impact /`æmp±kt/ (n) = a sudden or powerful effect / wpływ, efekt czegoś e.g. Δhe impact of the violent storm was apparent a few hours later. contagious /kºn`tΩπºs/ (adj) = (of illnesses) easily caught by contact with an ill person / zaraźliwy e.g. Unfortunately the rare disease proved to be contagious. meticulously /mº`tækjμlºsli/ (adv) = very carefully and with great attention to detail / starannie, drobiazgowo e.g. He worked meticulously until the painting was completed. resemble /ræ`zembºl/ (v) = to be or look similar / przypominać e.g. They may be twins, but they don’t resemble each other. Der.: resemblance (n) gravity /`gr±vætæ/ (n) = the force which causes things to drop to the ground / przyciąganie ziemskie e.g. There is no gravity in outer space. property /`pr≥pºti/ (n) = a quality or characteristic in a substance or object / właściwość, własność e.g. Many herbs have healing properties. Language Focus (pp. 102–105) 5.69 5.70 5.71 clot /kl≥t/ (n) = a sticky lump which forms when blood becomes thick or dries up / zakrzep e.g. Research has shown that spending many hours on an aeroplane can make you more prone to developing blood clots. concussion /kºn`k∑«ºn/ (n) = temporary damage to the brain caused by a fall or hit on the head / wstrząśnienie mózgu e.g. ∞fter the accident, he suffered from concussion. disorder /dæs`¥dºr/ (n) = illness, malfunction / zaburzenia, choroba e.g. Δhe doctor advised gentle exercise as part of the treatment for his lower back disorder. 61 Unit 5 5.72 5.73 5.74 5.75 5.76 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.82 5.83 62 fracture /`fr±kt«ºr/ (n) = a break or slight crack / złamanie, pęknięcie e.g. The doctor advised the athlete to remain in bed for ten days to allow the fracture to heal. inflammation /ænflº`mΩ«ºn/ (n) = redness or swelling of part of the body, often from an infection, illness or injury / zapalenie, stan zapalny e.g. The inflammation was due to a spider bite. Der.: inflame (v) sprain /sprΩn/ (v) = to cause an injury to a joint by a sudden movement / skręcić, nadwerężyć e.g. He sprained his ankle playing cricket. predisposition /¿pr∞dæspº`z櫺n/ (n) = inclination / skłonność e.g. People’s predisposition to illness is believed to be correlated with their genes. Der.: predispose (v) recurrence /ri`k∑rºns/ (n) = repetition / nawrót e.g. There was a recurrence of the epidemic in 1947. Der.: recur /ri`kªr/ (v) stranded /`str±ndæd/ (adj) = trapped, left in difficulties / uwięziony, nie mogący się sam skądś wydostać e.g. After the flood, they were stranded on the terrace of their home. ribs /ræbz/ (n pl) = the curved bones that surround the chest area / żebra e.g. In the rugby match, he received bruised ribs from a rough tackle. heal /h∞l/ (v) = to become healthy after an injury or illness / zagoić się e.g. At last, his wound healed and he was able to leave the hospital. swelling /`swelæ…/ (n) = (of a body part) becoming larger and rounder than normal / obrzęk, opuchlizna e.g. His allergy to mosquito bites meant painful swelling every time one bit him. Der.: swell (v) blister /`blæstºr/ (n) = a painful swelling on the surface of the skin, filled with liquid / pęcherz e.g. ∞fter walking for six hours, I got blisters on my feet. bronchitis /br≥…`k¡tæs/ (n) = an illness of the bronchial tubes leading to the lungs / zapalenie oskrzeli e.g. Paul had bronchitis and could not go to school. eardrum /`ƒdr∑m/ (n) = a thin piece of tightly stretched skin in the ear that vibrates when sound waves reach it / bębenek, błona bębenkowa e.g. The loud dance music made her feel like her eardrums were going to burst! 5.84 5.85 5.86 5.87 5.88 5.89 5.90 5.91 5.92 5.93 5.94 5.95 5.96 gasp /g≤sp/ (v) = to take a short, quick breath through the mouth, especially when one is shocked, surprised or in pain / dyszeć, łapać powietrze, wydać okrzyk zdumienia lub strachu e.g. When she saw the cute pet dog that her father got her, she gasped in delight. pant /p±nt/ (v) = to breathe with difficulty and make a sound / sapać, dyszeć, ziać e.g. Puffing and panting, he made it to the finish line. wheeze /w∞z/ (v) = to breathe with difficulty and make a whistling sound / mieć chrapliwy lub świszczący oddech e.g. ∏e had a bad cold and was wheezing for most of the night. eyelash /`¡l±«/ (n) = a hair that grows on the edge of the eyelid / rzęsa e.g. Girls use mascara on their eyelashes and curl them. ward /w¥d/ (n) = a hospital section for patients with similar illnesses / oddział e.g. Δhe cleaners did the rounds of the hospital wards before they started on the doctors’ offices. slide /sl¡d/ (n) = a small piece of photographic film that you project onto a screen / przeźrocze, slajd e.g. Δhey showed their friends slides of their trip to Malaysia. beaker /`b∞kºr/ (n) = a glass or jar that is used in chemistry / zlewka e.g. Δhe scientist warned them not to touch the beaker with the red liquid in it. vial /`v¡ºl/ (n) = a very small bottle that usually holds medicine or perfume / fiolka, flakonik e.g. Δhe vial contained an exotic smelling aromatic oil. thigh /ı¡/ (n) = the upper part of the leg between the knee and hip / udo e.g. After years of athletics and training, he has well toned and muscular thighs. consultant /kºn`s∑ltºnt/ (n) = a doctor who specialises in a particular area of medicine / lekarz specjalista, konsultant e.g. It was during his years as a medical consultant that his brilliance was recognised. respiratory /ræ`spærºtºri/ (adj) = related to breathing / oddechowy e.g. Smoking affects the respiratory system. strenuous /`strenjuºs/ (adj) = tiring / wyczerpujący, forsowny e.g. After a strenuous work-out at the gym, she slept well. intake /`æntΩk/ (n) = consumption / spożycie e.g. Diabetics should be careful with their sugar intake. Unit 5 5.97 5.98 5.99 5.100 5.101 5.102 5.103 5.104 5.105 5.106 5.107 5.108 congenital /kºn`πenætºl/ (adj) = (of a disease) existing since or before birth / wrodzony e.g. The baby was diagnosed with a congenital disorder. holistic /hø`læstik/ (adj) = treating the whole person rather than particular symptoms of diseases / holistyczny e.g. She prefers to resort to holistic healing rather than traditional medicine. stabbing /`st±bæ…/ (adj) = (of pain) sharp / kłujący e.g. The stabbing pain that she felt was due to a migraine. Der.: stab (v) piercing /`pƒsæ…/ (adj) = penetrating / przenikliwy, przeszywający e.g. The piercing sound of the siren made me run for cover. Der.: pierce (v) needle /`n∞dºl/ (v) = to bother or annoy / dokuczać e.g. He was constantly needling and disturbing me. non-conformist /¿n≥nkºn`f¥mæst/ (adj) = not following ordinary ways of thinking or behaving / niekonformistyczny, bezkompromisowy e.g. ∏e was proud of his non-conformist ways which included refusing to cut his hair. Der.: conform (v) undergo /¿∑ndº`gø/ (v) = to experience or go through sth necessary or unpleasant / odbyć, poddać się e.g. I’ve had to undergo many hours of hard work and study to get to where I am. niggling /`nægli…/ (adj) = annoying / uporczywy, dręczący e.g. The niggling pain in my leg was becoming unbearable. Der.: niggle (v) recurring /ræ`kªræ…/ (adj) = happening more than once / powtarzający się, nawracający e.g. He had recurring nightmares and decided to seek the help of a psychologist. Der.: recurrence (n) inflammatory /æn`fl±mºtºri/ (adj) = causing or involving inflammation / zapalny e.g. Δhe inflammatory condition prevented her from swimming for a week. Der.: inflammation (n) terminal /`tªmænºl/ (adj) = slowly and incurably causing death / nieuleczalny, śmiertelny e.g. It was difficult for Sheila to come to terms with her father’s terminal illness. petty /`peti/ (adj) = of little importance, trivial / błahy 5.109 5.110 5.111 5.112 5.113 5.114 5.115 5.116 5.117 5.118 5.119 5.120 e.g. She warned her friend not to become involved in petty gossip. trivial /`træviºl/ (adj) = unimportant and not serious / banalny, trywialny, błahy e.g. I don’t wish to concern myself with trivial details. Der.: triviality (n) noxious /`n≥k«ºs/ (adj) = poisonous / trujący, szkodliwy e.g. The fumes coming from the chimney were noxious. adverse /`±dvªs/ (adj) = (of conditions, decisions or effects) unfavourable / niepożądany e.g. She developed an adverse reaction to the medicine and had to see a doctor. Der.: adversity (n) incision /æn`s滺n/ (n) = a sharp cut made in sth / nacięcie e.g. The surgeon made an incision in Peter’s leg to remove a piece of glass. tenderness /`tendºnºs/ (n) = soreness and sensitiveness / wrażliwość (np. na dotyk), obolałość e.g. ”If the tenderness in the abdomen persists, we’ll give you an injection,“ said the doctor. hoarse /h¥s/ (adj) = sounding rough and unclear / zachrypnięty, ochrypły e.g. He talked for so long that his voice was hoarse. nausea /`n¥ziº/ (n) = the feeling of being unwell and likely to vomit / mdłości, nudności e.g. A feeling of nausea grips me when I travel by boat. vertigo /`vªtægø/ (n) = the feeling of unsteadiness and sickness due to looking down from a high place / zawroty głowy e.g. Sarah suffered from vertigo when she had to walk across a bridge. prescription /præ`skræp«ºn/ (n) = an order for a medicine which a doctor writes on a piece of paper / recepta e.g. The particular medicine that he wanted was only available on prescription. exertion /æg`zª«ºn/ (n) = effort / wysiłek e.g. After much physical exertion, she finally managed to climb the tree. matron /`mΩtrºn/ (n) = a senior nurse who supervises the work of other nurses / przełożona pielęgniarek e.g. The matron did a tour of the wards before she went off duty. recuperate /ræ`kj∂pºrΩt/ (v) = to recover one’s strength and health after one has been ill / wracać do zdrowia e.g. It took him only a few days to recuperate from the operation. Der.: recuperation (n), recuperative (adj) 63 Unit 5 5.121 5.122 5.123 5.124 5.125 5.126 5.127 5.128 5.129 5.130 with (the benefit of) hindsight = understanding a situation differently after it has happened / (patrząc) z perspektywy czasu e.g. With the benefit of hindsight, he should have never had the operation. detrimental /¿detræ`mentºl/ (adj) = injurious / szkodliwy e.g. Obesity can be detrimental to your health. Der.: detriment (n) decline /dæ`kl¡n/ (v) = to refuse / odmówić e.g. She declined to answer the inspector’s questions. reluctant /ræ`l∑ktºnt/ (adj) = unwilling, hesitant / niechętny, ociągający się e.g. I was reluctant to go to the dentist, but the toothache was getting worse and worse. Der.: reluctance (n) commit oneself to sth /kº`mæt/ (v) = to promise to follow a certain course of action / zobowiązać się do czegoś, jednoznacznie zadeklarować e.g. Both parties committed themselves to finding a solution to the problem. Der.: commitment (n) sneaking /`sn∞kæ…/ (adj) = (of a feeling) not fully recognised, unexpressed / niejasne (np. wrażenie) e.g. The man had a sneaking suspicion that his wife had something to do with the crime. Der.: sneak (v) deadline /`dedl¡n/ (n) = the date or time by which sth must be finished / ostateczny termin e.g. He handed in his work only minutes before the deadline. contamination /kºn¿t±mæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = dirt, pollution / skażenie, zanieczyszczenie e.g. The contamination in the river was caused by factory waste. esteem /æ`st∞m/ (n) = admiration, respect / szacunek, poważanie e.g. My father is held in high esteem in this town because he has helped many people. slot /sl≥t/ (n) = a free position or a time (e.g. in a list) / okienko, wolne miejsce e.g. πf I find a slot in my timetable, I will squeeze you in. 5.133 5.134 5.135 5.136 5.137 5.138 5.139 5.140 5.141 5.142 5.143 Listening & Speaking (pp. 106–107) 5.131 5.132 64 witch doctor /`wæt« ¿d≥ktºr/ (n) = a person believed to have magical powers who uses them to treat ill people / szaman e.g. The witch doctor in the film wore a costume made of straw and used snake venom to cure a sick man. wrought /r¥t/ (adj) = prepared / przygotowany e.g. The novel cure wrought by the scientist caused much turmoil in the medical world. 5.144 5.145 misconception /¿mæskºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a false idea or belief / błędne wyobrażenie, przekonanie e.g. There are many misconceptions about the causes of cancer. faith healer /`fΩı ¿h∞lºr/ (n) = sb who cures ill people using the power of belief and prayer / uzdrowiciel e.g. ∏er next step in search of a cure was to consult a faith healer. efficacy /`efækºsi/ (n) = effectiveness / skuteczność, efektywność e.g. The company vouched for efficacy of their products. Der.: efficient (adj) disreputable /dæs`repjμtºbºl/ (n) = not respectable or trustworthy / podejrzany, cieszący się złą sławą e.g. She didn’t want her son to mix with such a disreputable group of people. √pp.: reputable fallacy /`f±lºsi/ (n) = a false idea that many people think is true / błędne przekonanie e.g. It’s a fallacy that affluent people live longer. gullible /`g∑læbºl/ (adj) = easily tricked, naive / naiwny, łatwowierny e.g. He’s so gullible he’ll believe anything you say. persecute /`pªsækj∂t/ (v) = to harass, pester / prześladować e.g. He was persecuted by his neighbours because of his religious beliefs. Der.: persecution (n) exaggerated /æg`z±πºrΩtæd/ (adj) = made to seem larger, better or worse than it is / przesadzony, wyolbrzymiony e.g. She gave an exaggerated account of her symptoms. ultimately /`∑ltæmºtli/ (adv) = finally / ostatecznie, w końcu e.g. All she ultimately wanted was to have a family of her own. remedy /`remºdi/ (n) = cure / lekarstwo e.g. She used her grandmother’s remedy for colds and was well in no time. pensiveness /`pensævnºs/ (n) = thoughtfulness / zaduma e.g. There was an air of pensiveness about him as if he was constantly immersed in his thoughts. patronising /`p±trºn¡zæ…/ (adj) = condescending / protekcjonalny e.g. ∏e didn’t mean to appear patronising to his employees, he just wanted them to listen. Der.: patronise (v) hands-on /¿h±ndz`≥n/ (adj) = practical / praktyczny, bezpośredni Unit 5 5.146 5.147 5.148 e.g. At the job interview, he explained that he had over ten years of hands-on experience. mindful /`m¡ndfºl/ (adj) = conscious of sth, considering it / świadomy e.g. People should be more mindful of the needs of others. supplement /`s∑plæmºnt/ (n) = an addition, sth extra / uzupełnienie, suplement (np. witaminowy) e.g. In order to remain healthy, you should take vitamin supplements. resort to sth /ræz¥t/ (v) = to turn to or adopt sth / sięgać po coś, uciekać się do czegoś e.g. They had no alternative but to resort to violence. 5.157 5.158 5.159 5.160 Reading (pp. 108–109) 5.149 5.150 5.151 5.152 5.153 5.154 5.155 5.156 database /`dΩtºbΩs/ (n) = a collection of data that is stored in a computer / baza danych e.g. The bank’s central database has a copy of the relevant transactions. rudimentary /¿r∂dæ`mentri/ (adj) = simple, basic / podstawowy e.g. Her knowledge of physics was rudimentary, so she employed a tutor. admissions /ºd`m櫺nz/ (n pl) = people admitted to hospital / pacjenci przyjęci do szpitala e.g. Her job was to take the details of all hospital admissions. Der.: admit (v) enrolment /æn`rølmºnt/ (n) = joining a club or institution / zapisanie się (np. do szkoły) e.g. Enrolments from overseas students are accepted from 1st August. Der.: enrol (v) outpatient /`¬tpΩ«ºnt/ (n) = sb who receives hospital treatment without spending the night there / pacjent leczony ambulatoryjnie (dochodzący na badania, zabiegi itp.) e.g. He attends the hospital as an outpatient. casualty (department/ward) /`k±»uºlti/ (n) = this part of a hospital where people are taken for the treatment of severe injuries or illness / oddział nagłych wypadków e.g. After the hurricane, the casualty ward of the hospital was full. hike /h¡k/ (n) = a long walk, especially in the countryside / piesza wycieczka, wędrówka w terenie e.g. Their favourite form of exercise was long hikes. culinary /`k∑lænºri/ (adj) = concerned with cooking / kulinarny e.g. Δhe chef prepared a variety of culinary delights such as smoked salmon tarts. 5.161 5.162 5.163 5.164 5.165 ]5.166 5.167 5.168 5.169 5.170 dandelion /`d±ndæl¡ºn/ (n) = a small bright yellow wild flower with long thin petals / mlecz, mniszek lekarski e.g. The meadow was bright yellow with dandelions. burdock /`bªd≥k/ (n) = a large herbaceous plant / łopian e.g. The herbalist recommended burdock as a cure. cordial /`k¥diºl/ (n) = a pleasant-tasting medicine / nalewka lecznicza e.g. This sweet herbal cordial is recommended for children. barley /`b≤li/ (n) = grain that is used to make some foods, beer and whisky / jęczmień e.g. One of the dishes that I think my mother made best was barley soup. ginger /`πænπºr/ (n) = the root of the ginger plant that is used to flavour food or drinks / imbir e.g. Take a teaspoon of ground ginger to make these cookies. brew /br∂/ (v) = to make by boiling or fermentation / zaparzyć, warzyć e.g. I’ll brew the coffee before I get dressed. tincture /`tæ…kt«ºr/ (n) = a medicine made by dissolving a drug in alcohol / nalewka e.g. The herbalist made up a special tincture for her dermatitis. herbalist /`hªbºlæst/ (n) = sb who uses, grows or sells herbs for medicinal purposes / zielarz e.g. She left her job as a nurse and decided to become a herbalist instead. dwelling /`dwelæ…/ (n) = residence / miejsce zamieszkania, mieszkanie e.g. His dwelling was a converted warehouse. Der.: dwell (v) tone /tøn/ (v) = (of the body or muscles) to make firm / wzmocnić, ujędrnić, uelastycznić e.g. There was a new piece of equipment at the gym especially for toning the thigh muscles. tense /tens/ (v) = to keep muscles tight / napinać e.g. The relaxation technique that she taught me involved tensing and relaxing various parts of the body. distend /dæ`stend/ (v) = to cause sth to swell / rozdąć e.g. The children’s bellies were distended from hunger. chore /t«¥r/ (n) = a boring task / uciążliwy obowiązek e.g. I’ll meet you at the cafe as soon as I finish my chores. by-product /`b¡pr≥d∑kt/ (n) = sth that happens as a result of an event or situation and is usually unexpected or unnecessary / produkt, efekt uboczny e.g. A by-product of industrialisation is pollution. 65 Unit 5 5.171 5.172 5.173 5.174 5.175 bygones /`b¡g≥nz/ (n pl) = past events, earlier disagreements / dawne urazy, rzeczy minione e.g. Let bygones be bygones. by-law /`b¡l¥/ (n) = a regulation made by a local authority / rozporządzenie władz lokalnych e.g. The council’s by-laws forbid the use of car horns. strain /strΩn/ (v) = to pull hard / naprężyć, naciągnąć, nadwerężyć e.g. Paul strained his muscles when lifting heavy weights. antidote to sth /`±ntædøt/ (n) = a substance that cures a disease or prevents poisoning / odtrutka, antidotum na coś e.g. We have no antidote to the poison of this snake. debunk /¿d∞`b∑…k/ (v) = to show that a widely held belief is false / obalić, podważyć e.g. The scientist’s discovery debunked the myths regarding Atlantis. 5.184 5.185 5.186 5.187 English In Use (pp. 110–113) 5.176 5.177 5.178 5.179 5.180 5.181 5.182 5.183 66 scattered /`sk±tºd/ (adj) = spread over a large area or a long period of time / przelotny e.g. There were scattered showers in the area yesterday evening. salve /s±lv/ (n) = ointment / balsam, maść e.g. π applied a salve on my dry skin and it seemed to soothe it. sterilized /`steræl¡zd/ (adj) = safe from germs and clean / sterylny e.g. Make sure to use a sterilised needle when you pierce your ear. Der.: sterilization (n) treacherous /`tret«ºrºs/ (adj) = dangerous / zdradliwy, niebezpieczny e.g. Sailing in this weather can be particularly treacherous. saturated fat /`s±t«μrΩtæd ¿f±t/ (n) = a type of fat found in some foods like butter, believed to contribute to heart disease and other ailments / tłuszcz nasycony e.g. The doctor advised him to cut down on all saturated fats. imperative /æm`perºtiv/ (adj) = extremely important / konieczny, niezbędny e.g. πt’s imperative that you attend the tutorials as well as the lectures. pledge /pleπ/ (v) = to promise / przyrzec, zobowiązać się e.g. I pledged my support and offered to help. erratically /æ`r±tæklæ/ (adv) = in an unexpected or irregular way / w sposób nieskoordynowany, nieskładnie 5.188 5.189 5.190 5.191 5.192 5.193 5.194 5.195 e.g. Δhe police stopped him for driving erratically. Der.: erratic (adj) currency /`k∑rºnsi/ (n) = the money used in a particular country / waluta e.g. Greece’s currency changed from the drachma to the euro. allegation /¿±lº`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = a claim made without proof / zarzut, oskarżenie e.g. The security guard denied allegations that he had used unnecessary force to stop a customer from entering the building. Der.: allege /º`leπ/ (v) embezzle /æm`bezºl/ (v) = to take money illegally from an organisation / zdefraudować, sprzeniewierzyć e.g. The accused was found guilty of embezzling the company’s funds. defendant /dæ`fendºnt/ (n) = sb accused of a crime / oskarżony e.g. The defendant told the press that he had the best lawyer that money could buy. Der.: defend (v) vicinity /væ`sænæti/ (n) = neighbourhood / pobliże, okolica e.g. The thief was in the vicinity according to the police report. crouch /kr¬t«/ (v) = to stoop with one’s legs bent / przykucnąć, przyczaić się e.g. I crouched down on the floor and hid behind the sofa until the burglar left. mongrel /`m∑…grºl/ (n) = a dog that is a mixture of different breeds / kundel, mieszaniec e.g.The children begged their father to take the stray mongrel home. petrified /`petræf¡d/ (adj) = very scared / przerażony, sztywny ze strachu e.g. She stood there petrified as the thief made his getaway through the bathroom window. turn tail (and run, flee, etc) (idm) = to run away from a dangerous situation / uciec, wziąć nogi za pas e.g. When the burglar saw the police, he turned tail and disappeared in the dark. undergrowth /`∑ndºgrøı/ (n) = bushes and plants growing together under the trees in a forest / zarośla, podszycie leśne e.g. The thick undergrowth served as a home for hundreds of insects. (baby) walker /`bΩbi w¥kºr/ (n) = a wheeled frame for a baby who can walk around in it / chodzik e.g. When Vanessa was born, Aunt Sheila bought a pram and a walker for her. plonk /pl≥…k/ (v) = to put down heavily Unit 5 5.196 5.197 5.198 5.199 5.200 5.201 5.202 5.203 5.204 5.205 5.206 5.207 and carelessly / postawić (z hukiem) e.g. He plunked his glass down on the bar. contraption /kºn`tr±p«ºn/ (n) = a machine or device that looks strange / machina, „ustrojstwo“ e.g. Can you tell me how to operate this contraption? I have never seen it before. lingering /`læ…gºræ…/ (adj) = remaining for a long time / utrzymujący się, długotrwały e.g. The lingering pain in his chest was beginning to worry him. Der.: linger (v) feedback /`f∞db±k/ (n) = being told how well or badly you are doing / reakcje, opinie e.g. She hasn’t yet received any feedback from her teacher regarding her essay. refine /ræ`f¡n/ (v) = to improve / udoskonalić, poprawić e.g. If you want to succeed in this job, you must refine your skills. limb /læm/ (n) = an arm or leg / kończyna e.g. Many soldiers lose a limb as a result of stepping on mines. milestone /`m¡lstøn/ (n) = an important development / kamień milowy e.g. Obtaining a master’s degree in psychology was a milestone in his life. coordinate /kø`¥dænΩt/ (v) = to make different parts of the body work together efficiently to perform particular movements / koordynować e.g. The patient underwent intensive treatment which enabled him to coordinate his limbs better. Der.: coordination (n) crawling /`kr¥læ…/ (n) = moving around on one’s hands and knees / raczkowanie, czołganie się e.g. The baby gets around by crawling on all fours. Der.: crawl (v,n) inherent /æn`herºnt/ (adj) = inborn / tkwiący w czymś, nieodłączny, przyrodzony e.g. I believe that it is inherent in dogs to be friendly. Der.: inherently (adv) impede /æm`p∞d/ (v) = to delay, prevent, restrict / utrudnić, przeszkodzić e.g. Bad weather conditions are impeding the progress of the rescue workers. Der.: impediment /æm`pedæmºnt/ (n) mutually /`mj∂t«uºli/ (adv) = being felt by both parties / wzajemnie, dla obu stron e.g. Δhe agreement was mutually beneficial. Der.: mutual (adj) conscientious /k≥n«i`en«ºs/ (adj) = careful to do one’s work well / sumienny 5.208 5.209 5.210 5.211 5.212 5.213 5.214 5.215 5.216 5.217 5.218 5.219 e.g. She made a conscientious effort to finish her homework on time. Der.: conscientiously (adv) explicit /æks`plæsæt/ (adj) = stated clearly / wyraźny, jawny, otwarty e.g. It was made explicit that no bikes were allowed in the park. Der.: explicitly (adv) sift through /`sæft `ır∂/ (phr v) = to examine carefully a large number of things in order to select sth / przeszukać, przesiać (np. informacje) e.g. Investigators are now sifting through the evidence. disseminate /dæ`semænΩt/ (v) = to spread widely / rozpowszechnić, szerzyć e.g. The government disseminated the information through pamphlets and posters. clinician /klæ`n櫺n/ (n) = a doctor who has direct contact with patients / lekarz praktyk, klinicysta e.g. He chose to be a clinician because he wanted to work with patients. paternalism /pº`tªnºlæzºm/ (n) = taking all the decisions for people that you supervise or govern so that they can’t or don’t have to make their own decisions / paternalizm e.g. Many criticised the paternalism of the previous government. Der.: paternal (adj) ally /`±l¡/ (n) = a supporter, defender / sojusznik e.g. Great Britain is a political ally of the United States. revaluation /¿r∞v±lj∂`Ω«ºn/ (n) = assessing the value of sth again / ponownie wycenić, ocenić e.g. The employee went through revaluation before being promoted. wavering /`wΩvºræ…/ (adj) = weak / drżący, słaby, niepewny e.g. She gave a wavering smile and began her speech. discourse /`dæsk¥s/ (n) = spoken or written communication between people / dyskurs, komunikacja językowa, rozmowa e.g. The tone of their discourse sounded serious. hefty /`hefti/ (adj) = larger than expected / niespodziewanie duży, wysoki itp. e.g. Δhe advertsing campaign proved successful and the company made a hefty profit. prompt /pr≥mpt/ (v) = to encourage, to cause / skłonić, sprowokować, doprowadzić do czegoś e.g. I prompted my husband to see a doctor about his sore leg. placebo /plº`s∞bø/ (n) = a substance that has no physical effects, given to the patients who believe it to be a medicine / placebo 67 Unit 5 5.220 5.221 5.222 5.223 5.224 5.225 5.226 5.227 5.228 5.229 5.230 5.231 5.232 68 e.g. In clinical tests, one group of patients took the new medicine while the control group was given a placebo. corpus /`k¥pºs/ (n) = a large collection of written texts / zbiór, korpus danych, tekstów e.g. There was a particularly interesting corpus on archaeological findings in Peru at the University. dubious /`dj∂biºs/ (adj) = not to be relied upon / wątpliwy e.g. His qualifications seemed rather dubious. compulsory /kºm`p∑lsºri/ (adj) = obligatory, required by law or a rule / obowiązkowy e.g. School uniform is compulsory in the UK. outcry /`¬tkr¡/ (n) = a reaction of strong disapproval and anger expressed by the public or media about a current event / oburzenie, protest e.g.There was a public outcry following the proposed putting down of stray dogs. quota /`kwøtº/ (n) = a limited or fixed amount or number of sth / przydział, ustalona ilość, kontyngent, kwota e.g. The government introduced import quotas to protect domestic producers. humane /hj∂`mΩn/ (adj) = showing kindness to people and animals and preventing their suffering / humanitarny e.g. Our organisation promotes humane killing of animals in slaughterhouses. outraged /`¬trΩπd/ (adj) = feeling angry and shocked / oburzony e.g. The school principal was outraged by the students’ strike. hydro dam /`h¡drø d±m/ (n) = a wall that is built across a river to stop the water flowing and to make a lake / tama e.g.The hydro dam wasn’t pretty but it did provide water in the otherwise dry and barren surroundings. livelihood /`l¡vlihμd/ (n) = a means of earning money in order to live / środki utrzymania, środki do życia e.g. The livelihood of farmers depends on their crops. halt /h¥lt/ (v) = to stop / zatrzymać, zahamować e.g.The roadworks halted the traffic for a few minutes longer than usual. downtown /`d¬nt¬n/ (adj,adv, n) = (in/to) the centre of a city or town / (w/do) centrum e.g. He has an apartment in downtown Chicago. arcade /≤`kΩd/ (n) = a covered passage with shops or a market stall / pasaż (handlowy); stoisko e.g.The new arcade has shops and cafés in it. irate /¡`rΩt/ (adj) = angry / wzburzony 5.233 5.234 e.g. The customer was irate about having to return the faulty TV for a second time. reimburse /¿r∞æm`bªs/ (v) = to repay / zwrócić (koszty) e.g. Our company reimburses travelling expenses of those who commute to work. Der.: reimbursement (n) monies /`m∑niz/ (n pl) = separate sums of money that form a larger amount that is spent or received for a particular purpose / fundusze, kwoty e.g. Δhe monies donated to the charity were used for the construction of shelters for the homeless. Writing (pp. 114–118) 5.235 5.236 5.237 5.238 5.239 5.240 5.241 5.242 5.243 welfare /`welfeºr/ (adj) = related to helping people with problems / dotyczący spraw socjalnych, pomocy społecznej e.g. It takes four years of study to become a welfare officer in my country. the handicapped /∫º `h±ndæk±pt/ (n pl) = the disabled / niepełnosprawni e.g. The handicapped gain access to the theatre via a special ramp. cater for /`kΩtº fºr/ (phr v) = to provide sth, especially a service, that a particular person needs / zaspokajać (potrzeby) e.g. The school caters for students with learning difficulties. five-a-side /f¡vº`s¡d/ (adj) = with five players in each team / z drużynami po pięć osób (np. w halowej piłce nożnej) e.g. You need ten people to play a game of five-a-side football. compile /kºm`p¡l/ (v) = to put together or produce by collecting pieces of information about sth / sporządzić, opracowywać, skompilować e.g. At the moment I’m compiling a collection of Renaissance sonnets. dilapidated /dæ`l±pædΩtæd/ (adj) = old and in bad condition / rozsypujący się, zniszczony e.g. The dilapidated building will soon be renovated and restored. poll /pøl/ (n) = a survey in which people give their opinions / ankieta, sondaż e.g. The news quoted the latest poll as being in favour of the law against smoking. obesity /ø`b∞sæti/ (n) = being extremely overweight / otyłość e.g. Many doctors claim that there is a link between obesity and heart disease. proportion /prº`p¥«ºn/ (n) = part of a group or an amount / część Unit 5 5.244 5.245 5.246 5.247 5.248 e.g. Only a small proportion of employees in the accounting section are part-time. moderate /`m≥dºrºt/ (adj) = not extreme / umiarkowany e.g. Δhe gym instructor explained that moderate exercise is better than very strenuous exercise. intensity /æn`tensæti/ (n) = a high level of sth / intensywność, natężenie e.g. The intensity of the blast shattered all the windows. Der.: intense (adj) on average = used to indicate that a number is the average of several numbers; here: usually / przeciętnie; zwykle e.g. Research shows that, on average, women live longer than men. portion /`p¥«ºn/ (n) = a serving / porcja e.g. π helped myself to another portion of the delicious cheesecake. household /`h¬shøld/ (n) = all the people in a family or group that live together / rodzina, gospodarstwo domowe e.g. When I was growing up, the father was always head of the household. 5.249 5.250 5.251 5.252 5.253 5.254 stringent /`strænπºnt/ (adj) = very strict / rygorystyczny, surowy e.g. Stringent measures are being taken by the police to reduce crime. initiative /æ`n櫺tæv/ (n) = an important act or statement intended to solve a problem / inicjatywa e.g. The government announced a new initiative against car theft. Der.: initiate (v) confine /kºn`f¡n/ (v) = to keep sth within certain limits / ograniczyć e.g. Her duties are confined to answering the phone and typing letters. Der.: confinement (n) thriving /`ır¡væ…/ (adj) = doing well and being successful, healthy or strong / kwitnący, dobrze prosperujący e.g. She had a thriving business before the age of thirty. exploited /æk`spl√tæd/ (adj) = taken advantage of, abused / wyzyskiwany, wykorzystywany e.g. A lot of immigrant workers are exploited in Greece. untapped /¿∑n`t±pt/ (adj) = not yet used / niewykorzystany e.g. There are untapped reserves of oil under the sea. VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 Monkeys that had been used in experiments were set free by animal rights .......... . A geriatrics C activists B proponents D scourges 5 Using lavender oil on burns can help them to .......... quickly. A heal C ache B clot D gash 2 All of his research notes were ........... written in neat handwriting. A unwieldy C modestly B leaky D meticulously 6 Vitamin .......... need not be taken if a healthy and balanced diet is followed. A ailments C supplements B intakes D remedies 3 Computerising patient details was part of the .......... of change. A gravity C expectancy B wave D horn 7 Even though it is widely accepted that smoking is .......... to health, it is still allowed in public places. A piercing C noxious B detrimental D reluctant 4 It is standard practice to keep a patient suffering from .......... in hospital for observation. A cramp C sprain B genetics D concussion 8 Drowsiness is one of the .......... of these tablets. A discomforts C by-products B side-effects D deadlines 69 Unit 5 9 The lake was closed off to the public due to .......... from rats. A beakers C impact B contamination D pursuit 10 A sweet smell filled the room as the aromatherapist .......... a mixture of herbs. A steamed C emitted B brewed D dissected B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ standpoint ñ pant ñ ward ñ sterilized ñ holistic ñ tissue ñ blister ñ compile ñ inflammation ñ strenuous 1 From Dr Smith’s ..................... Sam’s condition has stabilized. 2 The stitching inside the shoe rubbed her feet so much that it caused a painful ..................... . 3 From the look of the athlete’s well toned body it was obvious that she had very little fatty ..................... on her muscles. 4 One of the symptoms of hay fever is ..................... of the eyelids. 5 To reduce the possibility of infection all medical equipment must be ..................... . 6 The children’s ..................... at the hospital is being redecorated. 7 Research assistants ..................... notes taken during experiments into a readable form. 8 ∞fter having a heart by-pass, the managing director was told to avoid any ..................... activity. 9 The long car journey in the heat made the dog ..................... for breath. 10 Not all scientists believe in ..................... medicine. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 At medical school, Peter had to ................... himself to his studies instead of socializing. 4 Despite the convincing results, Dr Peres was ................... about using alternative medicine to treat illnesses. The severe penalty put people off the temptation to ................... crime. Claims about the success of diet pills for weight loss are ................... . The medical board decided to ................... more money to the children’s ward. The country has earned the ................... distinction of having the worst health care system in Europe. 2 Before making a phone call, please insert a coin into the ................... . 5 One month in a peaceful and unpopulated ................... helped Dennis to recuperate from his illness. The cost of a half-hour landing ................... at the new airport is the highest in Europe. We hope to be able to solve the dispute through negotiation without ................... to strike action. If your problem is urgent, I might be able to find time to ................... you in this evening. ∞s a last ..................., the leg will have to be amputated to stop the poison spreading. 3 A cathode is the technical term for the positive ................... of a battery. Please check which ................... your plane leaves from before we go to the airport. Alicia scanned the technology lab for a free computer ..................., but none were available. 70 Unit 5 D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 The doctor said that he would need surgery if the problem persisted. undergo Δhe doctor said that .......................... ................... if the problem persisted. 2 Dr Smith is a respected member of the medical community. esteem Dr Smith is ........................................ .................... the medical community. 3 Not having an international research centre has held back progress in DNA testing. hindered DNA testing ...................................... not having an international research centre. 4 All medical students must complete a year’s training in a community hospital. compulsory It ....................................................... complete a year’s training in a community hospital. 5 You can obtain a refund from the company for any medical expenses incurred. reimbursed Any medical expenses incurred .......... ................................ by the company. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. The National Healthcare System has had a face lift. Doctors of 1) ...................... medicine are now working alongside therapists of 2) ............... practices. Whilst these radical changes were met with some 3) ........................ from Public Health ministers and senior 4) ......................, the general public and many GP’s throughout the country have been most receptive towards such 5) ..................... having been made available. However, not all forms of alternative therapies are being offered on 6) ....................... . Although osteopathy and acupuncture have been approved, other practices such as colour therapy have been omitted. The government has also set up standards to prevent 7) .............................. practitioners from entering the profession. Despite accusations that it was 8) ................................. to make alternative medicine part of the NHS, it does show a 9) ........................ to the patient’s choice and preference. In light of the 10) ......................... increase in demand for unconventional medicine, the government is taking steps in the right direction towards the system, even if such steps are in 11) ......................... . CONVENTION COMPLEMENT HOSTILE CONSULT TREAT PRESCRIBE COMPETENCE PRUDENCE COMMIT PROPORTION MODERATE 71 6 The Art of Entertainment Lead-in (p. 119) 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 amplifier /`±mplæf¡ºr/ (n) = an electronic device in a stereo or linked to musical instruments which makes sounds louder / wzmacniacz e.g. There was a technical problem with the amplifiers, so the concert had to be cancelled. vocalist /`vøkºlæst/ (n) = a singer who sings with a pop group / wokalista, wokalistka e.g. The band’s lead vocalist came down with the flu in the middle of the world tour. backing singer /`b±kæ… sæ…ºr/ (n) = a singer in a group who sings the supporting tune, not the main part / piosenkarz wspomagający solistę, wykonujący podkład e.g. The backing singers were better than the lead vocalist! blockbuster /`bl≥kb∑stºr/ (n) = a very successful film, show, play, concert, etc. / przebój, hit e.g. Spielberg’s new film turned out to be a real blockbuster! conductor /kºn`d∑ktºr/ (n) = the person who stands in front of an orchestra or choir and directs its performance / dyrygent e.g. None of the members of the orchestra appeared to be looking at the conductor. Reading (pp. 120–121) 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 72 controversy /`k≥ntrºvªsi/ (n) = a lot of discussion and argument about sth, often involving strong feelings of anger or disapproval / kontrowersja e.g. There was a huge controversy over the new income tax law. Der.: controversial (adj) brainwash /`brΩnw≥«/ (v) = to force sb into believing sth by constantly telling them it is true / zrobić komuś pranie mózgu e.g. She was brainwashed into believing that people from different cultures are inferior. clash /kl±«/ (n) = a collision, confrontation / utarczka, potyczka słowna e.g. There have been a number of clashes between the headmaster and the students concerning the school dress code. Der.: clash (v) remotely /ræ`møtli/ (adv) = in the least / w najmniejszym stopniu e.g. We had never seen anything remotely like it before. Der.: remote (adj), remoteness (n) 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 stature /`st±∏ºr/ (n) = importance / znaczenie, ranga e.g. Sarah Bernhardt was an actress of considerable stature. remastered /r∞`m≤stºd/ (adj) = re-recorded to improve the sound quality / nagrany na nowo w celu poprawy jakości dźwięku e.g. All the tracks have been remastered from the original tapes. commentary /`k≥mºntrÈ/ (n) = information given verbally / relacja, komentarz e.g. The event included live commentary on the England-Brazil match. tycoon /t¡`k∂n/ (n) = sb successful in business / potentat e.g. Onassis had been a major shipping tycoon in his lifetime. flattering /`fl±tºræ…/ (adj) = making sth seem attractive / korzystny, pochlebny e.g. It’s not a very flattering photograph, he’s much better-looking in real life. Der.: flatteringly (adv) startling /`st≤tlæ…/ (adj) = surprising / zdumiewający e.g. There was a startling resemblance between the two cousins. Der.: startlingly (adv) RKO /¿≤ k∞ `ø/ (abbr) = the Radio-Keith-Orpheum Corporation MGM /¿em π∞ `em/ (abbr) = Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer suppress /sº`prºs/ (v) = to prevent from release / wycofać (np. z obiegu, z druku), zataić e.g. The report concerning the health risks of genetically-modified foods was suppressed. Der.: suppressor (n), suppressive (adj) flashback /`fl±«b±k/ (n) = a part of a film, play, etc showing a scene that precedes in time the main story / retrospekcja, scena z przeszłości e.g. The protagonist’s childhood was shown in a series of flashbacks. chiaroscuro /k∞¿≤rº`skΔrø/ refine /ræ`f¡n/ (v) = to improve in quality and detail / udoskonalić e.g. By the end of his days, the great painter had considerably refined his technique. embrace /æm`brΩs/ (v) = to include, contain / obejmować e.g. His theory embraces ancient Greek thought as well as that of contemporary literary criticism. Der.: embrace (n) Unit 6 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 overlapping /øvº`l±pæ…/ (adj) = taking place or occurring more or less simultaneously / zachodzący, nakładający się na siebie e.g. The overlapping layers of pastry prevent the filling from falling out during cooking. angle /`±ngºl/ (n) = the point of view or direction from which one looks at sth / kąt, punkt widzenia e.g. Because of the angle at which he was sitting, he was the only one who could see the sunset. abrupt /º`br∑pt/ (adj) = sudden, unexpected / nagły, niespodziewany e.g. The car made an abrupt turn and skidded. Der.: abruptly (adv), abruptness (n) dissolve /dæ`z≥lv/ (n) = the technique of moving gradually to a different scene or picture / efekt szybkiego przechodzenia jednej sceny w drugą, przenikanie e.g. The film was hard to follow due to the number of confusing dissolves. imagery /`æmæπri/ (n) = vivid images in literature and film / metaforyka, obrazowanie e.g. The director relies heavily on the use of religious imagery to get his message across. multitude /`m∑ltætj∂d/ (n) = a large number / mnóstwo e.g. There is a multitude of interesting books to choose from in this second-hand bookshop. spare /sp≈r/ (v) = to refrain from giving / oszczędzić (komuś czegoś) e.g. I decided to spare him the knowledge of the precise details of the accident. unabashed /¿∑nº`b±«t/ (adj) = not ashamed or embarrassed / niespeszony e.g. She seemed quite unabashed when she got caught shoplifting. newsreel /`nj∂zr∞l/ (n) = a short film of national, international or special interest news / kronika filmowa e.g. The newsreel on the latest developments of the war in Palestine caused unease. call sheet /`k¥l «∞t/ (n) = a list of all that is involved in filming a particular scene (actors, extras, props, special equipment) / zdjęciowy plan pracy e.g. The local Museum of Film boasts a large collection of old posters and call sheets. memorabilia /¿memºrº`bæliº/ (n pl) = things that one collects because they are connected to a person or an event that one has an interest in / pamiątki e.g. I was amazed at the amount of Elvis memorabilia she had collected over the years. PBS /¿p∞ b∞ `es/ (abbr) = (in the US) the Public Broadcasting Service 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 footnote /`fμtnøt/ (n) = sth or sb not considered to be especially important / osoba lub rzecz bez znaczenia e.g. He is largely forgotten these days and is considered to be a footnote in the history of the period. outlive /`¬tlæv/ (v) = to survive, to live longer than sb / przeżyć, żyć dłużej e.g. She outlived both of her children and her husband. nomination /¿n≥mæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = an official suggestion that sb should be given an award / nominacja e.g. There were five nominations for the best actress award. scoring /`sk¥ræ…/ (n) = (composing) music for a movie, play, etc / muzyka do filmu, sztuki, itp. lub jej komponowanie e.g. Alan Menken has won eight Oscars for Scoring and Best Song in Disney films. surmise /sº`m¡z/ (v) = to guess, to make a supposition / snuć domysły, przypuszczać e.g. It had been surmised that her suicide attempt had to do with her financial difficulties. notoriety /¿nøtº`r¡ºti/ (n) = being famous, wellknown in a negative way / zła sława, zła reputacja e.g. The school gained notoriety as a place that would tolerate any kind of conduct from the students. Der.: notorious (adj) aside /º`s¡d/ (n) = an additional remark, a short digression / uwaga na marginesie e.g. As an aside, he said he had always liked me. on the/sb’s tab (idm) = to be paid by sb / na czyjś rachunek, koszt e.g. Billy told the waiter to put everything on the tab. innovative /`ænºvΩtæv/ (adj) = new and original / nowatorski, innowacyjny e.g. The new headmaster introduced innovative teaching methods. Der.: innovation (n) fusion /`fj∂»ºn/ (n) = the joining of two or more things to form one / połączenie, fuzja e.g. The dancer achieves a fusion of classical ballet technique and contemporary dance. slander /`sl≤ndºr/ (v) = to say untrue things about sb in order to damage their reputation / szkalować, zniesławić e.g. The newspaper is accused of slandering the politician. Der.: slander (n), slanderous (adj) outcast /`¬tk≤st/ (n) = sb not accepted by a group of people or by society / wyrzutek e.g. At public school, he had been an outcast because he was from a working class background. 73 Unit 6 6.47 aspiring /º`sp¡ºræ…/ (adj) = trying to succeed / ambitny choć początkujący e.g. In her early years as an aspiring actress, she often had to work as a waitress. Language Focus (pp. 122–125) 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 74 conduct /kºn`d∑kt/ (v) = to stand in front of an orchestra or choir and direct its performance / dyrygować e.g. He had conducted a number of orchestras in his lifetime, one of which was the National Symphony Orchestra. Der.: conductor (n) accomplished /º`k∑mplæ«t/ (adj) = very good at sth / znakomity e.g. Before she became a doctor, she had already been an accomplished business woman. Der.: accomplishment (n) endowed with sth /æn`d¬d/ (adj) = having a particular quality or asset / obdarzony (np. talentem) e.g. He was endowed with great physical strength. fictitious /fæk`t櫺s/ (adj) = imaginary / fikcyjny e.g. All the characters in this film are fictitious, and any resemblance to real people is coincidental. Der.: fiction (n) riveting /`rævætæ…/ (adj) = extremely interesting and exciting / pasjonujący, zajmujący e.g. I find tennis riveting although I don’t often have a chance to play. zealous /`zelºs/ (adj) = eager, enthusiastic / żarliwy, zagorzały e.g. She was a zealous supporter of human rights and frequently went on protest marches. Der.: zeal /z∞l/ (n) gripping /`græpæ…/ (adj) = holding the attention or interest / porywający, zajmujący e.g. The film on television last night was so gripping I didn’t get to bed until 1 a.m. congenial /kºn`π∞nƒl/ (adj) = pleasant / miły, przyjemny e.g. She had such a congenial personality that she was popular with everyone at work. Der.: congeniality (n) figurative /`fægºrºtæv/ (adj) = having a metaphorical meaning / przenośny e.g. What she said was quite figurative, I’m sure she didn’t mean it literally. Der.: figuratively (adv) evocative /æ`v≥kºtæv/ (adj) = bringing strong memories or feelings to mind / działający 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64 6.65 6.66 6.67 na wyobraźnię, sugestywny e.g. The magnificence of the castle is highly evocative of the medieval period. Der.: evocatively (adv) pottery /`p≥teri/ (n) = objects made of baked clay / garncarstwo e.g. When she retired, she took a course in pottery and gardening. charcoal /`∏≤køl/ (n) = a black substance obtained by burning wood without much air / węgiel drzewny e.g.Δhe food was cooked over a charcoal fire. brush stroke /`br∑« strøk/ (n) = a mark made on a surface by a painter’s brush / pociągnięcie pędzlem, ślad pędzla e.g. His brush strokes are harsh and violent, conveying intense emotions. oppressive /º`presæv/ (adj) = depressing and uncomfortable / przytłaczający e.g. The living room was cluttered with all sorts of useless objects, making it quite an oppressive place to be in. gloomy /`gl∂mi/ (adj) = dark or poorly lit, especially to appear frightening / mroczny, ponury e.g. It was damp and gloomy inside the cave. Der.: gloom (n), gloomily (adv) surrealist /sº`r∞ºlæst/ (n) = an artist or writer who uses ideas and images in a strange way, like in a dream / surrealista, artysta tworzący według zasad surrealizmu e.g. Dali was a surrealist and his paintings met with much criticism. Der.: surreal (adj), surrealism (n) sizeable /`s¡zºbºl/ (adj) = fairly large in size or number / pokaźny, spory e.g. The portions in this restaurant are quite sizeable. incorporate /æn`k¥pºrΩt/ (v) = to include in a whole / zawierać e.g. The new edition of the dictionary will incorporate a great deal of contemporary idioms. Der.: incorporated (adj), incorporation (n) distinct /dæ`stæ…kt/ (adj) = different or separate / wyraźny, zdecydowany e.g. There is a distinct difference between contemporary and classical music. Der.: distinctly (adv), distinctive (adj) stand-up comedy /`st±nd∑p `k≥mºdi/ (n) = a show presented by a comedian standing up alone in front of an audience / występ komediowy jednego artysty Unit 6 6.68 6.69 6.70 6.71 6.72 6.73 6.74 6.75 6.76 6.77 6.78 e.g. I enjoyed all aspects of the performing arts festival apart from the stand-up comedy which I found slightly vulgar. spellbound /`spelb¬nd/ (adj) = entranced, fascinated / oczarowany, zauroczony e.g. I was spellbound by the performance of the actor who played Hamlet. unanimously /j∂`n±næmºsli/ (adv) = in agreement with everybody else / jednogłośnie, jednomyślnie e.g. The board members voted unanimously for the president’s proposals. Der.: unanimous (adj), unanimity (n) condemn /kºn`dem/ (v) = to disapprove of, criticise / potępić e.g. ∏is ideas were condemned by the members of the committee. Der.: condemnation (n) chamber orchestra /¿∏Ωmbºr `¥kæstrº/ (n) = an orchestra performing classical music written for a small number of instruments / orkiestra kameralna e.g. John plays the violin in a chamber orchestra. method acting = acting based on Stanislavski Method, according to which a performer identifies with the character to be portrayed and renders the part in a highly individualistic, naturalistic and non-declamatory style / (w grze aktorskiej) system Stanisławskiego e.g. I like to work with directors who advocate method acting. confirm /kºn`fªm/ (v) = to make definite / potwierdzić e.g. The spokesman confirmed that the terrorists had been arrested. Der.: confirmed (adj), confirmation (n) venue /`venj∂/ (n) = the place of a meeting or event / miejsce (np. spotkania, koncertu, konferencji) e.g. The popular rock band will be playing in a number of venues during their visit to Poland. tapestry /`t±pæstri/ (n) = a piece of embroidered fabric / gobelin, arras e.g. Most of the walls in the castle had once been covered in huge tapestries. overbearing /øvº`b≈ræ…/ (adj) = domineering / apodyktyczny e.g. His overbearing personality drove everyone away. awestruck /`¥str∑k/ (adj) = very impressed and amazed by sth / oniemiały z wrażenia e.g. She was awestruck by the magnificent view from her hotel window. lush /l∑«/ (adj) = having a lot of green grass or plants / bujny 6.79 6.80 6.81 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.85 6.86 6.87 6.88 6.89 e.g. The river was surrounded by lush vegetation. Der.: lushness (n) bio-dome /`b¡ødøm/ (n) = a building with a round roof that houses plants and flowers / budynek zwieńczony kopułą, pod którą uprawia się kwiaty i inne rośliny e.g. Bio-domes are popular with nature-loving individuals. villain /`vælºn/ (n) = a bad character (e.g. in a novel, film or play) / łajdak, czarny charakter e.g. The police managed to catch the villain in no time. Der.: villainous (adj) lair /l≈r/ (n) = sb’s secret or private place / kryjówka e.g. My dad’s lair is his woodwork shed. inundate /`æn∑ndΩt/ (v) = to send or give too many things / zalać, zasypywać e.g. The shipping company was inundated with letters of complaint concerning the service provided. walk/tread a tightrope (idm) = to be in a difficult situation / dosł. chodzić po linie; być w trudnej sytuacji e.g. He’s been walking a tightrope between success and failure ever since he began that new business. jump on the bandwagon (idm) = to become involved in an activity or movement because it is fashionable or likely to succeed and not because one is really interested in it / ulec powszechnym trendom lub modzie, wykorzystywać koniunkturę e.g. Until recently, few people trusted alternative medicine, but now more and more people are jumping on the bandwagon. strike the wrong note (idm) = to say or do sth the wrong way / uderzyć w złą strunę, zrobić coś niestosownego e.g. He struck the wrong note when he criticised her family. read between the lines (idm) = to look at sth and perceive more than what is obvious at first glance / czytać między wierszami e.g. She was quite polite to the new employee, but if you read between the lines, you can see she wasn’t really taken in by him. in the wings (idm) = waiting for one’s turn / (oczekujący) za kulisami, w pełnej gotowości e.g. The position wasn’t very popular at all and hardly anyone was waiting in the wings for it. play second fiddle (idm) = to occupy a secondary position in a job or activity / grać drugie skrzypce e.g. She never made a name for herself. She always played second fiddle in every production she was in. bring the curtain down (idm) = to close down / zamknąć coś; zakończyć 75 Unit 6 6.90 6.91 6.92 6.93 6.94 6.95 e.g. After the recent mismanagement of the company, bringing the curtain down seems to be the most likely option for the stockholders. put sb in the picture (idm) = to inform sb / wprowadzić kogoś w sytuację, poinformować kogoś o bieżącej sytuacji e.g. On my first day at work, the manager made sure to put me in the picture about exactly what I was to be doing. a hard/tough act to follow (idm) = a person or group that is so excellent that it will be difficult to replace them / ideał trudny do naśladowania e.g. Joan is a unique manager and she’ll be a hard act to follow by anyone. budding /`b∑dæ…/ (adj) = beginning to develop, just becoming successful / początkujący e.g. Steve is a budding writer with just one novel to his name. intimidating /æn`tæmædΩtæ…/ (adj) = frightening, making others lose confidence / nieprzyjazny, groźny e.g. The teacher stared at the naughty child in an intimidating manner. hilarious /hæ`l≈riºs/ (adj) = extremely funny / bardzo śmieszny, komiczny e.g. Benny Hill’s comedies are so hilarious I can’t stop laughing every time I happen to see one. adaptation /¿±d±p`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = a film or television programme based on a book or play / adaptacja e.g. The new hit film is an adaptation of Orwell’s 1984. 6.101 6.102 6.103 6.104 6.105 6.106 6.107 Listening & Speaking (pp. 126–127) 6.96 6.97 6.98 6.99 6.100 76 shake off /`«Ωk `≥f/ (phr v) = to manage to recover from sth or to get rid of sth / pozbyć się czegoś e.g. As she grew older, she managed to shake off the habit of biting her nails. banquet /`b±…kwæt/ (n) = a grand formal dinner / bankiet e.g. The conference was followed by a banquet. trespasser /`trespºsºr/ (n) = sb who enters sb else’s space or land without permission / intruz, osoba winna naruszenia własności e.g. There was a sign outside the building saying that trespassers would be prosecuted. brainchild /`brΩnt«¡ld/ (n) = sth that sb came up with, created or invented / pomysł e.g. The new theatre was the brainchild of a very distinguished actor. deceased /dæ`s∞st/ (adj) = dead / zmarły e.g. His recently deceased mother was a wonderful woman. 6.108 6.109 6.110 forecourt /`f¥k¥t/ (n) = an open area in front of a large building or petrol station / podjazd, plac przed wejściem do budynku e.g. The forecourt of the new university was quite impressive. pick-pocket /`pækp≥kæt/ (v) = to steal sth from sb’s pocket without them noticing / dokonywać kradzieży kieszonkowych e.g. It’s easy to be pick-pocketed while riding a crowded bus. origami /≥ræ`g≤mi/ (n) = the craft of folding paper to make models of animals, people and objects / origami e.g. Origami can be a very time-consuming activity. Moorish /`mΔræ«/ (adj) = Arab, Muslim / arabski, muzułmański, mauretański e.g. Moorish architecture can be admired in many Spanish towns. train spotting /`trΩn sp≥tæ…/ (n) = the hobby of watching trains and collecting numbers of locomotives / hobby polegające na obserwowaniu i rozpoznawaniu pociągów e.g. I think train spotting is an extremely boring hobby. incomprehensible /æn¿k≥mpræ`hensæbºl/ (adj) = obscure, difficult to understand or grasp / niezrozumiały e.g. Her recent behaviour has been incomprehensible. Opp.: comprehensible busking /`b∑skæ…/ (n) = playing music or singing for money in the streets or other public places / granie i śpiewanie w miejscach publicznych dla zarobku e.g. If you visit Covent Garden, you will find busking to be quite a common activity. radical /`r±dækºl/ (adj) = favouring drastic solutions / radykalny, zasadniczy e.g. We decided to make radical changes in the quality control procedures. Der.: radical (n) pragmatic /pr±g`m±tæk/ (adj) = dealing with issues in a practical rather than theoretical way / pragmatyczny e.g. ∏e dealt with the problem in a pragmatic manner. Der.: pragmatically (adv) inner /`ænºr/ (adj) = hidden inside, private, secret / wewnętrzny, skryty e.g. No one could ever guess what his inner thoughts were. Opp.: outer Unit 6 Reading (pp. 128–129) 6.111 6.112 6.113 6.114 6.115 6.116 6.117 6.118 6.119 6.120 6.121 6.122 muddy /`m∑di/ (adj) = covered in mud / ubrudzony błotem e.g. I walked in the rain for an hour and my shoes were quite wet and muddy. bedraggled /bæ`dr±gºld/ (adj) = looking wet, dirty and untidy / brudny, utytłany e.g. Having travelled for days on end, he looked really bedraggled. percussive /pº`k∑sæv/ (adj) = sounding like drums / perkusyjny, przypominający dźwięk perkusji e.g. Loud percussive sounds came from the house next door. Der.: percussion (n) frenzy /`frenzi/ (n) = great excitement or wild behaviour / rozgorączkowanie, ekscytacja e.g. The audience was driven to · frenzy as their favourite pop star appeared on stage. recoup /ræ`k∂p/ (v) = to recover the money one has spent or lost / zrekompensować (sobie), odzyskać e.g. The theatre group will try to recoup their costs by giving two extra performances. Der.: recoupable (adj), recoupment (n) dashing /`d±«æ…/ (adj) = very stylish and attractive / wystrzałowy e.g. The bridegroom looked dashing as he stood at the altar waiting for his bride. torment /t¥`ment/ (v) = to cause suffering / dręczyć e.g. Stop tormenting yourself about whether you did the right thing or not! Der.: tormentor (n) summon up /`s∑mºn `∑p/ (phr v) = to make a great effort to do sth / zebrać (np. siły) e.g. I couldn’t even summon up the energy to undress and go to bed. nonchalantly /`n≥n«ºlºntli/ (adv) = in a relaxed way / nonszalancko e.g. She walked past nonchalantly as if nothing terrible had happened. diffidence /`dæfædºns/ (n) = shyness, timidity / brak pewności siebie e.g. To speak of his success, he had to overcome his natural diffidence. shelve /«elv/ (v) = to put on a shelf / układać na półkach, odłożyć na półkę e.g. As soon as the librarian received the new books, she shelved them. Der.: shelf (n) spaced out /¿spΩst `¬t/ (adj) = unusual or 6.123 6.124 6.125 6.126 6.127 6.128 6.129 6.130 6.131 6.132 6.133 imaginative in an eccentric way / wyrafinowany, wymyślny e.g. That new artist’s work is really spaced out! I’ve never seen anything like it before! networking /`netwªkæ…/ (n) = meeting and talking to people who may prove valuable contacts in one’s future work / nawiązywanie kontaktów zawodowych e.g. I was doing some networking at the party last night. diverse /d¡`vªs/ (adj) = having a wide variety, different / różnorodny e.g. There was a number of diverse activities to choose from at the funfair. Der.: diversity (n) rub shoulders (with sb) (idm) = (informal) to meet and talk to influential people / poznawać wpływowe osoby e.g. I used to rub shoulders with many VIPs when I worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. forego /f¥`gø/ (v) = to let go of sth, to forget about sth, to do without sth although you’d like it / odmówić sobie, zrezygnować z czegoś e.g. We will have to forego our holiday if we want to buy a new house. scrapped /skr±pt/ (adj) = cancelled / odwołany e.g. The forthcoming meeting had to be scrapped due to the current train strike. prosecution /¿pr≥sæ`kj∂«ºn/ (n) = charging sb with a crime and then putting them on trial / wniesienie oskarżenia, ściganie e.g. The prosecution of war criminals is essential. Der.: prosecute (v), prosecutor (n) sneak into /`sn∞k æntº/ (phr v) = to enter quietly without being noticed / wśliznąć się e.g. She sneaked into the manager’s office and stole the file. Der.: sneaky (adj) Fleadh revellers = people listening to traditional Irish music / miłośnicy tradycyjnej muzyki irlandzkiej e.g. Fleadh revellers dominated the music festival. soaking /`søkæ…/ (n) = getting very wet / przemoknięcie e.g. During the storm, the football fans ran for cover to avoid a soaking. Mojo tent /`møπø tent/ (n) = a large tent for public events / duży namiot na wystawy, koncerty, itp. e.g. We prefer to give concerts in Mojo tents rather than in concert halls. impassioned /æm`p±«ºnd/ (adj) = expressing strong feelings / płomienny 77 Unit 6 6.134 6.135 6.136 6.137 6.138 6.139 6.140 6.141 6.142 6.143 6.144 6.145 78 e.g. She gave an impassioned speech about the plight of the homeless. vocal delivery /`vøkºl dæ`lævºri/ (n) = the way in which a song is expressed and sung by a vocalist / przekaz wokalny, śpiew e.g. Their vocal delivery was almost impeccable! tinged /tænπd/ (adj) = having the shade of a feeling or quality / zabarwiony e.g. Her voice was tinged with disappointment. zip /zæp/ (v) = (informal) to move at high speed / pędzić, gnać e.g. I’m just zipping to the shop to buy some food. bland /`bl±nd/ (adj) = showing no strong emotions, saying nothing interesting / bez wyrazu e.g. I hate this bland expression on his face. stoke up /`støk `∑p/ (phr v) = to make people feel sth more strongly / podsycać (uczucia) e.g. She stoked up the interest of her audience with her controversial ideas about the death penalty. heave /h∞v/ (v) = to move up and down in regular movements / podnosić się i opadać e.g. ∞s the storm increased, the ship heaved over the raging waves. gyrate /π¡`rΩt/ (v) = to dance or move in circles / wirować e.g. The woman began to gyrate to the music. Der.: gyration (n) textured /`tekst«ºd/ (adj) = composed of various elements in a special way / uwzględniający swoiste właściwości brzmieniowe i techniczne danego instrumentu lub zespołu wykonawczego e.g. The ensemble’s textured compositions fully caught one’s attention. Der.: texture (n) rumble /`r∑mbºl/ (v) = to make a low continuous noise / grzmieć, dudnić e.g. As soon as the children heard the thunder rumbling, they ran to find shelter. pelt down /`pelt `d¬n/ (phr v) = to rain very heavily / lać jak z cebra e.g. It was pelting down and we couldn’t see a thing through the windscreen. incessantly /æn`sesºntli/ (adv) = continuously / bez przerwy, nieustannie e.g. She complains incessantly; nothing pleases her. rafter /`r≤ftºr/ (n) = one of the sloping pieces of wood, metal, etc supporting a roof / dosł. krokiew; tu: podpora namiotu e.g. It snowed so heavily that one of the rafters broke and we had to have the roof repaired. English in Use (pp. 130–133) 6.146 6.147 6.148 6.149 6.150 6.151 6.152 6.153 6.154 6.155 6.156 6.157 dread /dred/ (v) = to fear sth intensely / bać się e.g. Mark always dreads going to the dentist. Der.: dreaded (adj), dreadful (adj) stroll /strøl/ (n) = a walk one takes for pleasure in a slow, relaxed way / przechadzka, spacer e.g. He took a stroll in the forest after dinner. patronise /`p±trºn¡z/ (v) = to treat sb in a superior way / traktować protekcjonalnie e.g. My sister has always patronised me, even though I’m older than her. Der.: patronising (adj), patronised (adj), patronisingly (adv) scholar /`sk≥lºr/ (n) = sb who studies an academic subject and knows a lot about it / uczony e.g. University scholars are pillars of society. popularise /`p≥pjμlºr¡z/ (v) = to cause sth to become generally liked / popularyzować e.g. Bruce Lee’s films did much to popularise combat sports. Der.: popular (adj), popularity (n) enlightening /æn`l¡tºnæ…/ (adj) = illuminating / pouczający e.g. The lecture proved to be quite enlightening on nineteenth-century literature. connotation /¿k≥nº`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = an implication / konotacja, wydźwięk e.g. There were racist connotations in her report on unemployment. iconised /`¡k≥n¡zd/ (adj) = deified, becoming a symbol / podniesiony do rangi symbolu e.g. Soon after his first big hit, Elvis was iconised by millions of people worldwide. Der.: icon (n) transparently /tr±ns`p±rºntli/ (adv) = in an easily perceptible way / jawnie, otwarcie, w przejrzysty sposób e.g. He conducts his affairs transparently without fear of criticism. Der.: transparent (adj), transparency (n) notion /`nø«ºn/ (n) = an idea, concept / pojęcie, idea e.g. His notion of equality was clearly distorted by prejudice. workshop /`wªk«≥p/ (n) = a room or building which contains tools / warsztat e.g. The artist’s workshop was full of canvases and unfinished paintings. art fair /`≤t f≈r/ (n) = an event at which people display and sell works of art / targi sztuki, kiermasz sztuki Unit 6 6.158 6.159 6.160 6.161 6.162 6.163 6.164 6.165 6.166 6.167 6.168 e.g. She was in the habit of visiting art fairs to buy new paintings. commission /kº`m櫺n/ (n) = an order / zlecenie, zamówienie e.g. She had a commission to paint the portrait of the Prime Minister. Der.: commissioner (n) aptly /`±ptli/ (adv) = suitably, appropriately / odpowiednio e.g. The bad-tempered horse was aptly named ”Firefly”. Der.: apt (adj) glib /glæb/ (adj) = clever but not sincere and not showing much thought / gładki, wygadany e.g. Politicians are glib speakers. fathom /`f±∫ºm/ (v) = to understand, to figure out / zgłębić, pojąć e.g. I was unable to fathom what exactly was going on. novelty /`n≥vºlti/ (n) = sth new and interesting / nowość e.g. Mobile phones are so commonplace that they are no longer a novelty. minefield /`m¡nf∞ld/ (n) = a subject or situation presenting unseen hazards / dosł. pole minowe; grząski grunt e.g. Going for dinner to Sue and Tom’s house is a real minefield; you never know what might trigger an argument between them. adversary /`±dvºsºri/ (n) = an enemy, competitor / przeciwnik, adwersarz e.g. He had a name for treating his adversaries harshly. Der.: adversity (n), adverse (adj) Opp.: ally summit /`s∑mæt/ (n) = a peak / szczyt e.g. The mountaineers were determined to reach the summit of the mountain. blizzard /`blæzºd/ (n) = a very bad snowstorm with strong winds / śnieżyca, burza śnieżna e.g. The blizzard made it impossible to drive to town. be tied to one’s mother’s apron strings (idm) = to be dependant on one’s mother / trzymać się matczynej spódnicy e.g. He could never make an important decision on his own; he always had to consult his mother. It was obvious he was still tied to her apron strings. be from the wrong side of the tracks (idm) = to come from a lower social class / pochodzić z nizin społecznych e.g. When he went to Oxford University, he found himself cast out by certain upper class individuals because they thought he was from the wrong side of the tracks. 6.169 6.170 6.171 6.172 6.173 6.174 6.175 6.176 6.177 6.178 6.179 6.180 slur /slªr/ (v) = to make an insulting remark or comment about sb, aimed to ruin their reputation / szkalować e.g. The prosecutor attempted to slur the reputation of the witness by making him look like a liar. tight-lipped /¿t¡t`læpt/ (adj) = refusing to talk about an issue, or saying very little / małomówny, oszczędny w słowach e.g. She was so tight-lipped when it came to her personal life that no one knew anything about her. the apple of sb’s eye (idm) = the most favourite person / czyjeś oczko w głowie, ulubieniec e.g. Her younger son had always been the apple of her eye. steadfastly /`stedf≤stli/ (adv) = insistently, firmly / niezłomnie, nieugięcie e.g. Pamela steadfastly refused to marry Joseph even though her father insisted on it. flourishing /`fl∑ræ«æ…/ (adj) = successful, developing quickly / kwitnący, świetnie prosperujący e.g. His career was flourishing and he was determined to get to the top. chasm /`k±zºm/ (n) = a gap / przepaść e.g. The chasm between the couple had become unbearable for both of them, so they had to divorce. widen /`w¡dºn/ (v) = to expand / rozszerzać się, zwiększać się e.g. The gap between the two half-sisters widened when their father’s will was read, and they realised they hadn’t been treated equally. lot /l≥t/ (n) = sb’s luck or situation in life / los, dola e.g. I’m happy with what I have and satisfied with my lot. ensconced /æn`sk≥nst/ (adj) = settled firmly and comfortably somewhere / wygodnie i bezpiecznie ulokowany e.g. She sits ensconced in her luxurious house, not really caring about others who are less fortunate. eke out a living/existence (idm) = to get enough food or money to live but not more / wiązać koniec z końcem e.g. It’s hard to eke out a living on our farm. be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (idm) = to be born into a rich family / urodzić się w bogatej rodzinie e.g. Kathy was born with a silver spoon in her mouth and she has never really worried about money. envy /`envi/ (n) = intense jealousy / zazdrość, zawiść e.g. Philip was green with envy when he was told that Susan, with whom he had been in love for years, was dating Mark Allen. 79 Unit 6 6.181 6.182 6.183 6.184 6.185 6.186 6.187 6.188 6.189 6.190 stuck-up /¿st∑k`∑p/ (adj) = very proud and unfriendly / nadęty, zadufany e.g. She was so stuck-up that she never said ”hello” to anyone at the office. decked out /¿dekt `¬t/ (adj) = decorated or dressed for a special occasion / wystrojony e.g. She was decked out in an expensive evening gown, even though she was only going to the pub next door. unfounded /∑n`f¬ndæd/ (adj) = having no justification / bezpodstawny e.g. Her suspicions of her husband cheating on her were completely unfounded. be on the verge of sth = to be about to do sth / być bliskim (czegoś), być u progu (czegoś) e.g. She was on the verge of a mental breakdown when she found out she had lost her job. stockowner /`st≥kønºr/ (n) = sb who owns shares in a company / właściciel akcji, akcjonariusz e.g. He had been a major stockowner of the business that went under. fight (sb/sth) tooth and nail (idm) = to fight in a determined way / walczyć do upadłego e.g. I’m prepared to fight tooth and nail to get this job. hallowed /`h±lød/ (adj) = highly respected and admired, renowned / otaczany czcią, szanowany e.g. It was the first time I visited the hallowed Cathedral. stockbroker /`st≥kbrøkºr/ (n) = a person whose job is to buy and sell shares for people who want to invest money / makler giełdowy e.g. He embarked on a new career as a stockbroker hoping to make a lot of money for himself. gallantly /`g±lºntli/ (adv) = politely, honourably / z galanterią, szarmancko e.g. He gallantly opened the door for her as she stepped out of the car. Der.: gallant (adj) trampled /`tr±mpºld/ (adj) = stepped on / zdeptany e.g. She got trampled in the panic-stricken crowd. 6.194 6.195 6.196 6.197 6.198 6.199 6.200 6.201 6.202 Writing (pp. 134–138) 6.191 6.192 6.193 80 rapport /r±`p¥r/ (n) = good relationship, understanding / dobre stosunki e.g. The film didn’t work because there was no rapport between the lead actors. prose /prøz/ (n) = ordinary written language as opposed to poetry / proza e.g. Prose has always been more popular with readers than poetry. compelling /kºm`pelæ…/ (adj) = very interesting / zajmujący, arcyciekawy 6.203 6.204 6.205 e.g. The thriller we saw yesterday was so compelling that we watched it straight through without a break. twisted /`twæstæd/ (adj) = having a lot of sudden changes of direction / zawiły, kręty e.g. The path through the woods was so twisted and turned so abruptly that we eventually lost our way. Der.: twist (n) deadened /`dedºnd/ (adj) = made less strong or loud / uśmierzony, stłumiony e.g. My pain was deadened by the drugs prescribed by my doctor. amateurish /`±mºtºræ«/ (adj) = not skilful / amatorski e.g. The whole production was rather amateurish with the exception of the leading lady’s performance. Der.: amateur (n) Opp.: professional star-studded /`st≤¿st∑dæd/ (adj) = including a large number of famous performers / rojący się od gwiazd e.g. When Cats was first performed in London, it was a star-studded production; everyone rushed to see it. hackneyed /`h±knæd/ (adj) = seen, heard or mentioned many times before / oklepany, wyświechtany e.g. Most of the punch lines were hackneyed and that made the whole episode rather dull. stunt /st∑nt/ (n) = a dangerous and exciting piece of action in a film / wyczyn kaskaderski e.g. The actor insisted on performing his own stunts and he got seriously injured. bin-liner /`bænl¡nºr/ (n) = a plastic bag that is placed inside a dustbin / worek foliowy na śmieci e.g. We had run out of bin-liners so I used a plastic carrier bag instead. scruffy /`skr∑fi/ (adj) = dirty and untidy / niechlujny e.g. He was told that his clothes were too scruffy to wear to work, and that he would have to dress in a more business-like manner. recapture /¿r∞`k±pt«ºr/ (v) = to re-create / odtworzyć e.g. In the new play he wrote, the playwright managed to recapture the atmosphere of World War Two. sinister /`sænæstºr/ (adj) = evil or harmful / ponury, złowrogi e.g. There was something sinister about her that I found rather disturbing. furious /`fjΔriºs/ (adj) = extremely angry / wściekły e.g. He was furious when he found out that his son had failed the exam. Der.: furiously (adv) manipulated /mº`næpjμlΩtºd/ (adj) = controlled / manipulowany Unit 6 6.206 6.207 6.208 6.209 6.210 6.211 6.212 6.213 6.214 6.215 6.216 e.g. She felt constantly manipulated by her husband as she was always doing things she didn’t want to do. Der.: manipulation (n) drawling /`dr¥læ…/ (adj) = (of speech) slow and lazy, with long vowel sounds / (o sposobie mówienia) cechujący się przeciąganiem samogłosek e.g. His drawling speech and vague expression made others think he wasn’t very bright. animated /`±næmΩtæd/ (adj) = enthusiastic, lively and expressive / ożywiony, pełen energii e.g. Everyone at the party was animated and determined to have a good time. Der.: animatedly (adv), animation (n) crude /kr∂d/ (adj) = rude, offensive, unsophisticated / niewybredny, prostacki e.g. He liked to make crude jokes that were offensive to women. Der.: crudely (adv), crudity (n), crudeness (n) persecutor /`pªsækj∂tºr/ (n) = sb who treats sb else cruelly and unfairly, especially because of their religious or political beliefs or their race / prześladowca e.g. He decided to fight his persecutors in every possible way. Der.: persecution (n) intricate /`æntrækºt/ (adj) = complicated, quite complex / zawiły, skomplikowany e.g. Applying for citizenship is an intricate procedure. Der.: intricately (adv) conspiracy /kºn`spærºsi/ (n) = secret planning by a group of people to do sth illegal / spisek e.g. There had been a conspiracy to kill the president. facilitator /fº`sælætΩtºr/ (n) = a person or organisation that helps to achieve sth / osoba lub organizacja odgrywająca rolę pomocnika e.g. Each working team will meet with its facilitator. dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = an argument or disagreement / spór e.g. There was a dispute between the management and the workforce over wage rises. hard-line /`h≤dl¡n/ (adj) = strict and extreme / bezkompromisowy e.g. A lot of countries disagreed with the United States’ hard-line stance towards the war in the Middle East. compromise /`k≥mprºm¡z/ (n) = agreement / kompromis e.g. The warring factions agreed to reach a compromise regarding the release of political prisoners. pitted against sb = in competition with sb / rywalizujący z kimś, w opozycji do kogoś e.g. She was pitted against two other candidates. 6.217 6.218 6.219 6.220 6.221 6.222 6.223 6.224 6.225 6.226 6.227 6.228 6.229 6.230 black-clad /`bl±k¿kl±d/ (adj) = dressed in black / ubrany na czarno e.g. He caught sight of a black-clad figure disappearing in the dark. captivate /`k±ptævΩt/ (v) = to enthral, fascinate, attract / zauroczyć, zniewolić e.g. Her beauty captivated me. Der.: captivating (adj), captivated (adj), captive (n) panache /pº`n±«/ (n) = a confident, stylish and elegant manner / polot, błyskotliwość e.g. Her panache at dealing with the media is quite astonishing. menacing /`menæsæ…/ (adj) = threatening / groźny e.g. There was something menacing in the tone of her voice. Der.: menacingly (adv), menace (n) mastery /`m≤stºri/ (n) = a complete knowledge of a skill / mistrzostwo e.g. MacAlistair’s faithful translation of the novel demonstrates his mastery of the Russian language. Der.: masterful (adj), masterfully (adv), masterfulness (n) rubric /`r∂bræk/ (n) = a set of rules or instructions / instrukcje, polecenia e.g. The exam paper rubrics have to be read very carefully. durability /¿djΔrº`bælæti/ (n) = the ability to last for a long time / trwałość e.g. The company’s products were famous for their durability and quality. Der.: durable (adj) sleek /sl∞k/ (adj) = smooth and shiny / lśniący e.g. The furnishings were both sleek and stylish. courteous /`kªtiºs/ (adj) = polite, respectful / uprzejmy e.g. His refusal was courteous but firm. Der.: courteously (adv) punctual /`p∑…kt«uºl/ (adj) = on time / punktualny e.g. She was always punctual at work and never gave anyone reason to complain. Der.: punctuality (n) intended for /æn`tendæd fºr/ (adj) = designed for / przeznaczony na coś lub dla kogoś e.g. The money he gave her was intended for the purchase of a new car. Titian /`t櫺n/ Carracci /kº`r±∏i/ collaboration /kº¿l±bº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = working together to produce a piece of work / współpraca e.g. Close collaboration between teachers and parents is necessary for the best interest of the students. 81 Unit 6 6.231 6.232 6.233 6.234 6.235 be acclaimed = to be praised enthusiastically / spotkać się z uznaniem e.g. Her books for children were acclaimed as soon as they were published. Der.: acclaim (n) impact /`æmp±kt/ (n) = effect / wpływ e.g. Last year’s reforms had a great impact on the average person’s standard of living. intertwine /¿æntº`tw¡n/ (v) = to be twisted together, closely connected / splatać, przeplatać się e.g. The lives of the two friends were closely intertwined. depiction /dæ`pæk«ºn/ (n) = the way sth is portrayed or described / przedstawienie, obraz e.g. The film’s depiction of racism in the southern states of America was very realistic. etching /`e∏æ…/ (n) = engraving / akwaforta e.g. The museum exhibited a wide collection of etchings of wild flowers and animals. 6.236 6.237 6.238 perceptive /pº`septæv/ (adj) = having insight / spostrzegawczy e.g. She is quite perceptive when it comes to other people’s emotions. Der.: perception (n), perceptiveness (n) unparalleled /∑n`p±rºleld/ (adj) = having no equal / niezrównany, niespotykany e.g. His success in the field of genetics remains unparalleled. blend /blend/ (n) = a mixture / połączenie, mieszanka e.g. He uses a blend of conventional and modern techniques in his work. VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 The lead .......... of that rock group last night was excellent! A conductor C villain B vocalist D scholar 6 That comedy I saw last night was just .......... ! A radical C innovative B hilarious D enlightening 2 James Cameron’s film Titanic was a .......... . A controversy C blockbuster B footnote D notion 7 Harry Potter doesn’t really exist. He’s only a .......... character. A figurative C fictitious B spellbound D awestruck 3 Benjamin makes a .......... income and he’s only just started at the company. A sizeable C startling B flattering D riveting 4 Aristotle Onassis was one of the most well-known oil .......... in the world. A surrealists C adversaries B facilitators D tycoons 5 Evening dress was compulsory at the state .......... . A banquet C workshop B art fair D stunt 82 8 My father can be very strict and .......... at times. A distinct C pragmatic B zealous D overbearing 9 Anastasia’s house has all kinds of Elvis .......... because she’s a big fan of his. A memorabilia C imagery B newsreels D etchings 10 You need to get a new .......... for your electric guitar. The old one isn’t any good. A spare C backing singer B amplifier D angle Unit 6 B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ embraces ñ inner ñ diverse ñ summon up ñ deceased ñ gallantly ñ sinister ñ punctual ñ envy ñ scruffy 1 The performing arts course ..................... a number of activities; acting, singing and dancing to name but a few. 6 Celine Dion is very talented and appeals to a ....................... audience because she keeps up with the latest music trends. 2 She’s writing a biography of the ..................... actress. 7 Nick Nolte played a ................ tramp in one of his films. 3 To be a successful actor, one must be able to get into the .................... thoughts of the character one is going to play. 8 Kathleen finally had to ..................... all her courage to go to the audition for the lead role in the musical. 4 Young girls tend to ..................... famous actresses and models and try to be like them. 9 Naomi Campbell is well-known for not being .................. for her photo-shoots and for her bad temper. 5 Donald Sutherland is best-known for playing ................... characters in thrillers. 10 Russell Crowe fought ..................... in The Gladiator, don’t you think? C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 The colours of your clothes do not match – they ..................... . I don’t get on well with my brother because our personalities ..................... . Unfortunately, I won’t be able to go to both Theresa’s and Jane’s weddings as the dates ........................ . 2 My mother ..................... me warmly as if she hadn’t seen me for ages. Most trade union leaders ..................... the new European rulings regarding pay and working conditions. His first novel ..................... a whole range of emotions, however, I found his second book rather shallow. 4 I.Q. tests are a .................... way of measuring someone’s intelligence and are not always accurate. Petrol is found in its ..................... form and then is refined for use. I will not tolerate .................... language in my classroom. 5 The building was leaning at a 30 degree ..................... . “It’s hard to see his face from this ..................... .” We discussed the problem from every conceivable ..................... , but we just couldn’t find a solution. 3 Mr Brown is going to ..................... the Junior Philharmonic in its first performance. Be careful how you ......................... yourself when you visit my parents. The government is going to ............................... an experiment. 83 Unit 6 D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 Out of all her eight children, Adam, her youngest, was Mrs Conner’s favourite. apple Mrs Conner considered Adam, the youngest out of her eight children, to be ..................... eye. 2 It is said that he comes from a very bad neighbourhood as well as from a very poor family. side People say that he comes from ..................... ......................................................... tracks . 3 Before you sign a contract with any record company, read it very carefully. lines Always ............................................... before signing a contract with any record company. 4 The new record company was such a success that many artists joined it. jump The success of the new record company led many artists .................................................. ................................................. bandwagon. 5 Beau Bridges isn’t as famous as his brother Jeff Bridges even though he is a better actor. second Even though he’s a better actor, Beau Bridges ........................................ to his brother Jeff. 6 The old filing system was changed totally when computers were introduced. down Computers ........................................ on the old filing system when they were introduced. 7 The President of the company was informed in detail about the workers’ plan to start a riot. put The President of the company was ............... ......... about the workers’ plan to start a riot. 8 Joshua is too dependent on his mother. He can’t make his own decisions and always asks her for advice. strings Joshua is ......................................................; he can’t make his own decisions and always asks her for advice. 9 I don’t know if I’ll get the part as Tonia is more talented than I am in every way. hard Tonia is ......................................................... ................ so I don’t know if I’ll get the part. 10 There’s going to be a lot of competition for the lead role in James Cameron’s new adventure film. wings There are many actors just ............................ for the lead role in James Cameron’s new adventure film. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. The entertainment business has always been 1) ........................... and attractive to people all around the world. It seems to be growing in 2) ........................... with each passing year. The younger generation defines entertainment as cool and 3) ........................... and this often leads to the misconception that by being famous you live an easy and less stressful life and that you can get whatever you want. Why? Why, because you are rich of course! However, it is an 4) ........................... fact that becoming famous in your chosen field (whether it be music of fine arts) is a very difficult task and quite an 5) ........................... if you can deal with the pressure that comes with it. Fame has a price. Put quite simply – it’s the violation of your private life. It is 6) .................................. to the common person what exactly many ”stars” go through. They are in a constant battle with 7) ......................................... ”paparazzi” reporters and 8) ........................... tabloids. It has caused 9) .................................... situations for many stars and they have filed lawsuits in order to protect themselves. Ever since the untimely death of Princess Diana, there has been worldwide 10) ............................... of the ”paparazzi” as they will stop at nothing to get a story. So, before one decides to go into the entertainment business, one should consider all the pros and cons. You have to be tough as there is a lot to deal with. If you need any 11) ........................... , just read the headlines of any tabloid. 84 CAPTIVATE POPULAR AWE DISPUTE ACCOMPLISH COMPREHEND DREAD SLANDER OPPRESS CONDEMN CONFIRM Self-Assessment Module Vocabulary & Grammar (p. 139) SA3.1 SA3.2 SA3.3 SA3.4 SA3.5 SA3.6 SA3.7 SA3.8 SA3.9 SA3.10 SA3.11 inept /æ`nept/ (adj) = unskilled or ineffective / nieudolny, nieporadny e.g. He is a great salesman, but he is totally inept at collecting money from his clients. Der.: ineptitude/ineptness (n), ineptly (adv) treatable /`tr∞tºbºl/ (adj) = (of a disease) that can be cured / uleczalny e.g. Thanks to advances in modern medicine, many contagious diseases are now treatable. Der.: treat (v), treatment (n) blight /bl¡t/ (n) = sth that harms or damages sth else / cień, piętno e.g. The fact that her father didn’t come to her wedding was a blight on her happiness. Der.: blight (v), blighted (adj) toil /t√l/ (n) = hard physical work / harówka, znój e.g. After the toil of picking olives all day, we would all go to the local restaurant for dinner. Der.: toil (v) chore /∏¥r/ (n) = a boring or unpleasant job that has to be done / uciążliwy obowiązek e.g. When I lived at home one of my chores was to mow the lawn. discrepancy /dæs`krepºnsi/ (n) = a difference between two things that should be the same / rozbieżność e.g. There was a large discrepancy between the price we had been quoted and the bill they sent us. Der.: discrepant (adj) disparity /dæs`p±ræti/ (n) = a noticeable difference between two or more things / dysproporcja, różnica e.g. There was a huge disparity between the affection my parents showed to me and my younger sister. Der.: disparate (adj) deluge /`delj∂π/ (n) = a great quantity of sth / zalew, potop e.g. The popular movie star receives a deluge of fan mail every day. horde /h¥d/ (n) = (negative) a large group of people / chmara, horda e.g. A horde of football hooligans got onto the train. deficiency /dæ`f櫺nsi/ (n) = lack or shortage of sth / niedobór e.g. The child is suffering from calcium deficiency. Der.: deficient (adj) insufficiency /¿ænsº`f櫺nsi/ (n) = not enough of sth / niedostatek, brak SA3.12 SA3.13 SA3.14 SA3.15 SA3.16 SA3.17 SA3.18 SA3.19 3 e.g. There is an insufficiency of well-trained staff in public hospitals. defect /`d∞fekt/ (n) = a flaw or imperfection / wada, usterka, defekt e.g. The new plane was grounded because of a defect in the cabin pressure control system. Der.: defective /dæ`fektæv/ (adj) mainstay /`mΩnstΩ/ (n) = the basis of sth / podstawa, filar e.g. Macaroni with cheese was the mainstay of our diet when we were university students. piecework /`p∞swªk/ (n) = work that is paid for according to the number of produced items / praca akordowa e.g. My mother used to do piecework for a local shirt factory; she got paid í2.00 per shirt. wayside /`wΩs¡d/ (n) = the edge of a road or path / skraj drogi e.g. We saw several cars abandoned along the wayside. Der.: wayside (adj) astound /º`st¬nd/ (v) = to shock, surprise / zdumiewać, wprawiać w osłupienie e.g. He astounded me by asking me to marry him. Der.: astounding (adj), astoundingly (adv) sedentary /`sedºntºri/ (adj) = involving very little physical activity / siedzący e.g. My lifestyle has become a lot more sedentary since I started working in an office. outbreak /`¬tbrΩk/ (n) = a sudden start of sth unpleasant / wybuch e.g. Poor sanitary conditions caused an outbreak of malaria. incompetence /æn`k≥mpætºns/ (n) = inability to do sth properly / brak kompetencji, niekompetencja e.g. Due to the incompetence of my accountant, I had to pay a large amount of income tax this year. Der.: incompetent (adj), incompetently (adv) Use of English (pp. 139–140) SA3.20 SA3.21 subside /sºb`s¡d/ (v) = to become less strong or intense / ucichnąć, zmniejszyć się e.g. By the next morning, her pain subsided and she was beginning to feel better. ulcer /`∑lsºr/ (n) = an open sore inside or outside the body / wrzód e.g. He can’t eat fried foods because they upset his stomach ulcer. 85 Self-Assessment Module 3 SA3.22 SA3.23 sibling /`sæblæ…/ (n) = a brother or sister / brat lub siostra, ktoś z rodzeństwa e.g. I have three siblings, one brother and two sisters. revel /`revºl/ (v) = to celebrate noisily / świętować, bawić się e.g. They revelled all weekend when their team won the football championship. Der.: reveller (n), revelry (n) Reading (pp. 140–141) SA3.24 SA3.25 SA3.26 SA3.27 SA3.28 SA3.29 SA3.30 SA3.31 SA3.32 SA3.33 86 rebel /`rebºl/ (n) = sb who opposes and fights against a government or people in authority / buntownik e.g. Fighting broke out between the rebels and the army when the democratic elections were postponed. Der.: rebellion (n), rebel (v) breeding /`br∞dæ…/ (n) = upbringing / wychowanie e.g. She’s always polite; you can tell she has good breeding. empyrean /¿empæ`r∞ºn/ (n) = (very formal or literary) heaven, sky / empireum, siedziba bogów, niebo e.g. She gazed into the starry empyrean. dazzling /`d±zlæ…/ (adj) = extremely impressive, beautiful or skilful / olśniewający e.g. The soprano gave a dazzling performance. Der.: dazzle (v) executante /æg`zekjutºnt/ (n) = a performer, musician or artist / wykonawca e.g. As a pianist she does have passion, but is not a great executante. Beethoven /`bΩthøvºn/ gainsay /¿gΩn`sΩ/ (v) = to deny, contradict / zakwestionować, zaprzeczyć e.g. He has taught for thirty years and his competence cannot be gainsaid. linger /`læ…gºr/ (v) = to stay behind, to be unwilling to leave / zostać dłużej, ociągać się z odejściem e.g. After the play, some members of the audience lingered at the stage door, hoping to catch a glimpse of the actors. disperse /dæ`spªs/ (v) = to leave in different directions / rozproszyć się e.g. The football fans dispersed noisily after the final match. Der.: dispersal (n) intoxicate /æn`t≥ksækΩt/ (v) = here: to excite, to exhilarate / odurzyć; tu: olśnić e.g. The audience was intoxicated by the brilliant performance of the young violinist. Der.: intoxication (n), intoxicated (adj) SA3.34 SA3.35 SA3.36 SA3.37 SA3.38 SA3.39 SA3.40 SA3.41 SA3.42 SA3.43 SA3.44 SA3.45 ponder /`p≥ndºr/ (v) = to think about sth carefully / zastanawiać się, rozmyślać e.g. The chess player pondered over his every move. parish /`p±ræ«/ (n) = a small area or community with its own church / parafia e.g. The church in the parish where he lives dates back to the 13th century. Der.: parishioner (n) under the auspices of = with the support of / pod auspicjami, pod patronatem e.g. The housing project continued under the auspices of the Community Housing Association. vicar /`vækºr/ (n) = a priest in a particular parish or area / pastor e.g. Our local vicar often organises charity events. recite /ræ`s¡t/ (v) = to say sth from memory / recytować e.g. The schoolchildren recited short poems during their end-of-term celebration. Der.: recitation (n), reciter (n) composure /kºm`pø»ºr/ (n) = calmness and selfcontrol / spokój, opanowanie e.g. The teacher lost his composure when the students refused to sit down and stop talking. Der.: compose (v), composed (adj) herald /`herºld/ (v) = to be a sign that sth will happen / zapowiadać, być zwiastunem e.g. The dark clouds heralded the storm. Der.: herald (n) stroke /strøk/ (n) = a blow, a hit / uderzenie e.g. His last stroke with the cricket bat meant victory for his team. Der.: stroke (v) intricacy /`æntrækºsi/ (n) = complexity / zawiłość, złożoność e.g. I couldn’t understand the intricacies of the hi-tech computer game. Der.: intricate (adj), intricately (adv) clap /kl±p/ (v) = to hit one’s hands together to make a loud noise / klaskać e.g. The young children clapped their hands to the music. stamp /st±mp/ (v) = to bring down one’s foot heavily on the ground / tupać e.g. The angry child stamped his foot and refused to put his coat on. perversity /pº`vªsæti/ (n) = unreasonable stubbornness / przewrotność, przekora e.g. He refused to cooperate out of perversity. Der.: perverse (adj), perversely (adv) Unit 7 SA3.46 SA3.47 SA3.48 SA3.49 disjoin /dæs`π√n/ (v) = to separate / oddzielić e.g. The school became disjoined from the church when the council took over from the nuns. stool /st∂l/ (n) = a seat with no back or arms / stołek e.g. The café had a long counter with stools for customers to sit on. meringue /mº`r±…/ (n) = a baked dessert made with egg whites and sugar / beza e.g. My mother makes delicious lemon meringues. vet /vet/ (v) = to carefully check the contents or quality of sth / sprawdzić, skontrolować e.g. All articles are vetted by the editor before publication. SA3.50 duty-bound /`dj∂ti¿b¬nd/ (adj) = (morally or legally) obliged to do sth / zobligowany, zobowiązany e.g. The policeman was duty-bound to give him a speeding ticket. Listening (p. 142) SA3.51 SA3.52 pain reliever /`pΩn ræ`l∞vºr/ (n) = sth that reduces pain / środek przeciwbólowy e.g. The doctor recommended that I take a mild pain reliever such as Panadol or Depon. analgesic /±nºl`π∞zæk/ (n) = a painkiller / środek przeciwbólowy e.g. Paracetamol is a mild analgesic. Born to Win! 7.1 7.2 preconception /¿pr∞kºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a belief formed about sth before one has enough information or experience / z góry przyjęty osąd e.g. He allowed his preconceptions about other cultures to prevent him from travelling. ageism /`Ωπæzºm/ (n) = discrimination against old people / dyskryminacja z powodu wieku e.g. Although he was only forty, he was confronted by ageism whenever he applied for a job. Lead-in (p. 145) 7.3 7.4 agility /º`πælæti/ (n) = the ability to move quickly and easily / zręczność, zwinność e.g. He was impressed by the gymnast’s agility. strive /str¡v/ (v) = to make great effort to achieve sth / dążyć do czegoś e.g. The people of this country are striving for their independence. 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Reading (pp. 146–147) 7.5 7.6 7.7 on the verge of sth = about to do sth / bliski (zrobienia czegoś), na progu e.g. ∏e was on the verge of leaving when he realised he had forgotten his keys. intent on squandering one’s talent = deliberately not using one’s natural skills / uparcie trwoniący swój talent e.g. People believed that he was intent on squandering his talent when he refused to play chess. squander /`skw≥ndºr/ (v) = to waste / trwonić 7.12 7.13 7 e.g. Adam didn’t squander his money, he invested it in shares and property. triumphant /tr¡`∑mfºnt/ (adj) = victorious / triumfalny, triumfujący e.g. The triumphant team celebrated their victory. Der.: triumphantly (adv) precede /præ`s∞d/ (v) = to come before sth else / poprzedzać e.g. The parade will precede the annual ball. Der.: preceding (adj), precedent (n) literal /`lætºrºl/ (adj) = (of sense or meaning) the most basic / dosłowny, literalny e.g. The people are fighting, in a literal sense, for their lives. Der.: literally (adv) implication /¿æmplæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = the things that are likely to happen as a result of sth / konsekwencja, następstwo e.g. The implications of his actions could be devastating. cliché /`kl∞«Ω/ (n) = an idea or phrase which has been used so many times that it has lost effect or meaning / komunał, truizm e.g. I’ve learned that the cliché about life not being fair is true. Der.: clichéd (adj) inattention /¿ænº`ten«ºn/ (n) = lack of attention / nieuwaga e.g. A moment’s inattention allowed the other team to score. 87 Unit 7 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 88 sacrilegious /¿s±krº`læπºs/ (adj) = showing great disrespect towards sth holy or sth that people think should be respected / świętokradczy e.g. A number of sacrilegious acts were committed inside the church during the riot. impairing /æm`p≈ræ…/ (adj) = weakening / osłabiający e.g. After a physically impairing year he deserved a break. draining /`drΩni…/ (adj) = exhausting / wycieńczający e.g. Working in an office for eight hours a day is draining. resurgence /ræ`sªπºns/ (n) = reappearance and growth / odrodzenie się e.g. We hope for a period of economic resurgence in this country. unprecedented /∑n`presædentæd/ (adj) = that has never happened before / bezprecedensowy e.g. The president’s decision to stand trial is unprecedented in history. fleeting /`fl∞tæ…/ (adj) = lasting for a very short time / chwilowy, przelotny e.g. The young actor’s success was fleeting, after a year no one remembered him. Der.: fleetingly (adv) double over /`d∑bºl `øvºr/ (phr v) = to suddenly bend forward when in pain or laughing very much / zgiąć się w pół e.g. When Ralph finished the joke, I doubled over, laughing hysterically. be washed-up = to be no longer successful / wypalić się, skończyć się (np. w swoim zawodzie) e.g. The critics say I am washed-up as an actress, but that’s not true! vomit /`v≥mæt/ (v) = to be sick / wymiotować e.g. Any product made from cow’s milk made him vomit. flowerpot /`fl¬ºp≥t/ (n) = a container used for growing plants / doniczka e.g. Paul planted geraniums in a flowerpot to put on his balcony. courtside /`k¥ts¡d/ (n) = the area next to a tennis court / pas obok kortu tenisowego e.g. The ball flew high in the air and landed on the courtside. toll /tøl/ (n) = a price / cena e.g. Working for so many hours took a toll on his health. vulnerability /¿v∑lnºrº`bælæti/ (n) = being more likely to be hurt, fall ill, etc than others / wrażliwość, podatność 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 e.g. Taking antibiotics for too long may increase your vulnerability to infection. highly-strung /¿h¡li`str∑…/ (adj) = nervous, easily upset / bardzo nerwowy e.g. He is highly-strung and hard to deal with at the moment. frame /frΩm/ (n) = the body / ciało e.g. The tailored jacket suited his slim frame. rawness /`r¥nºs/ (n) = power and naturalness / szczerość, spontaniczność e.g. The rawness of his grief could be felt by all who witnessed it. exacerbate /æg`z±sºbΩt/ (v) = to make a problem or a situation worse, to aggravate / pogorszyć, zaognić e.g. Simple misunderstandings exacerbated the already tense relationship between the two countries. Der.: exacerbation (n) succession /sºk`se«ºn/ (n) = a number of things that happen one after the other / seria, sekwencja e.g. The restaurant had a succession of owners, none of whom were able to make a profit. devastating /`devºstΩtæ…/ (adj) = shocking, upsetting / druzgocący, niszczycielski e.g. A devastating flood hit Bangladesh, leaving thousands of people homeless. relentlessly /ræ`lentlºsli/ (adv) = without stopping / bez przerwy e.g. He trained relentlessly in his pursuit of the gold medal. scrutiny /`skr∂tæni/ (n) = careful examination / analiza, baczna obserwacja e.g. His private life was constantly under media scrutiny. internal /æn`tªnºl/ (adj) = connected with the inside of sth / wewnętrzny e.g. He struggled to overcome his internal feelings of guilt after the accident. Der.: internally (adv) √pp.: external compelling /kºm`pelæ…/ (adj) = interesting, irresistible / interesujący, porywający e.g. The film was frightening but compelling. archetypal /¿≤kæ`t¡pºl/ (adj) = typical of a certain type or thing / archetypowy e.g. He is an archetypal hero, always helping people and fighting against evil. solipsistic /¿s≥læp`sæstæk/ (adj) = believing that only the self can be known to exist / solipsystyczny, uznający, że istnieje tylko jednostkowy podmiot poznający, zaś cała rzeczywistość jest jedynie kompleksem jego wrażeń Unit 7 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 7.44 7.45 7.46 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 e.g. Many celebrities are so solipsistic: they live in a world of their own that has nothing to do with reality. Der.: solipsism (n) at odds with (idm) = in conflict with / e.g. His strong feelings were at odds with his calm appearance. quibble /`kwæbºl/ (v) = to argue / spierać się e.g. Let’s not quibble over whose turn it is, I’ll do the washing up this time. prodigy /`pr≥dæπi/ (n) = a young person who has a great natural talent for sth / cudowne dziecko, osoba obdarzona wyjątkowym talentem e.g. The Russian chess prodigy is on her way to becoming the youngest world champion of all time. blaze /blΩz/ (n) = a sudden show or occurrence / blask, wybuch e.g. The royal couple disinherited the Prince in a blaze of publicity. hype /h¡p/ (n) = mass media coverage, discussions or advertisements focusing on one topic or one product / krzykliwa reklama; szum medialny e.g. Don’t believe a word of this marketing hype! strung out /¿str∑… `¬t/ (adj) = nervous, deeply affected by sth / wycieńczony e.g. He is so strung out by the project that he will never finish it on time. notoriety /¿nøtº`r¡ºti/ (n) = bad fame / zła sława e.g. He achieved notoriety as the leader of a terrorist group. Der.: notorious (adj) precipitate /præ`sæpætΩt/ (v) = to cause sth to happen sooner than normal / przyspieszyć e.g. A slight mistake could precipitate a disaster. Der.: precipitation (n) pensive /`pensæv/ (adj) = deep in thought / zadumany, zamyślony e.g. He looked pensive at the mention of the deadline. stress-induced /`stresæn¿dj∂st/ (adj) = caused by stress / spowodowany stresem e.g. His nervous breakdown was stress-induced. aloof /º`l∂f/ (adj) = not very friendly or willing to spend time with other people / wyniosły, z dystansem e.g. He kept himself aloof and preferred his own company. Der.: aloofness (n) irate /¡`rΩt/ (adj) = very angry, furious / wzburzony e.g. The owner was so irate that he almost threw me out of the place. awed /¥d/ (adj) = amazed / zaskoczony, zdziwiony e.g. The crowd listened to the song in awed silence. 7.52 debilitating /dæ`bælætΩtæ…/ (adj) = weakening, exhausting / osłabiający, wyniszczający e.g. A debilitating illness has been the cause of his current loss of form. Language Focus (pp. 148–151) 7.53 7.54 7.55 7.56 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62 7.63 midfielder /`mædf∞ldºr/ (n) = a footballer who usually plays in the centre of the pitch, both attacking and defending / (w piłce nożnej) środkowy e.g. David Beckham is one of the world’s best midfielders. striker /`str¡kºr/ (n) = a footballer whose main role is to try and score goals / napastnik e.g. Michael Owen is a striker for Liverpool. groundsman /`gr¬ndzmºn/ (n) = sb who maintains sports grounds or the grounds of an institution / zarządca, gospodarz terenu e.g. Our groundsman maintains our sports facilities in perfect condition. lane /lΩn/ (n) = a narrow path on an athletics track which is marked by lines / tor e.g. The runner in lane three appears to be having difficulties. pitch /pæ∏/ (n) = an area that is marked out and used for playing a game such as football, cricket or hockey / boisko e.g. Their behaviour both on and off the pitch was a credit to the game. course /k¥s/ (n) = an area where races are held or golf is played / bieżnia, tor wyścigowy lub pole golfowe e.g. Mr Killingback often holds business meetings at his private golf course. court /k¥t/ (n) = an area where one plays games such as tennis, squash, basketball or badminton / kort, boisko e.g. The hotel has several squash and badminton courts inside the sports hall. formidable /`f¥mædºbºl/ (adj) = frightening and impressive / budzący respekt, potężny e.g. He has a formidable reputation on the pitch. prevail /præ`vΩl/ (v) = to win / zwyciężyć e.g. Liverpool hope to prevail in their match against Leeds United on Saturday. dribble /`dræbºl/ (v) = to kick the ball lightly to keep it moving / dryblować e.g. He tried to dribble the ball past the defender, but he was not quick enough. suspend /sº`spend/ (v) = to delay an action or prevent sb from holding a position / zawiesić e.g. The referee decided to suspend Batistuta for the vicious tackle he made. 89 Unit 7 7.64 7.65 7.66 7.67 7.68 7.69 7.70 7.71 7.72 7.73 7.74 7.75 7.76 7.77 90 runner-up /¿r∑nºr`∑p/ (n) = the person who comes second in a race / zdobywca drugiego miejsca e.g. The runner-up finished only three seconds behind the winner. umpire /`∑mp¡ºr/ (n) = the person whose job is to make sure that a sports match or contest is played fairly and that the rules are followed / sędzia sportowy e.g. The tennis player argued with the umpire’s decision, but it was a waste of time. handicap /`h±ndæk±p/ (n) = a disadvantage / przeszkoda, utrudnienie e.g. Losing their star player was a handicap to the team. feat /f∞t/ (n) = an achievement / osiągnięcie e.g. A racing car is an extraordinary feat of engineering. jersey /`πªzi/ (n) = a jumper / sweter e.g. Which football jersey do you intend to buy? strip /stræp/ (n) = the uniform of a particular team / barwy drużyny e.g. Everton will be playing in their blue strip today. outfit /`¬tfæt/ (n) = a set of clothes / strój e.g. I spent a lot of money on a new outfit for work. exhaustive /æg`z¥stæv/ (adj) = tiring either physically or mentally / wyczerpujący e.g. The team were subjected to weeks of exhaustive training before the big match. Der.: exhausting (adj), exhaust (v) potent /`pøtºnt/ (adj) = powerful, effective / potężny, mocny e.g. Their most potent weapon was the Exocet missile. √pp.: impotent /`æmpºtºnt/ faculty /`f±kºlti/ (n) = a physical or mental ability / zdolność, zmysł e.g. It is a myth that the faculty of hearing is greatly increased in blind people. capacity crowd = a great number of people filling all the space or all the seats / pełna widownia e.g. The comedy was so popular that the actors played to a capacity crowd for several months. bleak /bl∞k/ (adj) = not hopeful / ponury, marny e.g. John’s future in football looks bleak now that he has broken his ankle. Der.: bleakness (n) undisputed /¿∑ndæ`spj∂tæd/ (adj) = generally accepted / niekwestionowany, bezsporny e.g. After winning ten matches, she is the undisputed champion of the world. consecutive /kºn`sekjμtæv/ (adj) = happening one after the other without interruption / kolejny, pod rząd 7.78 7.79 7.80 7.81 7.82 7.83 7.84 7.85 7.86 7.87 7.88 7.89 e.g. The Cup was won for the third consecutive year by the Chicago Bulls. Der.: consecutively (adv) reigning /`rΩnæ…/ (adj) = currently holding a title / aktualny e.g. Connors has been the reigning champion for 169 consecutive weeks. Der.: reign (v) mediocre /m∞di`økºr/ (adj) = average / mierny, pośledni e.g. The fans were displeased with his mediocre performance. Der.: mediocrity (n) contender /kºn`tendºr/ (n) = sb who takes part in a competition / uczestnik zawodów e.g. She is a strong contender for a place in the British Olympic Squad. partisan /¿p≤tæ`z±n/ (adj) = strongly supporting a person or cause / stronniczy e.g. He is clearly too partisan to be a referee. Der.: partisan (n) precious little = very little / bardzo mało e.g. The banks of Japan have had precious little to celebrate recently due to the economic crisis. rejoice /ræ`π√s/ (v) = to be very pleased about sth and show it in one’s behaviour / cieszyć się e.g. The rescue team rejoiced at the happy outcome of the events. keep/have one’s wits about one (idm) = to be alert and ready to act in a difficult situation / mieć się na baczności, zachować zimną krew e.g. Travellers need to keep their wits about them in foreign countries. play ball (with sb) (idm) = to cooperate, work with other people / współdziałać e.g. If you would play ball, we could finish this today. start the ball rolling (idm) = to begin sth / zacząć coś, brać się do dzieła e.g. We need to start the ball rolling now if we hope to be ready by May. conduct /kºn`d∑kt/ (v) = to carry sth out / przeprowadzać e.g. The way in which you conducted your research is totally unacceptable. jump the gun (idm) = to do sth before one is supposed to / zrobić falstart, pospieszyć się e.g. Why did you have to jump the gun and tell them the news? off one’s own bat (idm) = of one’s own accord, without the influence or help of others / z własnej inicjatywy Unit 7 7.90 7.91 7.92 7.93 7.94 7.95 7.96 7.97 7.98 7.99 7.100 e.g. Mark organised the Christmas party off his own bat, we didn’t need to ask him. bad sport /¿b±d `sp¥t/ (n) = sb who behaves badly if they do not win a game / osoba nie umiejąca przegrywać e.g. You’re such a bad sport, it’s no wonder people refuse to play tennis with you! beat sb at sb’s own game (idm) = to use the same skills or behaviour that sb displays to put oneself in a better position / pobić kogoś jego własną bronią e.g. If you want to win, you’ll have to beat him at his own game; use his tactics against him. two can play at that game (idm) = one person can behave in the same (usually bad) way as the other / miarka za miarkę; każdy może odpłacić pięknym za nadobne e.g. If he is cheating, then so will I; two can play at that game! a level playing field (idm) = a situation that is fair, because no competitor has an advantage over another / wyrównane szanse e.g. American businessmen ask for a level playing field when they compete with foreign companies. lead the field (idm) = to be ahead of other competitors / dzierżyć ster e.g. Chanel leads the field in the fashion industry. dismal /`dæzmºl/ (adj) = disgraceful, very bad / kiepski, fatalny e.g. My prospects of finding a suitable job are dismal. run out of steam (idm) = to stop doing sth because one has no more energy left / opaść z sił e.g. After running for 5 miles, Jim had to pull out of the race because he had run out of steam. put all one’s faith in sth/sb (idm) = to give complete trust to sth or sb / pokładać wiarę w kimś lub czymś e.g. The public put all their faith in the government’s ability to improve the situation. dispenser /dæ`spensºr/ (n) = a machine from which one can buy drinks and snacks / automat z napojami lub słodyczami e.g. I was thirsty so I went to the drinks dispenser for some coffee. revenue /`revºnj∂/ (n) = money that an organisation receives from people / dochód, wpływy e.g. One study claimed that the government would receive about í1 billion in tax revenues this year. prefabricated /pr∞`f±brækΩtæd/ (adj) = consisting of parts that can be easily put together / z prefabrykatów e.g. The refugees were given accommodation in prefabricated homes. 7.101 grandstand /`gr±ndst±nd/ (n) = a covered area with rows of seats for people to sit on at sports events / trybuny e.g. The grandstand was filled to capacity on the day of the Cup Final. Listening & Speaking (pp. 152–153) 7.102 7.103 7.104 7.105 7.106 7.107 7.108 7.109 7.110 customise /`k∑stºm¡z/ (v) = to adapt or modify to meet a particular need or task / specjalnie dostosować (do wymogów klienta) e.g. We should customise our programmes to suit the viewers’ needs. Der.: customised (adj) website /`webs¡t/ (n) = an Internet location that maintains one or more web pages / witryna internetowa e.g. I looked at a number of websites while doing research for my new book. physically challenged = physically disabled / niepełnosprawny e.g. Sports competitions for the physically challenged are becoming more and more popular. prosthetic /pr≥s`ıetæk/ (adj) = (of parts of the body) artificial / sztuczny e.g. John was badly injured in an accident and now has a prosthetic arm. springboard /`spræ…b¥d/ (n) = a flexible board from which sb may jump into a swimming pool or onto a piece of gymnastic equipment / trampolina e.g. The acrobat used a springboard to leap onto his partner’s shoulders. tenacity /tº`n±sæti/ (n) = determination not to give up / nieustępliwość e.g. Hard work and tenacity are crucial to career success. Der.: tenacious /tæ`nΩ«ºs/ (adj) versatile /`vªsºt¡l/ (adj) = that can be used for many different purposes / wielofunkcyjny, wszechstronny e.g. Never before have computers been more versatile. Der.: versatility (n) defiance /dæ`f¡ºns/ (n) = resistance, disobedience / sprzeciw, nieposłuszeństwo e.g. Thousands of people have taken to the streets in defiance of the new law. Der.: defiant (adj) acquiescence /¿±kwi`esºns/ (n) = agreement to do what is expected even though one does not agree with it / zgoda, przyzwolenie e.g. Everyone was surprised at her acquiescence after she had been so opposed to the plan. 91 Unit 7 7.111 7.112 apprehension /¿±præ`hen«ºn/ (n) = a fear or worry that sth bad will happen / lęk, obawa e.g. The public outcry reflects real anger and apprehension about the future. limb /læm/ (n) = an arm or leg / kończyna e.g. All her limbs were paralysed as a result of a stroke. Reading (pp. 154–155) 7.113 7.114 7.115 7.116 7.117 7.118 7.119 7.120 7.121 7.122 7.123 7.124 92 fraction /`fr±k«ºn/ (n) = a small amount of sth / ułamek e.g. She hesitated for a fraction of a second before responding. rim /ræm/ (n) = the edge of a circular object / brzeg, krawędź e.g. The mirror had a metal rim. brim /bræm/ (n) = the edge / brzeg e.g. The cup was filled to the brim. discrepancy /dæs`krepºnsi/ (n) = a noticeable difference / rozbieżność e.g. A major discrepancy has been found in the figures. deviation /d∞vi`Ω«ºn/ (n) = doing sth different from what people consider to be normal or acceptable / odchylenie, odstępstwo, dewiacja e.g. Deviation from the norm is not tolerated in this society. interval /`æntºvºl/ (n) = a break in an event / przerwa e.g. There was a short interval during the film. a contradiction in terms (idm) = a statement that contains conflicting words or ideas / zdanie lub wyrażenie wewnętrznie sprzeczne e.g. ”Struggle for peace“ is a contradiction in terms. surge /sªπ/ (n) = a sudden large increase / gwałtowny wzrost e.g. The recent surge in sales is the result of a successful advertising campaign. lucid /`l∂sæd/ (adj) = clear and easy to understand / przejrzysty, jasny, klarowny e.g. As always, his poetry is lucid and compelling. Der.: lucidly (adv), lucidity (n) flagrant /`flΩgrºnt/ (adj) = shocking / rażący e.g. His flagrant disregard for the rules cannot be tolerated. cheerleading /`∏ƒl∞dæ…/ (n) = an activity of a group of girls who lead the crowd in cheering at sports events / dopingowanie zawodników przez cheerliderki e.g. Cheerleading requires a high level of fitness. endeavour /æn`devºr/ (n) = an attempt to achieve a goal / próba, usiłowanie e.g. His first endeavour to reach the summit of Mount Everest was a failure. 7.125 7.126 7.127 7.128 7.129 7.130 7.131 tumbling /`t∑mblæ…/ (adj) = involving rapid jumps and falls / (o skoku) karkołomny e.g. The acrobat performed a tumbling act for the crowd. at the drop of a hat (idm) = immediately, without hesitating / natychmiast, bez namysłu e.g. But darling, you can’t expect me to divorce my wife at the drop of a hat. flip /flæp/ (v) = to turn into a different position in a quick movement / fiknąć kozła e.g. The gymnast broke her leg after trying to flip off the bar. incorporate /æn`k¥pºrΩt/ (v) = to include sth / włączyć e.g. We can incorporate your ideas into the new campaign. Der.: incorporation (n) digest /d¡`πest/ (v) = to think about sth carefully so as to understand it / przetrawić, pojąć e.g. It took me a while to digest the news. Der.: digestion (n), digestible (adj) comprise /kºm`pr¡z/ (v) = to be made up of a number of things / obejmować, składać się z e.g. The exhibition comprises 50 paintings and 25 sculptures. merit /`meræt/ (n) = an advantage / zaleta e.g. The only merit of the new shopping centre is its parking facilities. English in Use (pp. 156–159) 7.132 7.133 7.134 7.135 7.136 7.137 facelift /`fΩslæft/ (n) = a procedure to improve the appearance of sth / renowacja, retusz, nowy wygląd e.g. A fresh coat of paint gave the room a much needed facelift. impeccable /æm`pekºbºl/ (adj) = perfect, having no faults / nienaganny e.g. Her manners and behaviour are impeccable. Der.: impeccably (adv) debut /`dΩbj∂/ (n) = the first performance or appearance / debiut e.g. Their debut was a great success. Sicily /`sæsºli/ (n) = Sycylia Der.: Sicilian /sæ`sælæºn/ (adj) endurance /æn`djΔrºns/ (n) = the ability to continue with a difficult activity / wytrzymałość e.g. Constant training will improve your endurance. eligible /`elæπæbºl/ (adj) = qualified or able to do sth / spełniający niezbędne warunki e.g. I would like to know if I am eligible for unemployment benefit. Der.: eligibility (n) Unit 7 7.138 7.139 7.140 7.141 7.142 7.143 7.144 7.145 7.146 7.147 7.148 7.149 7.150 7.151 assail /º`sΩl/ (v) = to challenge, to attack / nękać, atakować e.g. She was assailed by doubts and fears on the eve of her wedding. Der.: assailable (adj), assailant (n) make a clean sweep of sth (idm) = to win all games in a series or tournament / zgarnąć wszystkie wygrane e.g. Chelsea made a clean sweep of all that year’s tournaments. precedent /`presºdºnt/ (n) = sth that has occurred before / precedens e.g. We have seen no precedents for such a disaster. equine /`ekw¡n/ (adj) = related to horses / koński e.g. The race has been cancelled due to an equine virus which has not yet been identified. incentive /æn`sentæv/ (n) = sth that encourages sb / bodziec, zachęta e.g. A cash incentive was offered for witnesses of the crime to come forward. relish /`relæ«/ (v) = to get a lot of enjoyment from sth, to look forward to sth / cieszyć się z czegoś e.g. I would relish the chance to work for that company. stablemate /`stΩbºlmΩt/ (n) = a racehorse that comes from the same stable / koń z tej samej stajni e.g. The owner decided to race both Auron and his stablemate Tidus at the next meeting. near miss /¿nƒ `mæs/ (n) = a situation where sth very nearly happens / zdarzenie, do którego o mało co nie doszło e.g. Joanna could have won the contest, it was a near miss. dominant /`d≥mænºnt/ (adj) = the most powerful or important / ważny, dominujący e.g. He is the dominant figure in politics today. embrace /æm`brΩs/ (v) = to accept, include in a larger group / przyjąć e.g. The villagers embraced him as one of their own. pole position /`pøl pº`z櫺n/ (n) = the leading position at the start of a car or bicycle race / najlepsza pozycja na starcie e.g. He holds the record of twenty pole positions in a racing season. mar /m≤r/ (v) = to spoil, damage / popsuć, zepsuć e.g. The election was marred by a scandal. ill-fated /¿æl`fΩtæd/ (adj) = ended in an unsuccessful way / feralny, niefortunny e.g. Schumacher is back home after an ill-fated trip to Monaco. cool-headed /¿k∂l`hedæd/ (adj) = calm in difficult 7.152 7.153 7.154 7.155 7.156 7.157 7.158 7.159 7.160 7.161 7.162 7.163 7.164 situations / opanowany, trzeźwo myślący e.g. We need someone cool-headed to run the business. mercurial /mª`kjΔriºl/ (adj) = frequently changing / zmienny e.g. His mercurial temperament intimidated his friends. epitomize /æ`pætºm¡z/ (v) = to be a perfect example of sth / być typowym przykładem e.g. The closure of the mines epitomizes the problems faced by British industry at this time. Der.: epitome /æ`pætºmi/ (n) back-to-back /¿b±ktº`b±k/ (adj) = consecutive / kolejny e.g. Our team can boast of ten back-to-back victories. transcend /tr±n`send/ (v) = to go beyond normal limits / wykraczać poza e.g. Jane’s work transcends the usual standard of writing. Der.: transcedence (n), transcendental (adj), transcendent (adj) attain /º`tΩn/ (v) = to gain, achieve / zdobyć, osiągnąć e.g. He managed to attain the rank of colonel. Der.: attainable (adj), attainment (n) feathery touch = soft or gentle hitting / lekkie uderzenie e.g. His feathery touch could not compete with his opponent’s force. jab /π±b/ (n) = a sudden, sharp punch / prosty (cios), proste uderzenie e.g. The boxer won the match after a right-handed jab that knocked his rival out. flick /flæk/ (n) = a sudden upward movement / szybki ruch, machnięcie e.g. With a sudden flick of the wrist, he sent the ball flying. unfathomable /∑n`f±∫ºmºbºl/ (adj) = that cannot be understood or explained / niezgłębiony e.g. The mystery of the Loch Ness monster is unfathomable. angled /`±…gºld/ (adj) = placed or made at an angle / po krosie, ukośny e.g. He sent an angled shot into the net. artistry /`≤tæstri/ (n) = creative skill or ability / sztuka, mistrzostwo e.g. Tennis is a game of technique and artistry. brat /br±t/ (n) = a person, especially a child, who behaves badly / łobuz, bachor e.g. My son is not allowed to play with your spoilt brat. lambast(e) /l±m`bΩst/ (v) = (formal) to criticise sb very harshly, especially in public / ostro skrytykować e.g. The journalists lambasted the Prime Minister for his foreign policy. 93 Unit 7 7.165 7.166 7.167 7.168 7.169 7.170 7.171 stuffy /`st∑fi/ (adj) = very serious and formal / sztywny, oficjalny e.g. I never wanted to meet his stuffy family. be the pits (idm) = (informal) to be the worst of the kind / być najgorszym w swojej dziedzinie e.g. The service in this restaurant really is the pits. tirade against sb/sth /t¡`rΩd/ (n) = a long speech criticising sb or sth / tyrada, miażdżąca krytyka e.g. In Hyde Park you can hear many tirades against politicians. soliloquy /sº`lælºkwi/ (n) = a speech delivered by a dramatic character who is left alone on the stage, speaking his or her thoughts aloud / solilokwium, monolog e.g. The world’s most famous soliloquy is Hamlet’s ”To be or not to be.“ run amok (idm) = to suddenly start behaving violently, in anger or excitement / dostać szału e.g. The crowd of fans ran amok when their team won. self-flagellation /¿self fl±πº`lΩ«ºn/ (n) = the act of criticising oneself / samokrytycyzm e.g. The psychiatrist believed Frank’s self-flagellation was a result of his strict upbringing. self-loathing /¿self`lø∫æ…/ (n) = the feeling of disgust or great dislike for oneself / wstręt do samego siebie e.g. After stealing money from her friend, she felt nothing but self-loathing. 7.177 7.178 7.179 7.180 7.181 7.182 Writing (pp. 160–164) 7.172 7.173 7.174 7.175 7.176 94 exceed /æk`s∞d/ (v) = to be greater or larger than sth / przekroczyć, przewyższyć e.g. His performance in the exams exceeded our expectations. conservative /kºn`sªvºtæv/ (adj) = cautious / ostrożny e.g. At a conservative estimate, I’d say the house is worth í50,000. Der.: conservatively (adv) estimate /`estæmºt/ (n) = an approximate evaluation / ocena, szacunek e.g. The official estimate was that employment increased by 2 per cent. Der.: estimation (n) outlet /`¬tlet/ (n) = a shop or organisation which sells goods by a particular manufacturer / punkt sprzedaży e.g. Their ambition is to become the city’s largest retail outlet. enterprise /`entºpr¡z/ (n) = a business or company / biznes, przedsiębiorstwo e.g. The new enterprise is expected to bring in profits of over í1 million in its first year. 7.183 7.184 7.185 7.186 7.187 franchise /`fr±n∏¡z/ (v) = to allow to sell one’s goods or services / dać koncesję, udzielić franszyzy na coś e.g. Our firm has decided to franchise its business in order to expand into other cities. sublet /¿s∑b`let/ (v) = to allow sb to use a building or part of a building and pay you rent, even though you are not the owner and pay rent for it yourself / podnająć e.g. The company agreed to rent the whole building on condition that they could sublet the top floor. benefactor /`benºf±ktºr/ (n) = sb who helps people or organisations by giving them money / ofiarodawca, dobroczyńca e.g. The rich company owner became a benefactor of the local hospital. venture /`ven∏ºr/ (n) = a project which is exciting but difficult as it involves the risk of failure / przedsięwzięcie e.g. Her latest venture was to break into the world of advertising. stationery /`stΩ«ºnri/ (n) = paper, envelopes and other materials used for writing / artykuły papiernicze e.g. The popularity of e-mails has led to a drop in the sales of stationery. appalled /º`p¥ld/ (adj) = shocked or disgusted / zbulwersowany e.g. I was appalled at the insensitive way the news report was handled. warehouse /`w≈h¬s/ (n) = a large building where goods are stored until they are taken to shops to be sold / magazyn, hurtownia e.g. We should order another batch of dolls from the warehouse since they are so popular with customers. vacant /`vΩkºnt/ (adj) = empty / wolny e.g. The hotel has only one room vacant, so we will have to share. conversion /kºn`vª«ºn/ (n) = changing sth into a different shape or form / adaptacja, przeróbka e.g. A loft conversion will provide you with an extra bedroom. premises /`premæsæz/ (n pl) = all the buildings and land a business occupies in one place / lokal, teren wraz z zabudowaniami e.g. These premises are too small now that the company has expanded; we’ll need to look for something bigger. imminent /`æmænºnt/ (adj) = almost certain to happen / nieuchronny, wiszący w powietrzu Unit 7 7.188 7.189 7.190 7.191 7.192 e.g. The people were advised to leave the area although they were in no imminent danger. Der.: imminence (n) relocate /¿r∞lø`kΩt/ (v) = to move to a different place / przenieść (się) e.g. The manager is hoping to relocate the firm to London. Der.: relocation (n) ample /`±mpºl/ (adj) = plentiful / dostatecznie duży e.g. Your new room has ample space for your computer. Der.: amply (adv) budget /`b∑πæt/ (n) = the amount of money that can be spent / budżet e.g. We can design a new kitchen for you that is within your budget. forthcoming /f¥ı`k∑mæ…/ (adj) = planned to happen soon / nadchodzący, zbliżający się e.g. I don’t know who I will vote for in the forthcoming election. potential /pº`ten«ºl/ (adj) = capable of developing into sth in the future / potencjalny e.g. The company needs to be more aware of potential problems so that they can be dealt with quickly. Der.: potentially (adv), potentiality (n) 7.193 7.194 7.195 7.196 7.197 7.198 7.199 eventuality /æ¿ven∏u`±læti/ (n) = a possible future event or result / ewentualność e.g. We have planned the trip so that every eventuality has been covered. Der.: eventual (adj) subsequently /`s∑bsækwºntli/ (adv) = later / później, po tym e.g. The team lost the match. Subsequently, the coach quit. Der.: subsequent (adj) in the vicinity of sth = near sth / w pobliżu e.g. The hospital was in the vicinity of the Town Hall. commission /kº`m櫺n/ (v) = to arrange for sb to do sth / zamówić, zlecić e.g. The government has commissioned a study into this year’s poor examination results. nominate /`n≥mænΩt/ (v) = to formally suggest as a candidate / nominować, wybierać e.g. The music industry has nominated six singers for the award. Der.: nomination (n), nominee (n) draw /dr¥/ (n) = a game in which two teams have the same number of points or goals at the end / remis e.g. Arsenal has had two wins and one draw in the competition so far. long division /¿l≥… dæ`v滺n/ (n) = dividing one number by another and writing all the stages down / dzielenie pisemne e.g. Jimmy is six years old and he can already do long division. VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 He refuses to train for the competition and is intent on .......... his talent. A losing C marring B debilitating D squandering 4 The outlook is .......... , we will never get the work finished on time. A harsh C bleak B pensive D imminent 2 Scientists researching cloning techniques are on the .......... of a major breakthrough. A edge C rim B verge D lip 5 There is .......... evidence to convict him, we need to find a witness if we’re going to win the case. A insufficient C devastating B undisputed D ample 3 The book was so .......... that I couldn’t put it down. A potent C dismal B mediocre D compelling 6 I can’t seem to balance the accounts, there must be a .......... somewhere. A discrepancy C contradiction B deviation D dissimilarity 95 Unit 7 7 Ignoring the problem will only .......... the situation, we need a foolproof plan to deal with it. A enhance C exceed B exacerbate D transcend 9 The actor’s shocking behaviour at the awards ceremony gained him .......... as ”the bad boy of Hollywood”. A preconception C self-loathing B notoriety D discrimination 8 She had a(n) .......... ability to create beautiful sculptures. A innate C internal B mercurial D lucid 10 Starting up your own publishing .......... can be a risk, but potentially profitable. A outlet C premises B warehouse D enterprise B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ incorporate ñ revenue ñ blend ñ eligible ñ interval ñ consecutive ñ conservative ñ triumphant ñ prodigy ñ comprise 1 My grandmother is very ..................... and does not trust new ideas. 2 The fans greeted the players on their ..................... return from the cup final. 3 We need to ..................... your ideas into the storyline. 4 The new cd box set will ..................... a limited edition picture disc and a lyric sheet. 5 Sarah is a child ..................... ; by the age of ten she was studying nuclear physics. 6 His latest album is a ..................... of jazz and blues. 7 You have to wait until you are 18 years old to be ..................... for a driving licence. 8 The movie was number one at the box office for seven ..................... weeks. 9 The company generated í50 million in ..................... last year. 10 The students have a ten-minute ..................... between classes. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 My daughter was able to do long ............... at the age of seven. 4 There is a ............... seat at the rear of the bus if you want to sit down. The team was relegated to the fourth ............... at the end of the season. She had a ............... look on her face as she stared out of the window. He was promoted to manager of the sales ............... , which pleased him greatly. There are a number of people applying for the ............... position in the company. 2 The death ............... was high following the earthquake. Users of the new highway are required to pay a ............... . 5 The ramp at the entrance of the building has made it ............... to the disabled. Working long hours eventually took its ............... on her health. I kept my camera ............... in case I saw something that I wanted to capture on film. 3 When he got out of the bath, there was a ............... of dirt around it. The Hubble telescope allows astronomers to see beyond the outer ............... of our solar system. There was a crack on the ............... of her coffee cup so she asked the waiter to change it. 96 Health care should be ............... to all people, regardless of financial status. Unit 7 D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 Jerry has complete trust in Kate’s ability to find him a job. faith Jerry has ....................................................... ................. in Kate’s ability to find him a job. 2 After only 11 miles of the marathon, I became too exhausted to continue and had to pull out. steam After only 11 miles of the marathon, I .......... ............................................ had to pull out. 3 Frank behaves so badly when he loses that there is no point playing with him. sport Frank is ......................................................... ............... there is no point playing with him. 4 I never asked Alice to cook tonight, she decided to do it herself. off Alice decided to cook ................................... ........................................... . I didn’t ask her. 5 Microsoft is the most powerful manufacturer of computer software. field Microsoft ...................................................... ...................................... computer software. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. Horsing Around As a couch potato, I have never managed to attain 1) ..................................... over any sport, in fact, the opposite appears to be true. Take, for example, my 2) ................................ journey into the world of equine sports. After 3) .......................................... for ten minutes to get on the horse, I found that it took a surprising amount of 4) ................................... to stay there. For a 5) ......................................... moment, things went well as we trotted out of the stable and headed for the field, but once I caught sight of the jumps, I began feeling very 6) .............................................. about the whole idea. During the hour-long lesson, I 7) .............................................. to keep my seat but found myself 8) .............................................. to the ground no less than eight times. If, for some 9) .............................................. reason, you too believe you can defy gravity and your 10) .............................................. leads you to think about trying your hand at this sport – think again! I 11) .............................................. had to be pulled off the horse once I had lost all feeling in my lower limbs, and I don’t think that I will ever be able to walk normally again! MASTER FATED STRIVE AGILE FLEET APPREHENSION ENDEAVOUR TUMBLE FATHOM ARROGANT LITERAL 97 8 Respect! Lead-in (p. 165) 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 riot police /`r¡ºt ¿pºl∞s/ (n) = the police trained to deal with people who cause trouble in public / policyjne oddziały prewencji e.g. The riot police dispersed the hooligans after the match. far-reaching /¿f≤`r∞∏æ…/ (adj) = having a great influence on a large number of things / dalekosiężny e.g. Δhe use of computers has far-reaching effects. dislocation /¿dæslº`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = disturbance or removal from the usual place or state / zakłócenie; przesunięcie; przemieszczenie e.g. This ethnic policy will cause social dislocation. maim /mΩm/ (v) = to injure so badly that a part of the body becomes useless / okaleczyć e.g. Many people have been killed or maimed by terrorist bombings. suffragette /¿s∑frº`d»et/ (n) = a woman involved in a campaign for women to have the right to vote / sufrażystka e.g. The suffragette chained herself to the fence to protest against inequality. high profile /¿h¡ `prøf¡l/ (adj) = conspicuous, attracting a lot of attention / przyciągający uwagę publiczną e.g. The new product sold very well thanks to our high profile advertising campaign. pave the way (for sb/sth) (idm) = to prepare for sb/sth, to make the arrival or appearance of sb/sth easier / torować, przygotować drogę e.g. The invention of the telescope paved the way for a number of astronomical discoveries. footage /`fμtæπ/ (n) = a film or part of a film of a particular event / relacja, materiał filmowy e.g. The programme contains footage of the bombing. disarmament /dæs`≤mºmºnt/ (n) = the act of decreasing the amount of weapons, especially nuclear weapons, that a country possesses / rozbrojenie e.g. The two governments discussed nuclear disarmament during the summit talks. 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 Reading (pp. 166–167) 8.10 98 preconception /¿pr∞kºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = a belief formed about sth before one has got information about it / z góry przyjęty osąd 8.21 e.g. I always had a preconception about actors until I worked with them. bigoted /`bægºtæd/ (adj) = prejudiced / pełen uprzedzeń, doktrynerski, bigoteryjny e.g. He wrote a bigoted article on the superiority of men. Der.: bigotry (n) commandeer /¿k≥mºn`dæºr/ (v) = to force sb to help in a task / zmusić, wymusić e.g. My little nephew commandeered me to help him build a tree-house. obtuse /ºb`tj∂s/ (adj) = slow to understand / głupi, ograniczony e.g. I wondered if he was being deliberately obtuse so that he wouldn’t have to do as I asked. misidentification /¿mæs¡dentæfæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = wrong identification / błędna identyfikacja e.g. The misidentification of the suspect resulted in a setback in the police inquiry. abound /º`b¬nd/ (v) = to be plentiful / być powszechnym e.g. Rumours abound about his earlier life. phenotypic /¿f∞nø`tæpæk/ (adj) = (of appearence) having features determined by environment and not heredity factors / związany z fenotypem e.g. Scandinavians have some phenotypic similarities such as blond hair and blue eyes. Der.: phenotype (n) consistency /kºn`sæstºnsi/ (n) = the thickness or smoothness of a substance / konsystencja e.g. Dilute the paint with water until it has the consistency of milk. candy floss/cotton candy = a kind of sweet in the form of a mass of sticky threads made from melted sugar and served on a stick / wata cukrowa e.g. At the fairground I bought the children some candy floss. heritage /`herætæπ/ (n) = tradition / dziedzictwo, spuścizna e.g. We must be careful to preserve our national heritage. oblivious of sth /º`blæviºs/ (adj) = unaware, ignorant / nieświadomy e.g. The film was so interesting that he was oblivious of his surroundings. endowed /æn`d¬d/ (adj) = blessed with a particular characteristic / obdarzony Unit 8 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 e.g. She was endowed with both beauty and intelligence. floor /fl¥r/ (v) = to surprise and make sb unable to respond / zaskoczyć, wprawić w osłupienie e.g. He was floored by the news of her death. heredity /hº`redæti/ (n) = the process by which certain characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring / dziedziczność e.g. Heredity often plays an important role in the facial characteristics of offspring. perpetuate /pº`pe∏uΩt/ (v) = to cause sth to continue / utrwalać e.g. The monument was built to perpetuate the memory of this great writer. Der.: perpetuation (n), perpetuity (n) personal agenda /`pªsºnºl º`πendº/ (n) = sb’s intentions or personal plans / intencje, osobiste cele e.g. Although the politician was supposed to work on behalf of the public, he was following his own personal agenda. inflict /æn`flækt/ (v) = to bring upon suffering, harm or damage / wyrządzić, zadawać e.g. Cruel people like to inflict pain on others. preaching /`pr∞∏æ…/ (adj) = talking about a religious or moral subject / prawiący kazania e.g. Beth cannot stand her preaching parents any longer. Der.: preacher (n) turmoil /`tªm√l/ (n) = chaos, confusion / zamęt, chaos e.g. The country has been in turmoil for years due to civil war. advocate /`±dvºkºt/ (n) = a supporter / zwolennik e.g. She is an advocate of home schooling. imposition /¿æmpº`z櫺n/ (n) = using authority to force people to accept sth / narzucanie e.g. Students are protesting against the imposition of curricular reforms. boil down to /`b√l `d¬n tº/ (phr v) = to be the most basic aspect of a matter / sprowadzać się do e.g. It all boils down to money. dubious /`dj∂biºs/ (adj) = doubtful, unreliable / podejrzany, niepewny, wątpliwy e.g. The research this report is based on is rather dubious. footing /`fμtæ…/ (n) = the basis / podstawa e.g. James wanted to put the case on a more legal footing. cling (on) to sth /`klæ… tº/ (phr v) = to hold onto (e.g. a belief) / obstawać przy czymś e.g. Many people cling to their outdated beliefs. 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 8.42 8.43 8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 outmoded /¿¬t`mødæd/ (adj) = outdated / przestarzały e.g. Outmoded machinery led to the factory’s closure. congressional /kºn`grº«ºnºl/ (adj) = related to the United States Congress / związany z Kongresem USA e.g. A congressional report on the educational system was published last month. apportion /º`p¥«ºn/ (v) = to divide into shares / przydzielić, podzielić e.g. The property was apportioned among all the family members. blend /blend/ (n) = a combination, mix / mieszanka, zlepek e.g. His music is a blend of jazz and country. intermingling /¿æntº`mæ…glæ…/ (n) = a blend, mix / mieszanie się e.g. We encourage the intermingling of students from different cultural backgrounds. bogus /`bøgºs/ (adj) = false, counterfeit / fałszywy, zmyślony e.g. The address she gave to the police was bogus. mould /møld/ (n) = a container of a particular shape / forma, model e.g. He poured the mixture into a heart-shaped mould. underscore /¿∑ndº`sk¥r/ (v) = to emphasise / podkreślać e.g. The president underscored the importance of trade. weirdness /`wæºdnºs/ (n) = strangeness / dziwaczność, cudaczność e.g. His weirdness made me feel uncomfortable. construct /`k≥nstr∑kt/ (n) = a complex idea / konstrukt, idea e.g. Marxism is a philosophical construct. instil sth in/into sb /æn`stæl/ (v) = to implant, to make sb think or feel an idea or feeling / wpoić, wywołać e.g. Her parents instilled moral values into her. arbitrary /`≤bætrºri/ (adj) = random, not based on a reason / arbitralny e.g. The manager’s decision to fire certain people was purely arbitrary. Der.: arbitrarily (adv), arbitrariness (n) malicious /mº`l櫺s/ (adj) = vicious, cruel / złośliwy e.g. Clare was the victim of malicious gossip. Der.: maliciously (adv) monoracialism /¿m≥nø`rΩ«ºlæzºm/ (n) = the belief in the superiority of one race / przekonanie o wyższości jednej rasy e.g. Company policy states that monoracialism in the workplace will not be accepted. 99 Unit 8 Language Focus (pp. 168–171) 8.49 8.50 8.51 8.52 8.53 8.54 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.59 8.60 100 exclusion /æks`kl∂»ºn/ (n) = preventing sb from entering a place or taking part in an actvity / izolacja, wykluczenie e.g. Debbie was frustrated at her exclusion from the group. Opp.: inclusion harassment /`h±rºsmºnt/ (n) = behaviour which is intended to upset or annoy sb / nękanie e.g. The football fans accused the police of unnecessary harassment. class /kl≤s/ (n) = a group of people at the same social and economic level / klasa społeczna e.g. The upper class have always looked down on the working class. distinction /dæ`stæ…k«ºn/ (n) = difference / rozróżnienie, różnica e.g. Class distinction exists in England even today. unrest /¿∑n`rest/ (n) = disturbance / niepokój e.g. The government’s plan to privatise the health care system caused social unrest . constitute /`k≥nstætj∂t/ (v) = to combine to form a whole / stanowić e.g. In this country ethnic minorities constitute less than 1 per cent of the total population. mobility /mø`bælæti/ (n) = movement / mobilność, ruchliwość e.g. Progress thrives on social mobility and an influx of fresh ideas. Der.: mobile (adj) Opp.: immobility bid /bæd/ (n) = an attempt / próba e.g. The government has doubled the police force in a bid to fight crime. curb /kªb/ (v) = to restrain / ograniczyć, hamować e.g. You need to learn how to curb your emotions. alleged /º`leπd/ (adj) = stated but not proved to be true / rzekomy, domniemany e.g. Residents are shocked at the alleged beating of a man held by the police for interrogation. Der.: allegedly (adv) subsidised /`s∑bsæd¡zd/ (adj) = with part of the cost paid by sb else, usually a government agency / dotowany, subsydiowany e.g. Many senior citizens live in subsidised housing. Der.: subsidy (n) invalid /`ænvºlæd/ (n) = an ill or disabled person / inwalida, niepełnosprawny e.g. Her husband can’t work, he’s an invalid. 8.61 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.67 8.68 8.69 8.70 8.71 8.72 8.73 8.74 nourishing /`n∑ræ«æ…/ (adj) = healthy / pożywny e.g. Nourishing meals were provided to the homeless. Der.: nourishment (n) mentally challenged = (very polite) mentally disabled, mentally handicapped / upośledzony, niepełnosprawny umysłowo e.g. She works as a teacher in a school for the mentally challenged. saving grace = a good quality or feature that prevents sb from being completely bad or worthless / pozytyw, (jedyna) zaleta e.g. Peter is a very irritating person and his only saving grace is his sense of humour. dispose of sth /dæ`spøz/ (v) = to get rid of sth / pozbyć się e.g. The kidnappers disposed of the body in a swamp. cordially /`k¥diºli/ (adv) = in a very friendly way / serdecznie e.g. She cordially invited me to attend the event. Der.: cordiality (n) gratuitously /grº`tj∂ætºsli/ (adv) = unnecessarily / niepotrzebnie e.g. Many films recently shown on TV have been gratuitously violent. incensed /`ænsenst/ (adj) = extremely angry, enraged / doprowadzony do pasji, rozsierdzony e.g. He was incensed at the outrageous accusations. twiddle one’s thumbs (idm) = to have nothing to do and wait for sth to happen / zbijać bąki e.g. Once she had finished her work, she sat back and twiddled her thumbs until it was time to go home. trudge /tr∑π/ (v) = to walk slowly and with difficulty / mozolnie maszerować e.g. The soldiers trudged back to the camp. stroll /strøl/ (v) = to wander, walk in a slow and relaxed way / spacerować e.g. We often stroll in the park after dinner. saunter /`s¥ntºr/ (v) = to walk slowly and casually / przechadzać się e.g. On summer evenings, people usually saunter along the beach. strut /str∑t/ (v) = to walk in a proud way / dumnie kroczyć e.g. The athlete strutted in front of the cameras with his medals around his neck. dim /dæm/ (adj) = not very strong or obvious / mroczny, niewyraźny e.g. I’m eighty now and my childhood is but a dim memory. rudimentary /r∂dæ`mentºri/ (adj) = basic, simple / podstawowy Unit 8 8.75 8.76 8.77 8.78 8.79 8.80 8.81 8.82 8.83 8.84 8.85 8.86 e.g. As his knowledge of French was only rudimentary, he was not hired for the post. menial /`m∞niºl/ (adj) = (of work) boring and badly paid / nieciekawy i źle płatny e.g. She had to take a menial job as she couldn’t find anything in her field. barrister /`b±ræstºr/ (n) = a lawyer in higher courts of law / adwokat e.g. He studied for a number of years to become a barrister. magistrate /`m±πæstrΩt/ (n) = a judge dealing with minor crimes in law courts / sędzia (w sądach niższej instancji) e.g. The defendant tried to persuade the magistrate to postpone the court hearing. abhorrence /±b`h≥rºns/ (n) = strong hatred / wstręt, odraza e.g. We were unaware of her abhorrence of snakes. Der.: abhorrent (adj) dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = argument, disagreement / kontrowersja e.g. There is a dispute over where to build the new hospital. tiff /tæf/ (n) = a minor quarrel between friends or a married couple / sprzeczka e.g. Jane and Anne had another tiff and are no longer on speaking terms. clash /kl±«/ (n) = a fight or an argument between people / starcie; utarczka e.g. There were a number of clashes during last week’s demonstration. congregation /¿k≥…græ`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = people attending a church service / wierni e.g. The congregation sang two hymns before the priest delivered his sermon. rally /`r±li/ (n) = a public meeting supporting sth / wiec e.g. A rally was held in support of the coal miners’ strike. ceasefire /`s∞sf¡ºr/ (n) = a temporary suspension of fighting between groups of people or countries / zawieszenie broni e.g. ∞fter a five-year conflict, they agreed to a ceasefire. truce /tr∂s/ (n) = an agreement between two people or groups of people to stop fighting / rozejm e.g. The two countries declared a truce after a week of intense peace talks. treaty /`tr∞ti/ (n) = a written agreement between 8.87 8.88 8.89 8.90 8.91 8.92 8.93 8.94 8.95 8.96 8.97 countries to help each other or do sth in particular / traktat e.g. The disarmament treaty states that both countries must destroy a third of their nuclear weapons. faction /`f±k«ºn/ (n) = a group of people within a larger one / frakcja, odłam e.g. Government officials are fighting to prevent the warring factions in the city from causing any more damage to public property. settler /`setlºr/ (n) = a person who goes to live in a new country / osadnik, kolonizator e.g. British settlers can be found as far away as in Australia. Der.: settlement (n), settle (v) mediator /`m∞diΩtºr/ (n) = sb who settles an argument between two (groups of) people / rozjemca, mediator e.g. A mediator was called in after clashes between rival gangs. intermediary /¿æntº`m∞diºri/ (n) = sb who passes messages between people or groups / mediator, pośrednik e.g. Bob acted as an intermediary during the business talks between the two companies. interceptor /¿æntº`septºr/ (n) = a person or thing that stops sth from going from one place to another / osoba lub rzecz dokonująca przechwycenia czegoś; myśliwiec przechwytujący e.g. Russian interceptors prevented the missile from entering Russian airspace. strife /str¡f/ (n) = conflict / konflikt, spór e.g. Money is a major cause of strife in many marriages. friction /`fræk«ºn/ (n) = disagreement, argument / tarcie; tarcia, konflikty e.g. The new plan will cause friction between the two departments. decree /dæ`kr∞/ (n) = an official order or decision / dekret e.g. Many people opposed the decree to increase taxes. deposition /¿depº`z櫺n/ (n) = a formal written statement / zeznanie pod przysięgą e.g. The deposition of the witness ensured a strict verdict. drag one’s feet/heels (idm) = to hold back, delay / ociągać się, zwlekać e.g. The manager was criticised for dragging her feet about pay rises. a storm in a teacup (idm) = a lot of fuss about sth unimportant / burza w szklance wody e.g. Don’t worry, it was only a storm in a teacup. 101 Unit 8 8.98 8.99 8.100 8.101 8.102 8.103 8.104 8.105 8.106 8.107 8.108 8.109 8.110 102 a drop in the ocean (idm) = a very small and unimportant amount / kropla w morzu e.g. His commission is a drop in the ocean compared to the company’s profit. fight a losing battle (idm) = to try to achieve sth that cannot be achieved / toczyć beznadziejną walkę e.g. She knew she was fighting a losing battle when he refused even to listen to her suggestions. bite off more than one can chew (idm) = to try to do sth which is beyond one’s capabilities / porywać się z motyką na słońce e.g. I think that in accepting that promotion she has bitten off more than she can chew. eradicate /æ`r±dækΩt/ (v) = to eliminate, get rid of / zwalczyć, wyplenić, wykorzenić e.g. In some countries, certain diseases have not yet been eradicated. a law unto oneself (idm) = sb who does as she or he pleases / osoba, która postępuje tak, jak jej się podoba e.g. I don’t know what his plans are, he is a law unto himself. make a mountain out of a molehill (idm) = to make an unimportant fact seem like a serious one / robić z igły widły e.g. Don’t make a mountain out of a molehill; I’m only five minutes late! outstay one’s welcome (idm) = to stay longer than expected / nadużyć gościnności e.g. Don’t outstay your welcome. They can’t put you up for weeks. drive a wedge between sb and sb else (idm) = to cause ill feelings between people / zasiać niezgodę między dwiema osobami e.g. Sharon was determined to drive a wedge between her father and his new wife. on the grounds of = because of / z powodu e.g. She took the company to court on the grounds of racial discrimination. counter /`k¬ntºr/ (v) = to make less effective / przeciwdziałać, powstrzymywać e.g. The effects of pollution could be countered by cutting chemical emissions. influx /`ænfl∑ks/ (n) = an arrival of people or things in large numbers / napływ e.g. The influx of immigrants greatly increased the population. surveillance /sº`vΩlºns/ (n) = close observation / obserwacja, inwigilacja e.g. The police have the terrorists under surveillance. culprit /`k∑lpræt/ (n) = an offender / winowajca, sprawca 8.111 8.112 e.g. The real culprits have not been caught yet. infringement /æn`frænπmºnt/ (n) = an interference in sbãs rights and freedom / naruszenie, pogwałcenie e.g. Taking photographs of celebrities in their homes is an infringement of their privacy. civic duty /`sævæk `dj∂ti/ (n) = duty done for the good of a particular community / obywatelski obowiązek e.g. He felt it was his civic duty to join the local neighbourhood watch scheme. Listening and Speaking (pp. 172–173) 8.113 8.114 8.115 8.116 8.117 8.118 8.119 8.120 8.121 solidarity /¿s≥læ`d±ræti/ (n) = agreement or unity among a group of people / solidarność e.g. In an unprecedented show of solidarity, every member of the actors’ guild went on strike to protest against her dismissal. prevalent /`prevºlºnt/ (adj) = common / rozpowszechniony e.g. This condition is more prevalent in children than in adults. stem from /`stem frºm/ (phr v) = to be caused by / być spowodowanym przez coś; wyrastać, wynikać z czegoś e.g. All his psychological problems stem from his strict upbringing. advocate /`±dvºkΩt/ (v) = to support / popierać, opowiadać się za czymś e.g. He advocates building more houses to deal with the problem of overcrowding. evoke /æ`vøk/ (v) = to cause to occur / wywołać e.g. The smell of baking bread evoked memories of her grandmother. spontaneous /sp≥n`tΩniºs/ (adj) = sudden, unexpected / spontaniczny e.g. Her decision to visit her parents was spontaneous, so they were surprised by her arrival. Der.: spontaneously (adv), spontaneity (n) glass ceiling /¿gl≤s `s∞læ…/ (n) = the imaginary barrier that stops e.g. women from getting the highest positions, best jobs, etc / „szklany sufit“, bariera w osiąganiu przez kobiety lub inne dyskryminowane grupy najwyższych stanowisk e.g. The glass ceiling is a problem for ethnic minorities. maternity leave /mº`tªnæti ¿l∞v/ (n) = a period of time when a woman is on leave from work to have a baby / urlop macierzyński e.g. She was allowed six months’ maternity leave when her son was born. high-ranking /¿h¡`r±…kæ…/ (adj) = important, at a high level / wysokiej rangi Unit 8 8.122 8.123 8.124 8.125 8.126 8.127 8.128 8.129 8.130 8.131 8.132 8.133 8.134 e.g. Only high-ranking officials are allowed to attend the conference. swiftly /`swæftli/ (adv) = quickly / szybko e.g. The police acted swiftly to protect the public. Der.: swiftness (n), swift (adj) entail /æn`tΩl/ (v) = to involve / pociągać za sobą e.g. Owning a dog entails great responsibility. fraud /fr¥d/ (n) = criminal dishonesty or deceit / oszustwo e.g. Forging someone’s signature on a cheque is considered fraud. march /m≤∏/ (n) = an organised walk of many people / marsz e.g. The march was effective as over 300,000 protesters turned up. petition /pº`t櫺n/ (n) = a document signed by many people asking the government or official group to do a particular thing / petycja e.g. People in the neighbourhood signed a petition asking the city council for better police patrolling. Der.: petitioner (n) contemptuous of sb/sth /kºn`tempt«uºs/ (adj) = showing disrespect / pogardliwy, pełen pogardy e.g. Josh tends to be contemptuous of people who are not as clever as he is. Der.: contemptuously (adv), contempt (n) awed /¥d/ (adj) = amazed / zaskoczony e.g. The audience were awed by his amazing performance. xenophobia /¿zenº`føbiº/ (n) Der.: xenophobic (adj), xenophobe (n) civil liberties = the rights of people to be free to say or do what they want as long as they respect the law and the rights of others / swobody obywatelskie e.g. Civil liberties are non-existent in a number of countries. exploitative /æk`spl√tºtæv/ (adj) = unfairly using people’s work or ideas for one’s own advantage / oparty na wyzysku e.g. Asian factories have been condemned for their exploitative use of children. redress /ræ`dres/ (v) = to correct or compensate for sth unfair or wrong / naprawić (np. krzywdę) e.g. To redress the injustice of the previous regime, the new government released all political prisoners. fend for oneself /`fend fºr/ (phr v) = to take care of oneself without help from others / być samodzielnym, dawać sobie radę samemu e.g. You are old enough to fend for yourself! malevolent /m±`levºlºnt/ (adj) = evil / zły e.g. His intentions were obviously malevolent. 8.135 8.136 8.137 8.138 8.139 8.140 8.141 8.142 8.143 8.144 8.145 8.146 prejudicial to sth /¿preπμ`d櫺l/ (adj) = harmful / szkodliwy e.g. The housing development is sure to be prejudicial to local wildlife. humbling /`h∑mblæ…/ (adj) = making sb feel inferior or embarrassed / upokarzający, poniżający e.g. Having to admit to an addiction is a humbling experience. bubbling /`b∑blæ…/ (adj) = active, full of energy / pełen życia, tętniący życiem e.g. She had such a bubbling personality that everyone loved her. quick-witted /¿kwæk`wætæd/ (adj) = intelligent / błyskotliwy e.g. He is a quick-witted boy and an excellent chess player. presumption /præ`z∑mp«ºn/ (n) = a belief or attitude adopted at the beginning of a process / domniemanie, przypuszczenie e.g. The lawyer changed his presumption that his client was innocent once he had spoken to the witnesses. humaneness /hj∂`mΩnnºs/ (n) = kindness or sympathy towards people and animals / humanitarność, ludzkie uczucia e.g. The beggar was grateful to the lady for her humaneness. elucidate /æ`l∂sædΩt/ (v) = to make clear, to clarify / wyjaśnić e.g. The teacher did some simple demonstrations to elucidate the scientific theory. Der.: elucidation (n) humiliated /hj∂`mæliΩtæd/ (adj) = made to feel ashamed / upokorzony, poniżony e.g. He felt humiliated when his boss shouted at him in front of his colleagues. underpin /¿∑ndº`pæn/ (v) = to support / stanowić fundament, stać u podstaw e.g. Most politicians fail to realise that the public underpins the government. exacerbate /æg`z±sºbΩt/ (v) = to aggravate, to worsen / pogorszyć, spowodować nasilenie się e.g. The increase in the number of cars on the road is exacerbating the problem of pollution. integration /¿æntæ`grΩ«ºn/ (n) = becoming a full member of a community or group / integracja e.g. πntegration into the European Union was enhanced by the introduction of a common currency. asset /`±set/ (n) = a useful quality / atut e.g. His ability to speak three languages fluently was his chief asset. 103 Unit 8 8.147 8.148 8.149 8.150 8.151 8.152 8.153 8.154 8.155 mutate into sth /mj∂`tΩt/ (v) = to change in form or nature / przeobrazić się w coś e.g.The bacteria mutated into a new form which is resistant to antibiotics. Der.: mutation (n) fascism /`f±«æzºm/ (n) = extreme right-wing political beliefs, favouring strong central government and strong armed forces / faszyzm e.g. The recent upsurge of fascism is a threat to our democracy. Der.: fascist (n) unleash /¿∑n`l∞«/ (v) = to let loose / uwolnić, wyzwolić e.g. The police were unwilling to unleash their full power during the conflict. equitable /`ekwætºbºl/ (adj) = reasonable and fair, giving everybody equal treatment / słuszny, sprawiedliwy e.g. We should strive for an equitable distribution of wealth in the world. grid /græd/ (n) = a network / sieć e.g. The national power grid supplies electricity to all parts of the country. own up to sth /`øn `∑p tº/ (phr v) = to admit having done sth wrong / przyznać się do czegoś e.g. No one has owned up to breaking my favourite vase. compulsive /kºm`p∑lsæv/ (adj) = (of people) behaving in an uncontrollable way, doing sth wrong / nałogowy, niepoprawny e.g. ÀÔu can’t believe anything she says, she’s a compulsive liar. Der.: compulsively (adv) withdraw /wæ∫`dr¥/ (v) = to stop taking part / wycofać się e.g. She plans to withdraw from her career next year. Der.: withdrawal (n) anguish /`±…gwæ«/ (n) = suffering, torment / ból, cierpienie e.g. He felt great anguish over the death of his father. Der.: anguished (adj) 8.158 8.159 8.160 8.161 8.162 8.163 8.164 8.165 8.166 8.167 English in Use (pp. 176–179) 8.168 8.156 8.157 104 doomed /d∂md/ (adj) = certain to fail or be destroyed / skazany na niepowodzenie e.g. Their relationship was doomed from the start despite the efforts they made to stay together. redundancy /ræ`d∑ndºnsi/ (n) = losing a job due to financial problems of one’s employer / redukcja e.g. Employers had to cut costs and couldn’t avoid redundancies. Der.: redundant (adj) 8.169 8.170 colonisation /¿k≥lºn¡`zΩ«ºn/ (n) = living in and taking control of a foreign country / kolonizacja e.g. The colonisation of the moon is likely to take place in the near future. delinquent /dæ`læ…kwºnt/ (adj) = having a tendency to commit minor crimes repeatedly / przestępczy; winny wykroczenia e.g. There are many delinquent teenagers in this town. Der.: delinquency (n) accumulate /º`kj∂mjμlΩt/ (v) = to acquire an increasing number of sth / zgromadzić e.g. He accumulated a fortune by investing in stocks. Der.: accumulation (n), accumulative (adj) egg on /`eg `≥n/ (phr v) = to encourage sb to do sth dangerous or foolish / nakłaniać, namawiać e.g. My brother egged me on to jump off the wall. repel /ræ`pel/ (v) = to make sb feel disgust / odpychać, odstręczać e.g. π was repelled at the sight of so much violence. Der.: repellent (n), (adj) infested /æn`festæd/ (adj) = full of creatures that cause damage / rojący się e.g. The island is surrounded by shark-infested waters. Der.: infestation (n) legitimate /læ`πætæmºt/ (adj) = reasonable, justified / uzasadniony, zasadny e.g. She had a legitimate reason to be absent from work. Der.: legitimacy (n) shirk (from) sth /«ªk/ (v) = to avoid doing sth one should do / wymigiwać, wykręcać się od czegoś e.g. I never shirk my responsibilities. stem /stem/ (v) = to stop sth from spreading or increasing / powstrzymać, zahamować e.g. The government tried to stem the tide of unemployment. volatile /`v≥lºt¡l/ (adj) = unstable, likely to change unexpectedly / niestabilny, niepewny e.g. The situation in the region is highly volatile and war is expected to break out. Der.: volatility (n) detain /dæ`tΩn/ (v) = to keep sb in a place under control / zatrzymać e.g. The police detained the suspect for questioning. Der.: detention (n) indestructible /¿ændæ`str∑ktæbºl/ (adj) = that cannot be destroyed / niezniszczalny e.g. Superman was a threat to criminals because he was indestructible. befit /bæ`fæt/ (v) = to be proper or good enough for sb or sth / być odpowiednim Unit 8 8.171 8.172 8.173 8.174 8.175 8.176 8.177 8.178 8.179 8.180 e.g. As befitted such a high-ranking official, the ambassador was received with much pomp. clamour for sth /`kl±mºr/ (v) = to demand sth angrily or noisily / głośno i uporczywie domagać się czegoś e.g. That child is always clamouring for attention. Der.: clamour (n) concession /kºn`se«ºn/ (n) = a lower price given to old people, students and the unemployed / zniżka, ulga e.g. The entrance fee is í5 with concessions for students and the unemployed. Der.: concessionary (adj) hellbent on sth /¿hel`bent/ (adj) = determined / zdeterminowany e.g. He’s hellbent on buying that house even though he can’t afford it. exasperating /æg`z≤spºrΩtæ…/ (adj) = very annoying / irytujący, denerwujący e.g. After her promotion, she has become the most exasperating person I’ve ever met. Der.: exasperation (n), exasperatedly (adv) withhold /wæ∫`høld/ (v) = not to let sb have sth / wstrzymać, zataić e.g. It is against the law to withhold any information about a crime. irrelevancy /æ`relævºnsi/ (n) = sth unimportant or unnecessary / rzecz nieistotna, błahostka e.g. Don’t waste time on irrelevancies, just tell me the facts. Der.: irrelevant (adj) exterminator /æk`stªmænΩtºr/ (n) = a person whose job is to kill annoying or dangerous animals such as mice or rats / osoba zajmująca się dezynsekcją, deratyzacją, itp. e.g. We had to hire an exterminator to get rid of rats. Der.: extermination (n) biannually /b¡`±njuºli/ (adv) = twice a year / dwa razy w roku e.g. School performances will be held in the auditorium biannually. proximity /pr≥k`sæmæti/ (n) = closeness, nearness / bliskość e.g. The shops and schools are in close proximity to our new house. in retrospect (idm) = thinking about an event after it has happened, often with a different opinion about it / z perspektywy czasu e.g. In retrospect, I wish I had dealt with the matter in a different way. 8.181 8.182 8.183 8.184 8.185 8.186 8.187 steadfast /`stedf≤st/ (adj) = firm / niezachwiany, niezłomny e.g. She held a steadfast belief that everything would work out fine. Der.: steadfastly (adv), steadfastness (n) consent form /kºn`sent `f¥m/ (n) = a form containing a written permission from sb / pisemna zgoda e.g. A consent form from parents is required to join the navy if you are under 18. bask in sth /b≤sk/ (v) = to enjoy sth greatly / rozkoszować się, upajać się czymś e.g. His project was a success and for a while he was able to bask in his boss’s approval. rehabilitation /¿r∞hºbælæ`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = the process of restoring sb to health or normal life after imprisonment, addiction or illness / rehabilitacja, resocjalizacja e.g. The government should spend more on the rehabilitation of young offenders. affliction /º`flæk«ºn/ (n) = sth that causes physical or mental suffering / dolegliwość, schorzenie e.g. Her affliction does not allow her to lead a normal life. Der.: afflict (v), afflicted (adj) recuperation /ræ¿kj∂pº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = recovery after an illness or injury / powrót do zdrowia e.g. Doctors were amazed at his rapid recuperation from an extremely serious back injury. Der.: recuperative (adj) stroke /strøk/ (n) = the blocking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain / wylew e.g. His paralysis is due to the minor stroke he had fifteen years ago. Writing (pp. 180–184) 8.188 8.189 8.190 8.191 scrawl /skr¥l/ (v) = to write in a careless way / bazgrać, gryzmolić e.g. He scrawled my address on a small piece of paper. despondency /dæ`sp≥ndensi/ (n) = sadness and lack of hope / smutek, przygnębienie e.g. To overcome her sister’s despondency, Joanna threw a surprise party. firearm /`f¡ºr≤m/ (n) = a gun / broń e.g. He was imprisoned for illegal possession of firearms. grass verge /`gr≤s ¿vªπ/ (n) = a narrow piece of ground by the side of a road, covered with grass / trawiaste pobocze e.g. When her car broke down, she managed to push it onto the grass verge to avoid an accident. 105 Unit 8 8.192 8.193 8.194 8.195 8.196 8.197 8.198 bond /b≥nd/ (n) = a strong feeling of friendship, love, shared beliefs and experiences that unites people / więź e.g. Both parents had a very special bond with their children. get by /`get `b¡/ (phr v) = to have enough money to buy the necessary things but not more / wiązać koniec z końcem, jakoś sobie radzić e.g. Do you think it is possible to get by on $50 a week? prosperity /prº`speræti/ (n) = wealth, success / dobra koniunktura, dobrobyt e.g. We can all enjoy the benefits of economic prosperity. Der.: prosperous (adj) perspective /pº`spektæv/ (n) = the way of viewing sth or a situation / perspektywa e.g. She saw things from a different perspective after he had told her the truth. plague /plΩg/ (v) = to continually cause a lot of trouble or suffering / gnębić, dawać się we znaki, dotykać (plagą) e.g. Society is plagued by juvenile crime. juvenile /`π∂vºn¡l/ (adj) = relating to young people / młodociany e.g. The juveline detention centre aims to rehabilitate young offenders. connotation /¿k≥nº`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = a (suggested) meaning / konotacja e.g. It’s one of those words that have negative connotations. 8.199 8.200 8.201 8.202 8.203 8.204 8.205 implement /`æmplæment/ (v) = to carry out / wprowadzić, wdrożyć e.g. If stricter measures were implemented, then problems wouldn’t arise. Der.: implementation (n) concerted /kºn`sªtæd/ (adj) = done in a planned way by a group of people / zbiorowy, wspólny e.g. We all have to make a concerted effort to increase the sales of our products. scapegoat /`skΩpgøt/ (n) = a person who is blamed for sth bad / kozioł ofiarny e.g. You can’t make me a scapegoat for your own failures! by the same token (idm) = in the same way, for the same reason / tak samo, na tej samej zasadzie e.g. There was very little evidence that he was guilty; by the same token, there was little to say he wasn’t. abide by /º`b¡d b¡/ (phr v) = to obey / przestrzegać e.g. They have to abide by the rules, otherwise they will be disqualified. alleviation /º¿l∞vi`Ω«ºn/ (n) = lessening of the severity of sth / złagodzenie, zmniejszenie e.g. The committee were focused on the alleviation of homelessness in the city. Der.: alleviate (v) foster /`f≥stºr/ (v) = to encourage or develop / rozwijać, rozbudzać e.g. The school is careful to foster the creativity of its pupils. VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 Campaigners stood outside the college, asking students to sign .......... . A petitions C riots B demonstrations D celebrations 106 2 Although investigators know who the .......... is, they cannot track him down. A civic C crime B culprit D consensus Unit 8 3 That racist comment showed how .......... Herbert is towards immigrants. A bigoted C malevolent B spontaneous D humiliated 7 She never saves anything from her wages because she is a .......... shopper. A compulsive C surveillance B mischievous D high-ranking 4 Strict rules were .......... to curb the increasing amount of vandalism at the school. A controlled C accumulated B implemented D eradicated 8 Asylum seekers were filled with .......... at the thought of having to return to their homeland. A anguish C distraction B exclusion D harassment 5 Since 15 percent of the world is responsible for 80 percent of gross domestic products, there is an obvious need to .......... wealth. A stem C withdraw B evoke D redistribute 9 The photograph of the starving child .......... to his mother depicted the severity of the famine. A preaching C far-reaching B clinging D egging 6 Various .......... were organised in protest against the cuts in student grants. A walks C marches B paths D grids 10 At the demonstration, many innocent by-standers were killed or .......... by debris falling on them. A endowed C instilled B maimed D eliminated B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ segregation ñ biannually ñ mobility ñ contemptuous ñ exploitative ñ solidarity ñ elucidate ñ steadfast ñ legitimate ñ discrimination 1 The ..................... methods of multinational corporations are condemned by human rights organisations. 2 Being an environmentalist, he is ..................... in his beliefs about introducing an environmental tax on consumers and producers. 3 Budgets are reviewed ..................... , in March and October. 4 Separating girls and boys at school is a form of ..................... . 5 Union leaders called for a general strike to show ..................... with overworked healthcare staff. 6 The spokesman at the demonstration went on to ..................... exactly what the group’s demands were. 7 Advertisements for job vacancies should not include a preferred age as this shows ..................... . 8 Although perfectly ..................... , making employees work at weekends is disrespectful. 9 Despite the minister’s logical solution, the backbenchers were ..................... of his proposal. 10 There is high job ..................... in Britain, as people readily relocate because of employment opportunities. C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 Hopes of saving the island from tourism development ..................... as the building supplies arrived. The guest speaker ..................... the lights as the film footage was projected onto the screen. Her eyes ................. with sorrow as she watched them go. 2 It is not necessary to queue up in the bank as you can ..................... funds from the ATM. The UN leaders decided to ..................... troops from the area. He was obliged to ..................... his statement or face the threat of dismissal. 107 Unit 8 3 After a brief ................, the shares dropped back to 165 p. Thousands of people attended the ..................... in the park for World Environment day. The crowd gasped at the amazing shots of the tennis players during the long ..................... . 5 The tension between rival groups mounted and the situation was extremely ..................... . If anything was less than perfect the ..................... singer would fly into a rage and start sacking people. The ..................... liquid had to be carefully transported to prevent it from evaporating and possibly exploding. 4 The young woman moved with ..................... and elegance. He was only given a couple of days’ ..................... to move out of his flat. Even though he is not a religious man he insists on saying .................... before he eats. D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 He knew that it was against the law for someone to monitor his emails. infringement He knew that having someone monitor his emails was ...................... .............................................. privacy. 2 The distribution of wealth is not evenly balanced in many societies. apportioned Wealth .............................................. .............................. in many societies. 3 He falsely claimed that he had lost his passport in India. bogus He made ........................................... ............... losing his passport in India. 4 Imposing an import duty on the exotic fish made the situation worse. exacerbated Imposing an import duty on the exotic fish .................................................... the situation. 5 The government’s decision will be made after all the details are known. withhold The government ................................ .......... until all the details are known. E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. Despite 1) ................................. of violent clashes with the police, the environmental group’s 2) ...................................... against cloning was surprisingly peaceful. Instead of the usual mass of uncontrollable 3) ....................................... , there was not a banner-waving 4) ................................ in sight. The group had settled for a rather unique way to voice their message that human cloning was 5) ........................ . As members of various medical 6) ................................. arrived at the International Conference centre, they were met with more than two thousand bodies lying down, dressed in white, blocking the entrance. Key 7) ................................. in the group had come up with the idea as a non-violent 8) ........................ against the recent developments concerning the practice of cloning and the proposed 9) ......................... to allow human cloning. Police had to resort to using water jets to make the group withdraw. Despite their 10) ......................... , the group disbanded when tear gas was used. A spokesman at the conference was reported to have said that charges against the group for causing civil 11) .......................... had been dropped. 108 EXPECT DEMONSTRATE RIOT PROTEST ACCEPT INSTITUTE CAMPAIGN DECLARE LEGISLATE PERSIST REST Self-Assessment Module Vocabulary & Grammar (p.185) SA4.1 SA4.2 SA4.3 SA4.4 SA4.5 SA4.6 SA4.7 SA4.8 SA4.9 SA4.10 rim /ræm/ (n) = the edge of sth circular / oprawka (okularów), krawędź e.g. He looked at me over the rim of his glasses. ledge /leπ/ (n) = a narrow horizontal projection / parapet, występ e.g. She arranged some plant pots on the window ledge to make it look pretty. arbitrary /`≤bætrºri/ (adj) = random, not based on a reason / nieuzasadniony, przypadkowy, arbitralny e.g. The press accused the police of making arbitrary arrests of immigrants. scrutiny /`skr∂tæni/ (n) = a careful examination / baczna obserwacja e.g. When he became famous, his personal life was subjected to close scrutiny by the media. Der.: scrutinise (v) abuse /º`bj∂z/ (v) = to make bad use of / nadużywać e.g. The governor abused his power and was forced to resign. Der.: abusive /º`bj∂sæv/ (adj), abuse /º`bj∂s/ (n) disinterested /dæs`æntrºstæd/ (adj) = not involved or unlikely to benefit from a particular situation, therefore able to act fairly and unselfishly / bezstronny, obiektywny e.g. The media are supposed to be a disinterested observer of events. lineage /`læniæπ/ (n) = ancestry / rodowód e.g. They managed to trace their lineage back to the early 17th century. turbulence /`tªbjulºns/ (n) = confusion, conflict / zawirowanie, niepokój e.g. The early seventies was a time of great political turbulence in Greece. turmoil /`tªm√l/ (n) = great disturbance, confusion / zamieszanie, chaos e.g. The country has been in political turmoil since the government collapsed. stand sb in good stead (idm) = to be very useful to sb / bardzo przydać się komuś e.g. His first aid training stood him in good stead when his wife had a heart attack. SA4.12 SA4.13 crucial /`kr∂«ºl/ (adj) = critical, extremely important / zasadniczy e.g. The president makes many crucial decisions during his term of office. opt /≥pt/ (v) = to choose or decide to do sth in preference to sth else / zdecydować się, postanowić e.g. He opted to rent rather than buy a house. shareholder /`«≈høldºr/ (n) = sb who owns shares in a company / udziałowiec, akcjonariusz e.g. The director assured shareholders that profits would increase after January. Reading (pp. 186–187) SA4.14 SA4.15 SA4.16 SA4.17 SA4.18 SA4.19 SA4.20 SA4.21 SA4.22 Use of English (pp. 185–186) SA4.11 4 SA4.23 foxhole /`f≥kshøl/ (n) = a hole in the ground that soldiers use as a shelter or a firing point / okop strzelecki e.g. The soldiers dug their foxholes and fired at the enemy positions. elusive /æ`l∂sæv/ (adj) = difficult to find, describe, remember or achieve / wymijający; nieuchwytny e.g. The politician was elusive on the matter of educational reforms. Der.: elusiveness (n) dog tag /`d≥g t±g/ (n) = a metal identification label worn on a chain around the neck by soldiers / blaszka identyfikacyjna, „nieśmiertelnik“ e.g. The soldier wore his dog tag underneath his shirt. dental floss /`dentºl fl≥s/ (n) = thread used to clean the gaps between teeth / nić dentystyczna e.g. Dental floss can be effective in reducing tooth decay. tranquilliser /`tr±…kwæl¡zºr/ (n) = a drug that makes sb feel calmer or less anxious / środek uspokajający e.g. The doctor prescribed him some tranquillisers as he was suffering from severe anxiety. machete /mº`«eti/ (n) = a large knife with a broad blade / maczeta e.g. The hunter used his machete to cut his way through the jungle. odds and ends (idm) = bits and pieces / drobiazgi e.g. The room was bare apart from a few odds and ends left behind by its previous occupant. slingshot /`slæ…«≥t/ (n) = a hand-held device used by children for shooting small stones / proca e.g. The naughty little boy used his slingshot to shoot down birds from trees. ammunition /¿±mju`n櫺n/ (n) = bullets / amunicja e.g. US soldiers discovered ammunition left behind by enemy forces. starlight scope /`st≤l¡t skøp/ (n) = a gun attachment that allows soldiers to see and shoot at night / przystawka noktowizyjna 109 Self-Assessment Module 4 SA4.24 SA4.25 SA4.26 SA4.27 SA4.28 SA4.29 SA4.30 SA4.31 SA4.32 SA4.33 SA4.34 SA4.35 110 e.g. The soldier fitted the starlight scope to his rifle and fired at the enemy. elaborate /æ`l±bºrºt/ (adj) = complicated / misterny, wymyślny, skomplikowany e.g. He was amazed by the elaborate architectural design of the palace. Der.: elaborately (adv), elaboration (n) pentrite /`pentr¡t/ (n) = a type of explosive / pentryt (materiał wybuchowy) e.g. The time bomb comprised a mixture of TNT and pentrite. earplug /`ƒpl∑g/ (n) = a small piece of a soft material which one puts into one’s ear to keep out noise, water or cold air / zatyczka do uszu, stoper e.g. Rosie wears her earplugs every time her flatmate plays the drums. shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders to show one is not interested or does not care about sth / wzruszyć ramionami e.g. The old woman shrugged when he asked if he could take the seat next to her. platoon /plº`t∂n/ (n) = a group of soldiers usually commanded by a lieutenant / pluton e.g. The platoon was ordered to return to the camp after completing the mission. headfirst /`hedfªst/ (adv) = with the head bent forward / głową w przód e.g. She fell headfirst down the stairs. fan out /`f±n `¬t/ (phr v) = (of a group of people) to spread over a wide area / rozejść się półkolem e.g. The lieutenant ordered his soldiers to fan out and to search the area thoroughly. cobweb /`k≥bweb/ (n) = a net that spiders make for catching insects / pajęczyna e.g. The cottage was full of cobwebs as it had been deserted for many years. rabies /`rΩb∞z/ (n) = a disease of dogs and other animals that is passed onto humans by biting and causes madness and death, hydrophobia / wścieklizna e.g. Dogs, cats and other animals can be infected with rabies. paddy /`p±di/ (n) = a field where rice is grown / pole ryżowe e.g. China is covered in acres of paddies. pop /p≥p/ (v) = to put in the mouth quickly / łykać e.g. The student popped a sweet into his mouth when the teacher wasn’t looking. fracture /`fr±kt«ºr/ (n) = a slight crack or break in sth / pęknięcie SA4.36 SA4.37 SA4.38 SA4.39 SA4.40 SA4.41 SA4.42 SA4.43 SA4.44 e.g. The X-ray showed she had a small fracture at the base of the spine. Der.: fracture (v), fractured (adj) dense /dens/ (adj) = here: heavy / ciężki, gęsty e.g. The air was so dense that I could hardly breathe. Der.: densely (adv) grin /græn/ (v) = to smile broadly / uśmiechać się szeroko e.g. He grinned when he saw the effort that they had put into his surprise party. nod /n≥d/ (v) = to move one’s head downwards and upwards to show understanding / kiwnąć głową, przytaknąć e.g. After he had related his problem, she nodded her head in understanding. moan /møn/ (v) = to make a low sound (e.g. in pain) / jęczeć e.g. The patient moaned as the nurse bandaged his wound. profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = having great knowledge or insight / zawierający głęboki sens, o głębokiej treści e.g. The writings of Plato are considered to be very profound. ambush /`±mbμ«/ (n) = a surprise attack / zasadzka e.g. The soldier was killed in an ambush in the war in Kosovo. Der.: ambush (v) agonising /`±gºn¡zæ…/ (adj) = painful, tormenting / bolesny, dręczący e.g. It was agonising not to know whether their son was alive. oppressed /º`prest/ (adj) = distressed, anxious / udręczony e.g. He was oppressed by the suffering he saw all around him. Der.: oppression (n), oppressive (adj) spell /spel/ (n) = a period of time spent working somewhere / krótki okres pracy e.g. I had a brief spell as a singer before I became a dancer. Listening (p. 188) SA4.45 SA4.46 relegation /¿relæ`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = being sent to a lower division or group in football / degradacja, spadek (np. do niższej ligi) e.g. The threat of relegation caused the squad to suffer a great deal of anxiety. cautious /`k¥«ºs/ (adj) = careful / ostrożny e.g. Linda is a very cautious driver. Der.: cautiously (adv) Another Day, Another Dollar Lead-in (p. 191) 9.1 remuneration /ræ¿mj∂nº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = the amount of money paid to sb for the work they do / wynagrodzenie e.g. His remuneration as a teacher is í25,000 per annum. 9.10 9.11 Reading (p. 193) 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 marital /`m±rætºl/ (adj) = relating to marriage / małżeński e.g. The couple were having marital problems, so they decided to separate. delinquency /dæ`læ…kwºnsi/ (n) = criminal behaviour, especially among the young / przestępczość e.g.Vandalism and joyriding are examples of teenage delinquency. RSI /¿≤r es `¡/ (abbr) = repetitive strain/stress injury, a condition caused by the prolonged performance of repetitive actions, especially with the hands, resulting in pain and malfunction of the muscles involved / syndrom RSI, syndrom monotonnych ruchów e.g. Our secretary is suffering from RSI and can’t do any typing. malaise /mº`lΩz/ (n) = the problem that affects a group of people and can neither be easily explained nor solved / niemoc, apatia, zastój, fatalna kondycja e.g. The recent conflicts within the government have brought about political and social malaise. woes /wøz/ (n pl) = problems / zmartwienia e.g. Telling his parents about his bad report was the least of his woes; he had more serious problems on his mind. wicked /`wækæd/ (adj) = very bad, deliberately harmful / podły, paskudny e.g. Pointing out his colleagues’ mistakes was a wicked thing to do. Der.: wickedness (n), wickedly (adv) avalanche /`±vºl≤nt«/ (n) = here: a large number of things that happen or arrive at the same time / (dosłownie i w przenośni) lawina e.g. The company received an avalanche of complaints about their poor quality products. poll /pøl/ (n) = a survey in which people are asked their opinion about sth (usually to find out how popular it is or what people intend to do in the future) / sondaż, ankieta 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9 e.g. A recent poll indicated that 80% of employees were in favour of a 35-hour working week. beastly /`b∞stli/ (adj) = horrible, unkind / wredny, paskudny e.g. He was a beastly man who deliberately embarrassed people in public. declare /dæ`kl≈r/ (v) = to state firmly / ogłosić, oświadczyć e.g. He declared himself bankrupt. damn /d±m/ (v) = to condemn, criticise / potępić e.g. His report was very critical and especially damned the company’s employment structure. impact /`æmp±kt/ (n) = effect / wpływ e.g. The new female chief executive had a positive impact on the company, reducing their debts by half. reign /rΩn/ (v) = to prevail / panować e.g. At the business forum, confusion reigned about how the financial issue would be resolved. bang on about /`b±… `≥n º`b¬t/ (phr v) = (informal) to talk or write about sth repeatedly for a long time in a boring, uninteresting way / „truć“ o czymś e.g. Parents bang on and on about how important it is for children to study hard at school. dotcom /`d≥tk∑m/ (n) = a company that conducts its business on the Internet / firma prowadząca działalność przez Internet e.g. Although I have placed orders with several dotcoms, I never pay them with my credit card. miss the boat (idm) = (informal) to be too slow and to lose an opportunity / stracić okazję e.g. If you don’t apply for a grant now, you may find you’ve missed the boat! angst /±…st/ (n) = a feeling of anxiety and worry / niepokój e.g. My teenage daughter is constantly full of angst. profound /prº`f¬nd/ (adj) = very great, intense / głęboki, przemożny e.g. His ideas and beliefs had a profound effect on many areas of management. Der.: profoundly (adv) nine-to-five = referring to the usual office hours (from 9 am to 5 pm) / dotyczący stałej pracy umysłowej, zwykle wykonywanej od dziewiątej rano do piątej po południu e.g. Rebecca has a nine-to-five job working as a secretary. supplant /sº`pl≤nt/ (v) = to replace, take the place of / zająć miejsce 111 Unit 9 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 112 e.g. The democratic government was supplanted by a dictatorship. affiliation /º¿fæli`Ω«ºn/ (n) = connection, association with sth or sb / związek, afiliacja, przynależność e.g. As an environmental lobbyist, she has strong affiliations with conservation and eco-awareness groups. diminish /dæ`mænæ«/ (v) = to reduce in importance or intensity / osłabnąć, zmniejszyć się, zmaleć e.g. As a result of the rise in demand, the threat of closure began to diminish. disperse /dæ`spªs/ (v) = to scatter, spread over a large area / rozproszyć się e.g. Once the demonstration was over, the crowd began to disperse. window into sb’s soul (idm) = an insight into sb’s character / zwierciadło czyjejś duszy e.g. A person’s hobbies or interests can often be a window into their soul. reinforce /¿r∞æn`f¥s/ (v) = to strengthen, to make a feeling, belief or fear stronger or more intense / wzmacniać e.g. The fashion and entertainment industries merely reinforce the belief that women have to be thin to be beautiful. taint /tΩnt/ (v) = to harm sb’s reputation because of sth bad or undesirable they are associated with / nadszarpnąć, splamić (np. czyjąś reputację) e.g. The politician’s popularity was tainted by scandals and corruption. salience /`sΩliºns/ (n) = the most important fact or point / istota, sedno e.g. The salience of the company reform was to improve working relations. toehold /`tøhøld/ (n) = a position from where a better or more powerful position may be gained / punkt zaczepienia, korzystna pozycja wyjściowa e.g. The Nestlé Company was anxiously trying to obtain a toehold in the Asian market in order to flood it with cocoa drink products. deification /¿dΩæfæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = regarding sb or sth with very great respect and not criticising them / podniesienie do rangi bóstwa, deifikacja e.g. The media are largely to blame for the deification of film stars. margin /`m≤πæn/ (n) = the edge, limit / margines e.g. In the past, women were on the margins of the business world, but now they’re beginning to play a more important role. keenly /`k∞nli/ (adv) = intensely / dotkliwie e.g. His absence was keenly felt by his family. 9.33 9.34 9.35 intrinsically /æn`trænsækli/ (adv) = essentially / z natury, sam w sobie e.g. The Porsche is intrinsically a very powerful car. Der.: intrinsic (adj) ambivalent /±m`bævºlºnt/ (adj) = uncertain, ambiguous / ambiwalentny, niejednoznaczny, niepewny e.g. She had ambivalent feelings about getting married again. Der.: ambivalence (n), ambivalently (adv) focal point /`føkºl ¿p√nt/ (n) = the centre of interest or activity / główny punkt e.g. Although many items were on the agenda, the focal point of the meeting was drug abuse. Language Focus (pp. 194–197) 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.43 incentive /æn`sentæv/ (n) = sth that encourages an action or an effort / zachęta, bodziec e.g. Some companies offer bonuses to employees as an incentive. freelance /`fr∞l≤ns/ (adj) = not employed by one organisation but working independently / niezależny, pracujący jako wolny strzelec, pracujący na własny rachunek e.g. Bored with working for the same company, David decided to become a freelance photographer. downsizing /`d¬ns¡zæ…/ (n) = reduction / redukcja (np. zatrudnienia) e.g. The worldwide recession has resulted in a downsizing in the service industry. stapler /`stΩplºr/ (n) = a device used for fastening sheets of paper together with staples / zszywacz e.g. The teacher used a stapler to keep the test papers together. perforator /`pªfº¿rΩtºr/ (n) = a device used for punching holes in paper / dziurkacz e.g. The secretary used a perforator to make holes in the documents so as to place them in the binder. binder /`b¡ndºr/ (n) = a hard cover with metal rings inside used to hold loose pieces of paper / segregator e.g. All accident report slips must be filed in the binder. switchboard /`swæ∏b¥d/ (n) = a place in a large office where all the telephone calls are connected / centrala telefoniczna e.g. All calls to the company go through the switchboard. reprimand /`repræm≤nd/ (v) = to speak to sb angrily or seriously about some wrong action / udzielić reprymendy, udzielić nagany e.g. William was reprimanded by his teacher for not doing his homework. Unit 9 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49 9.50 9.51 9.52 9.53 dismiss /dæs`mæs/ (v) = to fire / zwolnić (z pracy) e.g. After several warnings about punctuality, the manager decided to dismiss the employee. severance /`sevºrºns/ (n) = ending a relationship, connection or sb’s contract of employment / zakończenie, rozdzielenie, rozwiązanie (np. umowy o pracę) e.g. The ongoing political violence has led to the severance of ties between the nations. credentials /krº`den«ºlz/ (n pl) = previous achievements, training and general background which indicate that sb is qualified to do sth, or relevant documents / przygotowanie zawodowe, kwalifikacje lub dokumenty na ich potwierdzenie e.g. The manager was impressed with her employment credentials and offered her a job on the spot. aptitude /`±ptætj∂d/ (n) = the ability to learn sth quickly and do it well / predyspozycje, zdolności e.g. During her three-month trial, she showed great aptitude for the job and was offered a permanent contract. reimbursement /¿r∞æm`bªsmºnt/ (n) = the return payment of money that sb spent / zwrot kosztów e.g. He claimed for the reimbursement of his travelling and car expenses. ironmonger /`¡ºnm∑…gºr/ (n) = a person who sells articles for the house and garden such as tools, nails, etc / właściciel sklepu z narzędziami i artykułami metalowymi e.g. Can you ask the ironmonger to recommend some tools for the garden? stationer /`stΩ«ºnºr/ (n) = a person who sells paper, envelopes, pens and other equipment used for writing / właściciel sklepu papierniczego e.g. We have run out of envelopes, please order some from the stationer’s. PA /p∞ `Ω/ (abbr) = personal assistant, sb who works as a secretary or assistant for one person / osobisty sekretarz(-rka), asystent(ka) e.g. Mr Brown’s PA has excellent office skills and speaks four languages! picket line /`pækæt ¿l¡n/ (n) = a group of people on strike who stand outside a place of work in order to prevent people from going in / kordon pikietujących e.g. His co-workers who were now part of the picket line tried to stop him when he was entering the factory. demote /dæ`møt/ (v) = to reduce to a lower rank or category / zdegradować e.g. He was demoted from manager to supervisor, which meant a reduction in salary. 9.54 9.55 9.56 9.57 9.58 9.59 9.60 9.61 9.62 9.63 downgrade /`d¬ngrΩd/ (v) = to reduce to a lower grade, rank or level of importance / zmniejszyć rolę, zdegradować e.g. At the board meeting, the directors decided to downgrade him from division manager to assistant manager. Opp.: upgrade assembly line /º`sembli l¡n/ (n) = an arrangement of workers and machines in which each person has a particular task, and the work is passed on from one worker to the other until it is completed / linia montażowa e.g. His task on the car assembly line was to screw on the door handles. retail /`r∞tΩl/ (n) = selling goods directly to the public / sprzedaż detaliczna e.g. At Christmas, the retail of all goods increases by about 30%. fringe benefits /`frænπ ¿benæfæts/ (n pl) = extra things that some people get from their job in addition to their salary / dodatki (do pensji), dodatkowe świadczenia czy korzyści e.g. One of the fringe benefits of this job is free medical treatment. compromise /`k≥mprºm¡z/ (v) = to reach a decision or agreement with sb after you both give up sth you originally wanted / pójść na kompromis e.g. In order to make the deal, both sides had to compromise and lower their demands. supplement /`s∑plæmºnt/ (v) = to add to sth / uzupełnić e.g. She had to take a second job in the evenings to supplement her meagre income. Der.: supplement (n), supplementary (adj) laborious /lº`b¥riºs/ (adj) = taking a lot of time and effort / żmudny, mozolny e.g. Putting the huge pile of files into chronological order was a laborious task. Der.: laboriously (adv) diligent /`dælæπºnt/ (adj) = careful, thorough / sumienny, gorliwy, pracowity e.g. Tom is a very diligent worker, he pays close attention to every detail. Der.: diligence (n), diligently (adv) menial /`m∞niºl/ (adj) = boring, degrading / źle płatny i nudny e.g. Cleaning the streets is a menial job. industrious /æn`d∑striºs/ (adj) = hard-working / pracowity e.g. Elisabeth is an industrious and flexible worker. Der.: industriously (adv) 113 Unit 9 9.64 9.65 9.66 9.67 9.68 9.69 9.70 9.71 9.72 9.73 9.74 114 lucrative /`l∂krºtæv/ (adj) = very profitable / lukratywny e.g. Trading in diamonds is an extremely lucrative business. appoint /º`p√nt/ (v) = to assign, choose / mianować e.g. When the managing director retired, the chairman decided to appoint his assistant for the position. recruit /ræ`kr∂t/ (v) = to select or persuade people to work for or join an organisation / rekrutować, werbować e.g. The police are trying to recruit more women to the force. Der.: recruitment (n) perks /pªks/ (n pl) = special benefits given to people who have a particular job or belong to a particular group / dodatki, dodatkowe korzyści e.g. Taking clients out to lunch in expensive restaurants is one of the perks of the job. commission /kº`m櫺n/ (n) = the sum of money paid to a salesperson for every sale that he or she makes / prowizja e.g. As a salesman, he receives a 5% commission on every car that he sells. work to rule = to do only such work as is included in one’s contract in order to protest against sth / zastosować strajk włoski e.g. Teachers are unanimous in their decision to work to rule. vacate /vº`kΩt/ (v) = to leave a place or a job / opuścić e.g. If you hear the fire alarm, you should vacate the premises immediately. brain drain /`brΩn drΩn/ (n) = (informal) the situation when highly skilled professionals emigrate to a country where they are offered better conditions / drenaż mózgów, emigracja ludzi wykształconych e.g. This brain drain is caused by low salaries. incompatible with sth /¿ænkºm`p±tæbºl/ (adj) = not able to coexist with sth / nie do pogodzenia z czymś e.g. Working long hours is incompatible with family life. Der.: incompatibility (n) Opp.: compatible golden handshake /`gøldºn `h±nd«Ωk/ (n) = a large sum of money that a company gives to an employee when he or she leaves, as a reward for long service or good work / hojna odprawa e.g. He received a golden handshake of í10,000 in recognition of his long service. gadget /`g±πæt/ (n) = a machine, device or appliance which does sth useful / przyrząd, gadżet e.g. A tin-opener is a useful gadget to have in the kitchen. 9.75 9.76 9.77 9.78 9.79 9.80 9.81 9.82 9.83 9.84 9.85 9.86 9.87 hand in one’s notice = to quit / złożyć wymówienie e.g. Julia handed in her notice after she had an argument with her boss. dispute /dæ`spj∂t/ (n) = argument or disagreement between people / spór e.g. Negotiators failed to settle the dispute between the government and the farmers. be given the sack (idm) = to be dismissed from employment / zostać wylanym z pracy e.g. Martin was given the sack for stealing. insubordination /¿ænsºb¥dæ`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = refusal to obey sb of higher rank / niesubordynacja e.g. Patrick’s refusal to follow the senior executive’s instructions was downright insubordination. Der.: insubordinate (adj) break even (idm) = to make neither a profit nor a loss / wyjść na czysto (bez zysku i bez straty) e.g. He broke even in the first two years of business. shift work /`«æft wªk/ (n) = working at various times of the day or night / praca w systemie zmianowym e.g. His job involves shift work so he doesn’t have much of a social life. shop floor /`«≥p fl¥r/ (n) = all the ordinary workers in a factory / personel niższego szczebla e.g. The position of control assistant in the office gave him a chance to get off the shop floor. expenditure /æk`spendæt«ºr/ (n) = spending money, expenses / wydatki e.g. The government has promised to increase its expenditure on health and education. reversal /ræ`vªsºl/ (n) = a complete change in sth / całkowita zmiana e.g. The minister’s decision is a complete reversal of his previous policies. empower /æm`p¬ºr/ (v) = to give sb the means or confidence to achieve sth / zainspirować, dać siłę do działania e.g. Employees should be empowered by their bosses to achieve their goals. downside /`d¬ns¡d/ (n) = a disadvantage / wada, minus e.g. The downside of being a high-flying executive is that there is little time for friends and family. ooze with sth /∂z/ (v) = to show a quality or characteristic very strongly / emanować, roztaczać (wokół siebie) e.g. I’m not surprised he got the job, he oozes with confidence. recruit /ræ`kr∂t/ (n) = a person who has recently joined an organisation / nowy pracownik Unit 9 9.88 e.g. The new recruits were given a tour of the building on their first day at work. Der.: recruitment (n) morale /mº`r≤l/ (n) = the amount of confidence and cheerfulness that a group of people has / morale e.g. A concert was organised in order to boost the morale of the soldiers. Listening and Speaking (pp. 198–199) 9.89 9.90 9.91 9.92 9.93 9.94 9.95 9.96 9.97 9.98 dungarees /¿d∑…gº`r∞z/ (n pl) = a one-piece garment consisting of trousers with shoulder straps and a piece of fabric covering the chest / ogrodniczki e.g. The baby was wearing blue dungarees and sandals. flip-flops /`flæp fl≥ps/ (n pl) = open shoes which are held on your feet by a strap that goes between the toes / japonki e.g. She wore her red flip-flops to walk to the beach. blazer /`blΩzºr/ (n) = a jacket / marynarka e.g. The school uniform consists of black trousers, a white shirt and a red tie and a blazer. misconception /¿mæskºn`sep«ºn/ (n) = an idea that is not correct / błędne przekonanie e.g. There are many misconceptions about genetic testing. induced /æn`dj∂st/ (adj) = brought on, caused / wywołany (przez coś), spowodowany e.g. Stress-induced illnesses are very common nowadays. Der.: inducement (n) eradicate /æ`r±dækΩt/ (v) = to eliminate / wyeliminować e.g. Scientists are trying to discover a cure to eradicate malaria. Der.: eradication (n) the course of history = the way that events develop / bieg historii e.g. If time travel ever became a reality, the whole course of history could be altered. strain /strΩn/ (n) = stress / stres, napięcie e.g. Students are under a great deal of strain during exam time. overrated /¿øvº`rΩtæd/ (adj) = not as good as people say / przereklamowany, przeceniany e.g. Reality shows are higly overrated. I think they’re boring! fragmented /fr±g`mentæd/ (adj) = divided into small parts / podzielony (np. na części) e.g. Our nation is fragmented on the issue of adopting a new currency. Der.: fragmentation (n), fragment (n) Reading (pp. 200–201) 9.99 9.100 9.101 9.102 9.103 9.104 9.105 9.106 9.107 9.108 9.109 9.110 9.111 loll /l≥l/ (v) = to sit or lie in a very relaxed position / rozsiąść się, rozwalać się e.g. He lolled on the sofa watching TV. fidget /`fæπæt/ (v) = to move restlessly / wiercić się e.g. Jane cannot keep still, she is always fidgeting. get the heck out = (informal) to leave / wynosić się e.g. Sydney told Michael to get the heck out of her office. steam into sth = to start doing sth quickly / ruszyć pełną parą, ostro zabrać się do czegoś e.g. As soon as he understood the instructions, he steamed into the task. whopping /`w≥pæ…/ (adj) = great, huge / gigantyczny e.g. The President won the election with a whopping 90% of the votes. infinitely /`ænfænætli/ (adv) = without limits or ends / nieskończenie, bez porównania e.g. The pay in his new job is infinitely better than in his old one! Der.: infinite (adj) goggle-eyed /¿g≥gºl`¡d/ (adj) = with eyes wide open / z wytrzeszczonymi oczami e.g. I sat watching TV all night until I was practically goggle-eyed! crusty /`kr∑sti/ (adj) = having a hard outer layer / pokryty skorupką, skórką e.g. The blister on my heel eventually went hard and crusty. Der.: crust (n) chicken pox /`∏ækºn p≥ks/ (n) = a disease, especially of children, that causes many spots on the skin / ospa wietrzna e.g. Johnny went down with chicken pox and his mum stayed with him at home. crux /kr∑ks/ (n) = the most important or difficult part of the matter / sedno sprawy, problemu e.g. The crux of our financial problems is the mortgage on the house. holistic /hø`læstæk/ (adj) = based on the belief that everything in nature is connected in some way / holistyczny e.g. Holistic medicine treats the body as a whole and not just the affected part. hectic /`hektæk/ (adj) = busy, hurried / gorączkowy, zwariowany e.g. I’m so tired after my hectic day! drop in /`dr≥p `æn/ (phr v) = to visit sb without previous arrangements / wpaść (z wizytą) 115 Unit 9 9.112 9.113 9.114 9.115 9.116 9.117 9.118 9.119 9.120 9.121 9.122 9.123 116 e.g. Sarah was in the neighbourhood and decided to drop in and say ”hello.” resort to sth /ræ`z¥t/ (v) = to turn to a certain course of action in order to achieve sth / uciec się do czegoś e.g. He had to resort to stealing to make a living because he couldn’t get a job. adhesive /ºd`h∞sæv/ (n) = a substance such as glue which is used to make things stick together / klej e.g. She glued the broken picture frame with a strong adhesive. gnaw /n¥/ (v) = to chew, bite sth repeatedly / obgryzać, gryźć e.g. The dog picked the bone and gnawed at it. teething ring /`t∞∫æ… ræ…/ (n) = a rubber ring babies chew to relieve the pain of teething / gryzak e.g. The baby happily chewed on its teething ring. void /v√d/ (n) = emptiness / pustka e.g. Her husband’s death left a void in her life. counterproductive /¿k¬ntºprº`d∑ktæv/ (adj) = having the opposite result from the desired one / przynoszący efekt przeciwny do zamierzonego e.g. The measures taken to create jobs were counterproductive and only caused further unemployment. resentment /ræ`zentmºnt/ (n) = bitterness, anger / niezadowolenie, żal, poczucie krzywdy e.g. George felt resentment at being replaced by a younger employee. Der.: resent (v) coach /kø∏/ (n) = an instructor, tutor / trener, instruktor e.g. She has a fitness coach who comes to her house three times a week. accountable for sth /º`k¬ntºbºl/ (adj) = responsible for sth / odpowiedzialny za coś e.g. Someone must be held accountable for the accident. bubble with /`b∑bºl wæ∫/ (phr v) = to be full of / tryskać czymś, być pełnym czegoś e.g. She came to the party bubbling with excitement. impose /æm`pøz/ (v) = to establish, enforce / narzucić, nałożyć e.g. The government plans to impose fines on companies who do not comply with the laws on health and safety. Der.: imposition (n) sacrosanct /`s±krøs±…kt/ (adj) = too important to be interfered with / święty, nienaruszalny e.g. Freedom of the press is sacrosanct and should remain so. 9.124 9.125 9.126 9.127 9.128 9.129 9.130 9.131 9.132 9.133 scoot /sk∂t/ (v) = to rush / pędzić e.g. She came into the house and scooted up the stairs to her room. chartered /`∏≤tºd/ (adj) = formally qualified in a profession / dyplomowany e.g. He was a highly successful chartered accountant. corporate /`k¥pºrºt/ (adj) = relating to business corporations / korporacyjny, biznesowy, dla przedsiębiorstw e.g. The man sought corporate advice about setting up an e-mail business. pounce on /`p¬ns `≥n/ (phr v) = to come up towards sb suddenly and take hold of them / rzucić się na kogoś e.g. The actress pounced on the photographer and grabbed his camera after he snapped a photo. bundle off /`b∑ndºl `≥f/ (phr v) = to send sb somewhere or take them there in a hurry / wyekspediować, wysłać e.g. The children were bundled off to a summer camp. go/slip down the drain/plughole (idm) = (informal) to be wasted or lost / marnować się, przepadać e.g. Millions of dollars have slipped down the plughole. awash /º`w≥«/ (adj) = covered, filled / pełen, przepełniony e.g. Steve was awash with guilt seeing his colleague take the blame for his wrongdoings. bendy /`bendi/ (adj) = flexible / giętki e.g. Pipe cleaners are bendy so they can clean round corners. prop up /`pr≥p `∑p/ (phr v) = to put an object against sth / opierać e.g. Can you prop up the ladder against the wall? shoo away /`«∂ º`wΩ/ (v) = to make sb go away / przegonić e.g. I shooed her away so that she couldn’t see the birthday present. English in Use (pp. 202–205) 9.134 9.135 9.136 vanish /`v±næ«/ (v) = to disappear / zaginąć, zniknąć e.g. The old witch vanished into the dark and was never seen again. ogre /`øgºr/ (n) = a frightening person / potwór e.g. The headmaster was perceived as a cruel ogre who scared all the young children. archives /`≤k¡vz/ (n pl) = a collection of documents and records that contain historical information / archiwum, archiwa e.g. I completed my history report by going through the archives in the library to obtain information. Unit 9 9.137 9.138 9.139 9.140 9.141 9.142 9.143 9.144 9.145 9.146 9.147 9.148 9.149 unbearably /¿∑n`b≈rºbli/ (adv) = intolerably / nieznośnie, nie do wytrzymania e.g. By midday the weather was unbearably hot. slump /sl∑mp/ (n) = a recession, decline / zastój, recesja e.g. There has been a slump in car sales recently. lustre /`l∑stºr/ (n) = the interesting and exciting qualities of sth / blask; atrakcyjność e.g. Their relationship was slowly losing its lustre, so they decided to spend more time together. revere /ræ`vƒr/ (v) = to respect, admire / czcić, podziwiać e.g. Cats were revered by the ancient Egyptians. HR /¿Ω∏ `≤r/ (abbr) = human resources, the personnel department / dział zasobów ludzkich, kadry e.g. Mike is a HR specialist and a recruitment officer. vendor /`vendºr/ (n) = sb who sells things / sprzedawca e.g. She bought a beautiful bracelet from a street vendor. revolve around /ræ`v≥lv º`r¬nd/ (phr v) = to be mainly about a particular topic / dotyczyć, kręcić się wokół czegoś e.g. The meeting revolved around the terrible working conditions in the factory. account for /º`k¬nt fºr/ (phr v) = to constitute / stanowić e.g. Water accounts for the majority of the Earth’s surface. grievance /`gr∞vºns/ (n) = a complaint / skarga, zażalenie e.g. The main grievance of nurses is the inflexible working hours. ensuing /æn`sj∂æ…/ (adj) = (of events) happening after other events / zaistniały w następstwie czegoś, wynikły e.g. The decision of the management and the ensuing strike were highlighted in the news. mount /m¬nt/ (v) = to increase, rise / nasilać się e.g. As the deadline approached, the pressure to complete the project began to mount. counterpart /`k¬ntºp≤t/ (n) = another person or thing that has a similar function or position in a different place / odpowiednik; osoba na tym samym stanowisku e.g. The Greek Ambassador telephoned his French and Spanish counterparts to finalise plans for the upcoming convention. delegation /¿delæ`gΩ«ºn/ (n) = assignment of duties and responsibilities to others / przekazanie, przydzielenie obowiązków podwładnym e.g. The key factor in being a successful supervisor is the delegation of duties and responsibilities to co-workers. 9.150 9.151 reappraisal /¿r∞º`prΩzºl/ (n) = a review, a reassessment / ponowna analiza, ponowna ocena e.g. The needs of our department call for a reappraisal. merger /`mªπºr/ (n) = the joining together of two separate companies so that they become one / połączenie, fuzja przedsiębiorstw e.g. The merger between two petroleum companies was a billion dollar deal. Writing (pp. 206–212) 9.152 9.153 9.154 9.155 9.156 9.157 9.158 9.159 9.160 assessment /º`sesmºnt/ (n) = an evaluation / ocena e.g. At his yearly assessment, the supervisor discussed the employee’s progress. workload /`wªklød/ (n) = the amount of work that has to be done / zakres obowiązków, praca do wykonania e.g. She has such a heavy workload that she doesn’t even have time for lunch. lax /l±ks/ (adj) = not strict, severe or careful / niedbały, niestaranny e.g. Due to lax security controls, anybody could access the company’s files. Der.: laxity (n) inattentive /¿ænº`tentæv/ (adj) = not paying enough attention to sb or sth / nieuważny e.g. During the meeting, James was inattentive, preferring to chew his pen instead of taking notes. Opp.: attentive apprentice /º`prentæs/ (n) = a young person who works for sb in order to learn their skill / uczeń, praktykant e.g. Instead of going to university, Jim decided to work as an apprentice electrician. Der.: apprenticeship (n) allocation /¿±lº`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = giving particular amounts of money for particular purposes / przydział środków e.g. The government announced that the aid allocation for famine victims would increase by 30%. insight into sth /`æns¡t/ (n) = the understanding of sth / znajomość tematu e.g. Two years’ experience gave him an insight into the banking profession. relocate /¿r∞lø`kΩt/ (v) = to move to a different place / przenieść (się) e.g. The director plans to relocate the head office from the city centre to the suburbs. Der.: relocation (n) faulty /`f¥lti/ (adj) = not working properly, damaged / wadliwy e.g. The fire was caused by faulty wiring in the kitchen. 117 Unit 9 9.161 9.162 9.163 9.164 9.165 9.166 9.167 9.168 9.169 9.170 9.171 9.172 118 defective /dæ`fektæv/ (adj) = (of products) imperfect, incomplete / wadliwy e.g. If this product is defective in any way, please return it to the manufacturer. obsolete /`≥bsºl∞t/ (adj) = no longer needed or used, outdated / przestarzały e.g. The personnel records were obsolete and needed updating. flawed /fl¥d/ (adj) = (of items) not perfect, having some fault / ze skazą, wadliwy e.g. The system was flawed and had to be replaced. diverse /d¡`vªs/ (adj) = varied / różnorodny e.g. Their product range is diverse, they sell everything from holidays to toothbrushes. ridge /ræπ/ (n) = the line where the sloping surfaces of the roof join / krawędź, grzbiet dachu e.g. The chimney sweeper sat astride the ridge of the roof. contractor /kºn`tr±ktºr/ (n) = a person who does work for other people or organisations / wykonawca e.g. Instead of employing full time builders and electricians, the construction company hires private contractors. put out /`pμt `¬t/ (phr v) = to cause problems or inconvenience / sprawić kłopot e.g. Having to stay late at the office really put her out because she had made plans to go to the ballet. sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to suffer / odnieść, ponieść e.g. As a result of low investor confidence, the stock market sustained great losses. notify /`nøtæf¡/ (v) = to inform / powiadomić e.g. Any employee who is going to be late must notify their department supervisor. reiteration /r∞¿ætº`rΩ«ºn/ (n) = repetition / powtórzenie e.g. The meeting didn’t encompass anything new; it was a reiteration of last month’s discussion. gratitude /`gr±tætj∂d/ (n) = feeling grateful, expressing thanks / wdzięczność e.g. I wish to express my gratitude to Ms Smith for her generous help, care and support. urgent /`ªπºnt/ (adj) = needing or calling for immediate attention or action / natychmiastowy, nagły, pilny e.g. It is an urgent matter, so please contact the doctor immediately. Der.: urgency (n), urgently (adv) 9.173 9.174 9.175 9.176 9.177 9.178 9.179 9.180 by return of post (idm) = using the next available post, as soon as possible / odwrotną pocztą, jak najszybciej e.g. Please send me your application form by return of post. refund /`r∞f∑nd/ (n) = a sum of money which is returned to sb because they had paid too much or returned sth to a shop / zwrot pieniędzy e.g. The store manager offered a full refund for the faulty computer the customer had returned. Der.: refundable (adj) shrug /«r∑g/ (v) = to raise one’s shoulders to show one is not interested in sth or that one does not know or care / wzruszyć ramionami e.g. The man shrugged his shoulders when I asked when the bus would arrive, and said that he didn’t know. compartment /kºm`p≤tmºnt/ (n) = a separate section of a train / przedział e.g. We were surprised to see our managing director travelling with us in a second class compartment. deplorable /dæ`pl¥rºbºl/ (adj) = regrettable, disgraceful, shameful / godny ubolewania, żałosny e.g. The conditions at the hotel were deplorable. Der.: deplorably (adv), deplore (v) be the last straw (idm) = to be the last in a series of misfortunes and to make the situation unacceptable / być gwoździem do trumny e.g. I have a splitting headache and the noise upstairs is the last straw. mess sb around/about /`mes º`r¬nd/ (phr v) = to treat sb badly by not being honest with them or by continually changing plans which affect them / zwodzić kogoś e.g. The fact that they messed him around so often resulted in his unexpected resignation. workmanship /`wªkmºn«æp/ (n) = the skill with which sth is made / jakość wykonania, fachowość e.g. The reason why most of the machine parts were faulty was bad workmanship. Unit 9 VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 The media seems to .......... the details of violent crimes such as murder. A disperse C exaggerate B compromise D recruit 6 Selling cosmetics and other beauty products is a very .......... business. A menial C obsolete B incompatible D lucrative 2 The philosopher’s ideas and beliefs had a .......... effect on people during the last century. A industrious C obsolete B profound D urgent 7 A recent .......... indicates that more and more women are pursuing post-graduate studies. A incentive C affiliation B poll D slump 3 Mr Jones .......... his colleague Steven to take over the position of Manager. A imposed C dismissed B reinforced D appointed 8 Brandon receives 10% .......... for every car that he sells on top of his monthly salary. A expenditure C commission B contract D reimbursement 4 Nowadays, many young children are .......... interested in computers. A unbearably C keenly B intrinsically D infinitely 9 For many days, tension .......... as farmers continued to strike throughout the nation. A sustained C supplemented B mounted D imposed 5 The athlete’s sudden death left a .......... in the sports world. A void C incentive B resentment D misconception 10 She was constantly being .......... by the manager for always arriving late for work. A reprimanded C recruited B reinforced D reigned B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ diverse ñ supplement ñ dispute ñ intimidated ñ angst ñ overwhelmed ñ bang on and on ñ a golden handshake ñ handed in his notice ñ ambivalent 1 Many high school students suffer from ..................... before their examinations. 2 In our society, parents ............................. about the importance of learning English in order to find a highpaying job. 3 Natalie has taken on a second job as a waitress to ..................... her income. 4 Mrs Stevenson received ..................... in recognition of her dedication to the company for 25 years. 5 Negotiators were unable to settle the ..................... between government officials and striking doctors. 6 Upon returning from her summer holidays, Elisabeth felt completely ..................... by the amount of work that was piled on her desk. 7 Modern urban societies have become much more ..................... than in the past. 8 He remained ..................... about his friend’s innocence in the bank robbery. 9 After arguing with his boss for hours, Thomas ..................... and quietly left the office. 10 The students were ..................... into finishing their assigned work or they would not go on the school trip. 119 Unit 9 C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 He decided to ..................... a campaign against deforestation. 4 Her accidental death left a ..................... in the acting world which will take a long time to fill. No matter how much she tried she just couldn’t ..................... the horse. The printed document was declared ..................... by the corporate lawyer. She’s going to ..................... the medal on velvet and have it framed. The ship sailed silently through the black .................... , unaware of the danger ahead. 2 A personal ..................... was assigned to help me with my German class. 5 Many senior citizens receive a ..................... to their basic pension. He has recently become the new ..................... of the basketball team. Apart from regular exercise, I take a vitamin and mineral ..................... every day. A luxurious ..................... transferred the tourists from their hotel to the ancient monuments. I enjoy doing the crossword in the colour ..................... of the Sunday newspaper. 3 I had to ..................... my neck to catch a glimpse of my favourite singer. You should always warm up before the soccer game, otherwise you may ..................... your muscles. Can you please ..................... the pasta before you pour on the sauce. D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 She was fired from the airline company for stealing money. sack She was ..................................................... .................................. the airline company. 2 The main topic of the meeting focused on improving the employees’ working hours. revolved The meeting .............................................. ...................................... of the employees. 3 The football player and his new team reached an agreement worth millions of dollars. contract The football player signed ......................... ................................... with his new team. 120 4 Jeffrey told his employer that he intended to leave his job because he was ill. handed Jeffrey ....................................................... ....................................................... illness. 5 He was given a raise because his boss realised that he was hard-working and enthusiastic. industrious Seeing ....................................................... ....................................... gave him a raise. Unit 10 E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. For many of us, work has 1) ........................................... become part of our daily routine. In our rapidly changing world there seems to be an 2) ........................................... regarding the stability of jobs. While some companies face 3) ........................................... since they are unable to meet economic demands, other multinational organisations have restructured their 4) ........................................... process and are offering potential employees more perks and incentives. This has resulted in the 5) ...................................... of the power and financial status of these companies. With the constant changes within companies, the increasing fears of either being 6) ................................. or abruptly 7) ........................................... lingers on. Therefore, the 8) .................................. of employees is essential to ensure efficiency and productivity and create an 9) ...................................... working atmosphere. The key to being successful is the ability to maintain an optimistic attitude amidst all of the woes and stress which 10) ........................................... affect our social, physical and emotional well-being. Moreover, another factor is to constantly have a 11) ........................................... of things to do in order to alleviate boredom and lack of motivation. INTRINSIC AMBIVALENT DOWNSIZE RECRUIT REINFORCE DEMOTE DISMISS COMPATIBLE INDUSTRY PROFOUND DIVERSE Our Planet, Our Home Lead-in (p. 213) 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 spillage/spill /`spælæπ/ (n) = the liquid that has escaped or leaked from its container / wyciek e.g. Due to spillage from the oil tanker, several beaches will be closed this summer. Der.: spill (v) urban smog /`ªbºn `sm≥g/ (n) = a fog or haze in a town or city intensified by smoke, fumes or other atmospheric pollutants / smog miejski e.g. Many people living in big cities suffer from asthma and other breathing disorders caused by urban smog. pesticide /`pestæs¡d/ (n) = a substance that is used to destroy insects / pestycyd, środek ochrony roślin e.g. Organic fruits and vegetables are grown without using pesticides. ozone layer depletion /`øzøn ¿lΩº dæ`pl∞«ºn/ (n) = the thinning of the layer in the Earth’s 10.5 10.6 10 stratosphere that protects the planet from the ultraviolet rays of the sun / kurczenie się warstwy ozonowej e.g. Ozone layer depletion could eventually lead to worldwide flooding and an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. CFC gases /¿s∞ ef `s∞ `g±sæz/ (n pl) = chlorofluorocarbon gases used especially in aerosols, harmful to the ozone layer / freony, gazy niszczące warstwę ozonową e.g. To protect the ozone layer, we should buy aerosols that do not contain CFC gases. legislation /¿leπæ`slΩ«ºn/ (n) = laws considered collectively / ustawodawstwo e.g. We need better legislation to protect the rights of political refugees. Der.: legislate (v), legislative (adj) 121 Unit 10 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 disposal /dæs`pøzºl/ (n) = throwing sth away or getting rid of sth / pozbywanie się, usuwanie e.g. We need to come up with better methods for the disposal of radioactive waste material. Der.: disposable (adj), dispose of (v) fossil fuel /`f≥sºl ¿fj∂ºl/ (n) = natural fuel such as oil, coal or gas formed from the remains of living organisms / paliwo kopalne e.g. Solar and wind power are good alternative sources of energy and much less harmful to the environment than fossil fuels. inhale /æn`hΩl/ (v) = to breathe in / wdychać e.g. Cyclists in cities should wear masks to avoid inhaling traffic fumes. Der.: inhaler (n), inhalation (n) Opp.: exhale sustain /sº`stΩn/ (v) = to suffer or undergo sth unpleasant / doznać, odnieść e.g. The building sustained so much damage during the earthquake that it had to be demolished. desertification /dæ¿zªtæfæ`kΩ«ºn/ (n) = the process by which a piece of land becomes dry and unfertile, usually due to drought or deforestation / pustynnienie e.g. If we don’t reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases, we will see a rapid increase in worldwide desertification. 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 Reading (pp. 214–215) 10.23 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 122 breeding ground /`br∞dæ… gr¬nd/ (n) = a particular place or area where animals give birth to their young / lęgowisko, miejsce rozrodu e.g. We must protect the breeding grounds of all animals facing extinction. crude oil /`kr∂d `√l/ (n) = oil in its natural state before it has been processed or refined / ropa naftowa e.g. Oil refineries turn crude oil into gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oil and many other useful products. dumping /`d∑mpæ…/ (n) = leaving sth somewhere because it is no longer wanted or needed / wyrzucanie, składowanie (np. odpadów) e.g. The dumping of hazardous waste is illegal in many countries. Der.: dump (v, n) hike /h¡k/ (v) = to go for a long walk through the countryside / wędrować w terenie e.g. We spent three weeks hiking through southern Italy. Der.: hike (n), hiker (n) 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 wilderness /`wældºnºs/ (n) = a desert or area which is not inhabited by people / pustynia, pustkowie e.g. He found himself alone in the wilderness without food or water. log cabin /¿l≥g `k±bæn/ (n) = a small house built of logs / chata z bali e.g. Canadian trappers used to live in log cabins. trek /trek/ (v) = to make a long, difficult and tiring journey, usually on foot / wędrować e.g. We were exhausted after trekking through the jungle for three days. Der.: trek (n), trekker (n) plea /pl∞/ (n) = an intense appeal or request / wołanie, błaganie, prośba e.g. Nobody heard her pleas for help. subsistence /sºb`sæstºns/ (n) = having just enough of sth to survive / minimum potrzebne do przeżycia e.g. Many people in third-world countries live at subsistence level. Der.: subsist (v), subsistent (adj) caribou /`k±rºb∂/ (n) = the North American name for the wild reindeer / karibu e.g. Caribou can be found in the tundra. scramble /`skr±mbºl/ (n) = a struggle against others in a disorganised manner / przepychanka e.g. When they finally let the spectators into the stadium, there was a mad scramble for seats. Der.: scramble (v) stark /st≤k/ (adj) = harsh and unpleasant / nieprzyjemny e.g. The company faces a stark decision if it wants to stay competitive. Der.: starkly (adv), starkness (n) nestle /`nesºl/ (v) = to be in a safe, sheltered position close to sth else / leżeć w pobliżu, przycupnąć e.g. The tiny village nestles at the foot of the mountain. refuge /`refj∂π/ (n) = a safe place that provides shelter and protection / schronienie, ostoja (zwierzyny) e.g. The cave provided us with a refuge from the storm. abundant /º`b∑ndºnt/ (adj) = plentiful or available in large quantities / obfitujący w coś e.g. The area is abundant in rich mineral deposits. Der.: abundance (n), abundantly (adv), abound (v) dub /d∑b/ (v) = to give an unofficial name or nickname to sth or sb / nazywać e.g. Florida has been dubbed the sunshine state. soaring /`s¥ræ…/ (adj) = exceptionally tall / strzelisty, niebosiężny Unit 10 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 e.g. We could barely see the sky as soaring pine trees surrounded the camp site. marshy /`m≤«i/ (adj) = wet and muddy / bagienny, błotnisty e.g. We couldn’t build on the land because it was too marshy. Der.: marsh (n) stunted /`st∑ntæd/ (adj) = prevented from growing to the full size / skarłowaciały e.g. Due to poor irrigation, the land produced nothing but a few stunted apple trees. Der.: stunt (v) explode into sth /æk`splød/ (v) = to suddenly change into sth / przerodzić się w coś e.g. In the spring our garden explodes into a sea of beautiful flowers. vibrant /`v¡brºnt/ (adj) = bright, strong, full of energy / intensywny, jaskrawy e.g. The sea was a vibrant turquoise. Der.: vibrancy (n), vibrantly (adv) smother /`sm∑∫ºr/ (v) = to completely cover sth or sb / pokryć, przytłoczyć e.g. After years of neglect, the flower beds were smothered in weeds. Der.: smothered (adj), smother (n) primal /`pr¡mºl/ (adj) = relating to an early stage in evolutionary development / pierwotny e.g. The area has lain undisturbed for thousands of years, so it is still in its primal state. shaggy /`«±gi/ (adj) = hairy / kudłaty, włochaty e.g. My house is full of hairs from my shaggy dog. musk ox /`m∑sk ¿≥ks/ (n) = a species of ox / wół piżmowy e.g. A typical Alaskan species is the musk ox. regal /`r∞gºl/ (adj) = typical of a monarch and therefore impressive / królewski e.g. I was impressed by the regal splendour of the residence. moose /m∂s/ (n) = large deer with antlers, also called elk / łoś e.g. In some areas of Canada, electric fences are used to protect Christmas tree farms from being destroyed by herds of moose. grizzly bear /`græzli ¿b≈r/ (n) = a large brown bear native to North America and Canada / niedźwiedź grizzly e.g. The grizzly bear has the reputation of being one of the most dangerous animals. wolverine /`wμlvºr∞n/ (n) = an animal related to the weasel family with dark shaggy fur and a bushy tail / rosomak 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 10.49 10.50 e.g. The wolverine is surprisingly strong and can defend itself against much larger animals. lynx /læ…ks/ (n) = a wild cat with yellowish brown fur, usually found in North America and Eurasia / ryś e.g. The lynx is in danger of becoming extinct due to excessive trapping and hunting. migrate /m¡`grΩt/ (v) = (of animals) to move from one region to another, usually according to the seasons / migrować, przemieszczać się e.g. Most animals migrate in search of food. Der.: migration (n), migratory (adj) dominate /`d≥mænΩt/ (v) = to have control over a place or person, to be the biggest or most important thing or person in a place or situation / dominować e.g. The town is dominated by the castle on the hill. Der.: dominant (adj), domination (n) precariously /præ`k≈riºsli/ (adv) = in an unsafe, dangerous or uncertain manner / niepewnie e.g. The car was precariously balanced on the edge of the cliff. Der.: precarious (adj), precariousness (n) calving grounds /`k≤væ… ¿gr¬ndz/ (n pl) = a place where female caribou (cows) give birth to their calves / teren cielenia się (np. karibu) e.g. We have to protect caribou calving grounds or they will soon become an endangered species. fatten up /`f±tºn `∑p/ (phr v) = to eat more to get fatter / przybierać na wadze, tuczyć się e.g. Most of the farmer’s cattle fatten up on grass in his expansive fields. predator /`predºtºr/ (n) = an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals / drapieżnik e.g. Farmers have to protect their animals from wolves, foxes and other predators. Der.: predatory (adj) oil seep /`√l s∞p/ (n) = a place where oil oozes slowly out of the ground / miejsce wypływu ropy z podłoża e.g. Contrary to popular opinion, plant and animal life seem to flourish around oil seeps. tell-tale /`teltΩl/ (adj) = indicative of sth / widomy, wskazujący na coś e.g. The hole in the fence along with blood-covered chicken feathers were tell-tale signs that a fox had attacked the chicken coop. drill /dræl/ (v) = to use a machine to make holes in sth / prowadzić wiercenia, wiercić e.g. They have been drilling for oil in this area for over ten years. Der.: drill (n), driller (n) 123 Unit 10 10.51 10.52 10.53 10.54 10.55 10.56 10.57 10.58 10.59 raid /rΩd/ (v) = to attack forcefully in order to occupy a place or to loot it / wtargnąć, zaatakować, napaść e.g. Last night a gang of thieves raided the local museum and stole some priceless artifacts. Der.: raid (n), raider (n) renewable energy source = a natural resource that produces energy and will never run out / odnawialne źródło energii e.g. Wind, water and solar power are all renewable energy sources. snake /snΩk/ (v) = to move like a snake / wić się e.g. The river snaked through the mountains. Der.: snake (n), snake-like (adj) flare /fl≈r/ (n) = a device producing a very bright light, used as a signal or for illumination / flara, raca e.g. Hikers should always take flares with them in case they get lost. landing strip /`l±ndæ… stræp/ (n) = a long flat piece of land, cleared of trees and other obstacles so that aircraft can take off or land safely / prowizoryczny pas do lądowania e.g. The pilot spotted a landing strip on the edge of the jungle. unblemished /¿∑n`blemæ«t/ (adj) = perfect, unspoiled / nieskazitelny, nieposzlakowany e.g. Even though he had been a taxi driver for 35 years, he had never had an accident, and had an unblemished driving record. Sioux /s∂/ (n), Sioux /s∂z/ (n pl) = Siuks, Siuksowie awe /¥/ (v) = to cause a feeling of respect mixed with fear or wonder / wzbudzić respekt, wzbudzić podziw e.g. We were awed by the power and beauty of the Niagara Falls. Der.: awe (n), awed (adj) sacred /`sΩkræd/ (adj) = holy / święty e.g. In India the cow is a sacred animal. Der.: sacredness (n), sacredly (adv) 10.62 10.63 10.64 10.65 10.66 10.67 10.68 10.69 10.70 Language Focus (pp. 216–219) 10.60 10.61 124 biodegradable /¿b¡ødæ`grΩdºbºl/ (adj) = decomposing naturally without harming the environment / ulegający biodegradacji e.g. Hopefully, one day all our rubbish will either be recyclable or biodegradable. Der.: biodegradability (n) wetland /`wetl±nd/ (n) = an area of wet, muddy land made up of marshes and swamps / tereny podmokłe, bagna 10.71 10.72 10.73 e.g. Wetlands are the habitats of many species of plants, animals and insects. enrage /æn`rΩπ/ (v) = to make very angry / doprowadzić do wściekłości, rozwścieczyć e.g. Local inhabitants were enraged when they found out a massive rubbish dump was to be opened in the area. fertile /`fªt¡l/ (adj) = (of land, soil) capable of yielding strong, healthy crops / żyzny, płodny e.g. He inherited his father’s farm which included twenty acres of fertile land. Der.: fertility (n), fertilise (v) avalanche /`±vºl≤n∏/ (n) = a large mass of snow or rocks falling rapidly down a mountain side / lawina e.g. The little mountain village was devastated by an avalanche. landslide /`l±ndsl¡d/ (n) = a sliding mass of earth or rock from a cliff or mountain / lawina gruntowa lub gruzowa, zwały ziemi lub kamieni e.g. After the flood, the road out of town was blocked by a landslide. refined /ræ`f¡nd/ (adj) = with all the impurities removed / rafinowany e.g. Honey is much healthier than refined white sugar. Der.: refinery (n) herbicide /`hªbæs¡d/ (n) = a chemical used to destroy unwanted plants, especially weeds / e.g. Some herbicides contain toxins that are harmful to human beings. noxious /`n≥k«ºs/ (adj) = harmful, poisonous / szkodliwy e.g. The waste produced by the chemical factory includes dangerous toxins and noxious gases. Der.: noxiousness (n) WWF = the World Wildlife Fund / Światowy Fundusz na Rzecz Przyrody e.g. Every year I donate $100 to the WWF. infect /æn`fekt/ (v) = to transmit a disease / zakazić e.g. Tragically, many babies are infected with the HIV virus right after they are born. landfill /`l±ndfæl/ (n) = a large deep hole for burying rubbish / składowisko odpadów e.g. Most of the rubbish in the USA is dumped in landfill sites. equilibrium /¿∞kwæ`læbriºm/ (n) = balance / równowaga e.g. The goal of any government should be to maintain an equilibrium between national security and civil liberties. dereliction /¿derº`læk«ºn/ (n) = the state of being Unit 10 10.74 10.75 10.76 10.77 10.78 10.79 10.80 10.81 10.82 10.83 10.84 10.85 deserted, abandoned and not cared for / dewastacja, opuszczenie e.g. The National Trust bought the old theatre and saved it from dereliction. Der.: derelict (adj) shift /«æft/ (v) = to move slightly / przesunąć, przestawić e.g. I had difficulty shifting the fridge when I wanted to clean behind it. Der.: shift (n) sanctuary /`s±…kt«uºri/ (n) = a place where birds and animals are protected and allowed to live freely / rezerwat e.g. The government has decided to turn the area into a wildlife sanctuary. corrosion /kº`rø»ºn/ (n) = damage done by chemicals or rust to stone or metal objects / korozja e.g. We must protect our monuments from the corrosion caused by acid rain. erosion /æ`rø»ºn/ (n) = gradual destruction and removal of soil, rock or land by water, wind and other natural agents / erozja e.g. The coastline is slowly receding due to erosion. Der.: erode (v) dissolve /dæ`z≥lv/ (v) = to entirely mix with liquid / rozpuszczać (się) e.g. Sugar dissolves in water. herd /hªd/ (n) = a large group of animals of the same species that live together / stado e.g. We saw a herd of cows grazing on the hillside. culling /`k∑læ…/ (n) = slaughtering the weaker members of a herd to keep the numbers down / ubój lub odstrzał selektywny e.g. Animal rights activists are against all forms of culling. ivory /`¡vºri/ (n) = the hard white substance that elephant tusks are made of / kość słoniowa e.g. Ivory trading is illegal in most countries. adjacent /º`πΩsºnt/ (adj) = next to sth else / sąsiedni, przyległy e.g. We managed to get adjacent rooms at the hotel. trans-frontier /¿tr±ns`fr∑ntæºr/ (adj) = crossing the border between two countries / transgraniczny, ponad granicami e.g. During the war, many people escaped the country by crossing the trans-frontier bridge. Botswana /b≥t`sw≤nº/ Der.: Botswanan (adj, n) Zimbabwe /zæm`b≤bwi/ Der.: Zimbabwean /zæm`b≤bwiºn/ (adj, n) 10.86 10.87 10.88 10.89 10.90 10.91 10.92 10.93 10.94 10.95 10.96 10.97 Mozambique /¿møzºm`b∞k/ Der.: Mozambican/Mozambiquan (adj, n) congestion /kºn`πes∏ºn/ (n) = being blocked / zagęszczenie, korek e.g. It takes hours to get out of the city on holiday weekends because of traffic congestion. Der.: congested (adj) on impulse = in a sudden, spontaneous, unpremeditated way / pod wpływem impulsu e.g. I was walking past the travel agent’s when I saw an advertisement for a cheap holiday in the Bahamas, and on impulse I went and booked it. beaver away /`b∞vºr º`wΩ/ (phr v) = to work very hard at sth / pracować jak mrówka e.g. John wants to finish his science project early; he has been beavering away at it all weekend. dog /d≥g/ (v) = to persistently follow or bother sb / nie odstępować kogoś na krok e.g. The famous movie star complained that reporters and fans were continually dogging him. rat on /`r±t ≥n/ (phr v) = to give away secret information about sb / sypać, donosić na kogoś e.g. Don’t tell Jack what you did, he’s always ratting on his friends. swan /sw≥n/ (v) = to move about or go somewhere in a relaxed casual way, without a particular purpose or schedule / włóczyć się e.g. Tracey spent two years swanning around Europe before she went to work in her father’s company. hare /h≈r/ (v) = to run very quickly / pędzić e.g. As soon as he saw the police car, he hared off down the street. fox /f≥ks/ (v) = to baffle, deceive or confuse / zbić z tropu, zdezorientować e.g. We were all foxed by the fact that Mark hadn’t had a job for months, and yet he seemed to have lots of money to spend. badger /`b±πºr/ (v) = to repeatedly and annoyingly tell sb to do sth or ask them for sth / wiercić komuś dziurę w brzuchu e.g. His wife’s always badgering him to clean out the garage. hound /h¬nd/ (v) = to constantly disturb sb or speak to them in an annoying or upsetting way / nękać, niepokoić e.g. I wish Frank would stop hounding me about that money I owe him; he knows I’ve just been laid off. monkey around/about with /`m∑…ki º`r¬nd wæ∫/ (phr v) = to play irresponsibly with / bawić się czymś e.g. Don’t monkey around with my new CD player. 125 Unit 10 10.98 10.99 10.100 10.101 10.102 10.103 10.104 10.105 10.106 10.107 10.108 10.109 10.110 126 clam up /`kl±m `∑p/ (phr v) = to suddenly stop talking about sth / przestać się odzywać, zamilknąć e.g. She clammed up as soon as her mother walked into the room. beetle (off) /`b∞tºl `≥f/ (v) = to move away with short, quick steps / wynieść się, ulotnić się e.g. She beetled off home as soon as the clock struck five. ape /Ωp/ (v) = to imitate / małpować e.g. Most young girls ape the way their favourite musicians and movie stars dress. wolf down /`wμlf `d¬n/ (phr v) = to eat sth quickly and greedily / pochłonąć, pożerać e.g. He barely had time to wolf down his breakfast before the school bus arrived. duck /d∑k/ (v) = to quickly move one’s head or body downwards to avoid being hit or being seen / schylić głowę e.g. He was so tall he had to duck every time he came through the front door. mole /møl/ (n) = a small animal with black fur that lives underground / kret e.g. Moles live on a diet of small insects. ferret out /`feræt `¬t/ (phr v) = to search thoroughly for sth and find it / wytropić, wywęszyć e.g. The police managed to ferret out where the bank robbers were hiding. crow /krø/ (v) = to make a happy sound or say sth in a self-satisfied way / piać, triumfować e.g. She crowed with delight when she saw the new car her father had bought her for her birthday. ram /r±m/ (v) = to push sth into sth else using great force / wcisnąć, wbić e.g. She rammed all her pullovers into just one suitcase. squirrel away /`skwærºl º`wΩ/ (v) = to store sth in a hiding place / chomikować, magazynować e.g. They squirrelled away all the family photos in shoeboxes in the attic. accelerate /ºk`selºrΩt/ (v) = to get faster / przyspieszyć e.g. The car accelerated and overtook a van. Der.: acceleration (n), accelerator (n) outcrop /`¬tkr≥p/ (n) = a rock sticking out of the ground / skała wyrastająca z ziemi e.g. We camped next to the outcrop at the foot of the hill. foil /f√l/ (n) = thin flexible sheets of metal usually used for wrapping food / folia aluminiowa e.g. She wrapped the leftovers in foil and put them in the freezer. Listening & Speaking (pp. 220–221) 10.111 10.112 10.113 10.114 10.115 10.116 10.117 10.118 negligence /`neglæπºns/ (n) = failure to take proper care of sb or sth / niedbalstwo, zaniedbanie e.g. The children whose parents were guilty of negligence would come to school dirty and hungry. Der.: negligent (adj), negligently (adv) constitute /`k≥nstætj∂t/ (v) = to be the same as or equivalent to sth else / stanowić e.g. Borrowing someone’s car without their permission constitutes theft. penetrate /`penætrΩt/ (v) = to force a way into or through sth / przebić, przeszyć e.g. The bullet penetrated his lung and he nearly died. Der.: penetration (n), penetrable (adj), penetrability (n) cascade /k±`skΩd/ (v) = to flow downwards in large quantities / spadać kaskadą e.g. When debris from outer space began to cascade, many species on earth became extinct. descendant /dæ`sendºnt/ (n) = sb related to those of a prior generation / potomek e.g. Our family are descendants of the first family to settle in the area 300 years ago. Der.: descend (v), descent (n) shellfish /`«elfæ«/ (n) = a creature with a shell that lives in water, e.g. oyster or crab / skorupiak, małż e.g. It’s a seafood restaurant, specialising in sea fish and shellfish. dubious /`dj∂biºs/ (adj) = doubtful / sceptyczny e.g. I am a bit dubious about investing all my money in the stock market. Der.: dubiousness (n), dubiously (adv) PETA = People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, an animal rights organisation Reading (pp. 222–223) 10.119 10.120 10.121 degrade /dæ`grΩd/ (v) = to make sth worse / spowodować degradację, zniszczyć e.g. The planet’s resources have been degraded due to industrial expansion. Der.: degradation (n) porch /p¥∏/ (n) = a raised sheltered area along the outside wall of a house, usually at the entrance / ganek, weranda e.g. Please leave your muddy boots on the front porch. petite /pº`t∞t/ (adj) = (of women) small and thin / (o kobiecie) drobna, filigranowa e.g. Joanna is a petite blonde. Unit 10 10.122 10.123 10.124 10.125 10.126 10.127 10.128 10.129 10.130 10.131 10.132 foraging grounds /`f≥ræπæ… ¿gr¬ndz/ (n pl) = places where animals search for food / żerowiska e.g. While on safari, we spent three days observing the wild buffalo’s foraging grounds. pound /p¬nd/ (v) = to beat, throb or vibrate with a strong regular rhythm / walić, łomotać e.g. His heart was pounding as he heard the footsteps coming closer to his bedroom door. rivet /`rævæt/ (v) = to fascinate, engross / pochłonąć e.g. As a child, I was riveted by TV cartoons. Der.: rivet (n), riveting (adj) hop /h≥p/ (v) = to move quickly or suddenly, to jump / skakać e.g. The child played cheerfully in the street hopping from side to side. Der.: hop (n) lunge forward /l∑nπ/ (v) = to make a sudden forward movement / rzucić się do przodu e.g. He lunged forward and grabbed the knife out of the attacker’s hand. Der.: lunge (n) scour /`sk¬ºr/ (v) = to search a place thoroughly for sth / przeszukiwać, przeczesywać e.g. The police scoured the area looking for clues. scavenge for sth /`sk±vænπ/ (v) = to search discarded waste and rubbish for sth usable or edible / grzebać, szukać czegoś w śmieciach e.g. You are guaranteed to find rats scavenging for food in rubbish dumps. Der.: scavenger (n) meddle in/with sth /`medºl/ (v) = to interfere in or concern oneself with sth that is none of one’s business / wtrącać się, mieszać się e.g. Even though I’m over 40, my mother still tries to meddle in my life. Der.: meddler (n), meddling (n), meddlesome (adj) slate /slΩt/ (n) = a thin flat plate used to make roofs of houses / dachówka e.g. We had to replace the slates that had been blown off the roof during the storm. bolt /bølt/ (v) = to attach objects together using screws and nuts or a metal bar / przyśrubować e.g. On a boat, the furniture is usually bolted to the floor. Der.: bolt (n) billboard /`bælb¥d/ (n) = a large board for displaying posters, usually used for advertising purposes / billboard e.g. They advertised their new perfume in newspapers, magazines and on billboards. 10.133 10.134 10.135 10.136 10.137 10.138 10.139 10.140 10.141 10.142 10.143 sunslate /`s∑nslΩt/ (n) = a type of solar panel used on the roofs of houses / panel, bateria słoneczna na dachu e.g. We used sunslates on the roof to enable us to run our home on solar power. integrated /`æntægrΩtæd/ (adj) = combined to form a whole / zintegrowany e.g. Locals and immigrants are closely integrated in our community. Der.: integrate (v), integration (n) utility /j∂`tælæti/ (n) = a service provided to the public such as water, gas or electricity supply / zakład usług komunalnych; tu: zakład energetyczny e.g. Our summer cottage is very primitive and doesn’t have even the basic utilities. blink /blæ…k/ (v) = (of lights) to flash on and off / migotać e.g. Suddenly, a warning light started blinking on the control panel in the cockpit. Der.: blink (n) tinkle /`tæ…kºl/ (v) = to make a light clear ringing sound / dzwonić e.g. In the distance, he could hear the cow bells tinkling. Der.: tinkle (n) bluntly /`bl∑ntli/ (adv) = openly, frankly / otwarcie, szczerze e.g. She told him bluntly that she thought his new book was a load of rubbish. Der.: bluntness (n), blunt (adj) sheerly /`«ƒli/ (adv) = absolutely, completely / zupełnie, całkowicie e.g. I find chocolate sheerly irresistible. Der.: sheer (adj) eyesore /`¡s¥r/ (n) = sth that is extremely ugly or unpleasant to look at, usually a building or a landmark / brzydactwo e.g. That new shopping centre is a real eyesore, it looks like a prison. armload /`≤mlød/ (n) = as much as you can carry, an armful / naręcze e.g. I saw Mary coming out of the library carrying an armload of books. outlay /`¬tlΩ/ (n) = an amount of money one has to spend to buy sth or start a project / nakład pieniężny, wydatek e.g. If you want to start your own business, you will need an initial outlay of í15,000. timber /`tæmbºr/ (n) = wood that is used to build houses and make furniture / drewno e.g. During the night, thieves raided the building site and stole vast amounts of timber. 127 Unit 10 10.144 10.145 10.146 10.147 10.148 10.149 10.150 10.151 intrinsic /æn`trænsæk/ (adj) = basic, fundamental / fundamentalny, zasadniczy e.g. Caring about the welfare of others is an intrinsic part of being a good doctor. Der.: instrinsically (adv) constraint /kºn`strΩnt/ (n) = sth that limits or restricts what one can do / ograniczenie e.g. Due to financial constraints, they had to cancel their trip to Hawaii. Der.: constrain (v), constrained (adj) aspire /º`sp¡ºr/ (v) = to have a strong desire to achieve sth / mieć aspiracje, dążyć do czegoś e.g. She aspired to become a famous concert pianist. Der.: aspiration (n), aspiring (adj) overgrazing /¿øvº`grΩzæ…/ (n) = damage to vegetation caused by foraging animals / zniszczenie spowodowane nadmiernym wypasem, intensywnym żerowaniem e.g. We didn’t get a good price for our farm: the land was infertile due to overgrazing, and the house was in ruin. aptitude /`±ptætj∂d/ (n) = a natural ability to do sth / uzdolnienia, talent e.g. She is the only one in our family with an aptitude for maths. stranded /`str±ndæd/ (adj) = prevented from leaving or unable to leave a place / zdany na własne siły, sam w trudnej sytuacji e.g. When our car ran out of petrol, we were left stranded in the middle of nowhere. Der.: strand (v) haul /h¥l/ (v) = to pull or drag sth with difficulty / ciągnąć e.g. When we heard the storm warning, we hauled the boat out of the water and secured it to a tree. tow /tø/ (v) = to pull one vehicle behind another / holować e.g. We had parked the car illegally and the police towed it away. Der.: tow (n) 10.154 10.155 10.156 10.157 10.158 10.159 10.160 10.161 10.162 10.163 10.164 English in Use (pp. 224–227) 10.152 10.153 128 concession /kºn`se«ºn/ (n) = (in grammar) a clause denoting a circumstance that might preclude the action of the main clause but it does not, introduced by prepositions or conjunctions such as ”in spite of,” ”although,” etc / zdanie okolicznikowe przyzwalające e.g. Today’s grammar class was devoted to concession. notwithstanding /¿n≥twæ∫`st±ndæ…/ (prep) = despite, in spite of, regardless of / pomimo 10.165 10.166 e.g. He is always late for work, notwithstanding the fact that he lives five minutes away from the office. luxuriant /l∑g`zjΔriºnt/ (adj) = (of vegetation) growing in abundance / bujny e.g. In the spring our garden is full of luxuriant vegetation. Der.: luxuriance (n), luxuriantly (adv) hoover /`h∂vºr/ (n) = a vacuum cleaner / odkurzacz e.g. Our hoover isn’t working very well; it doesn’t pick up cat hairs or large crumbs. allied /`±l¡d/ (adj) = connected, usually by a political or military agreement / sprzymierzony, sojuszniczy e.g. During World War Two, allied troops fought side by side to defeat the Nazi regime. spew /spj∂/ (v) = to emit sth in large amounts / wypluwać, wyrzucać z siebie e.g. The factory chimneys spewed black smoke. the Galapagos (Islands) /gº`l±pºgºs/ (n pl) = (Wyspy) Galapagos blot /bl≥t/ (n) = a mark or stain that spoils the perfection of sth / plama e.g. The new electricity pylons spoil the view and are definitely a blot on the landscape. Der.: blot (v) reptile /`rept¡l/ (n) = any cold-blooded animal covered in scales and laying eggs / gad e.g. Snakes and crocodiles are reptiles. Der.: reptilian /rep`tæliºn/ (adj) mammal /`m±mºl/ (n) = any animal who gives birth to live babies that feed on its milk / ssak e.g. Humans are mammals, just like whales. Der.: mammalian (adj) cormorant /`k¥mºrºnt/ (n) = a large sea bird with dark feathers and a long neck / kormoran e.g. Cormorants usually live near the sea and eat fish. tortoise /`t¥tºs/ (n) = a slow moving land reptile with a shell on its back / żółw lądowy e.g. Most tortoises sleep through the winter. at the helm/tiller (idm) = in charge of, in control of a project, organisation, etc / u steru, na czele e.g. With Mrs Davies at the helm, our venture is bound to succeed. cargo /`k≤gø/ (n) = goods that are carried by ship, plane or lorry / ładunek e.g. When the ship docked, the cargo had to be checked by the customs officers. dweller /`dwelºr/ (n) = a person who lives in a particular place / mieszkaniec e.g. Archaeologists have discovered evidence that the original inhabitants of the area were cave dwellers. Unit 10 10.167 10.168 10.169 10.170 10.171 10.172 10.173 10.174 10.175 10.176 10.177 10.178 reconcile /`rekºns¡l/ (v) = to restore harmony, agreement and friendship after a disagreement or argument / pogodzić się e.g. Only after the death of their mother were the two brothers finally reconciled. Der.: reconciliation (n), reconcilable (adj) strip mining = a type of mining in which the topsoil is removed to uncover coal / eksploatacja odkrywkowa e.g. Strip mining irrevocably ruins the landscape. bleachers /`bl∞∏ºz/ (n pl) = seats at a sports ground / (niezadaszone) miejsca siedzące w obiekcie sportowym e.g. The fans filled the bleachers to watch their team play. ridge /ræπ/ (n) = (the top of) a line of hills or mountains / grzbiet, pasmo górskie e.g. We walked along the ridge of the hills and admired the views. state regulator /`stΩt `regjμlΩtºr/ (n) = a person appointed officially to control an area of activity or industry / kontroler państwowy e.g. State regulators will be appointed to supervise the closure of the factory. shovel /`«∑vºl/ (n) = a tool with a long handle used for moving earth or snow / łopata, szufla e.g. We borrowed our neighbour’s shovel to dig a hole in the garden. lop off /`l≥p `≥f/ (phr v) = to cut in a single stroke / odciąć e.g. Using an electric saw, they managed to lop off all the dead branches in no time. veritable /`verætºbºl/ (adj) = positive, real / istny e.g. Our trip was a veritable nightmare; everything that could go wrong did go wrong. blast /bl≤st/ (n) = an explosion / wybuch e.g. The bomb blast killed 13 people. Der.: blasting (n) toss /t≥s/ (v) = to throw / rzucić e.g. He tossed the ball up into the air. Der.: toss (n) reclamation /reklº`mΩ«ºn/ (n) = making land suitable for farming or other purposes, or returning it into its natural state / rekultywacja gruntów e.g. Land reclamation is a serious problem for farmers and builders. Der.: reclaim (v) bond /b≥nd/ (n) = a legal written agreement or promise / obligacja e.g. State treasury bonds are a safe investment. 10.179 10.180 10.181 10.182 reclaim /ræ`klΩm/ (v) = to make land suitable for farming or building on / przygotować do ponownego wykorzystania e.g. The government has decided to pay the mining company to reclaim the area by the old mine. go belly up (idm) = to go bankrupt / splajtować e.g. When her business went belly up, she had to work as a waitress. forfeit /`f¥fæt/ (v) = to lose property, possessions or privileges because one has broken a contract or the law, or has done sth wrong / stracić e.g. Convicted criminals forfeit their freedom when they are sent to jail for their crimes. barren /`b±rºn/ (adj) = (of land) dry and bare, or infertile / jałowy e.g. Because of the drought, the area became barren. Der.: barrenness (n) Writing (pp. 228–234) 10.183 10.184 10.185 10.186 10.187 10.188 10.189 from scratch (idm) = from the very beginning / od zera e.g. When the flood destroyed their village, they had to move further north and start again from scratch. exploit /æk`spl√t/ (v) = to make full use of and benefit from a resource / wykorzystać e.g. She exploited her family’s political connections and managed to get a good job in the public sector. depletion /dæ`pl∞«ºn/ (adj) = a reduction in size or amount / zmniejszenie się, kurczenie się e.g. We must take immediate action to stop the depletion of food and water in third-world countries. discernible /dæ`sªnºbºl/ (adj) = noticeable or recognisable / zauważalny, dostrzegalny e.g. The twins are identical, there is no discernible difference between them. Der.: discern (v), discernibly (adv) tutor /`tj∂tºr/ (n) = a teacher at a British university or college or sb who gives private lessons to students / nauczyciel akademicki, opiekun naukowy lub korepetytor e.g. His parents have hired a maths tutor to give him lessons this summer. Der.: tutor (v), tutorial (n) pose /pøz/ (v) = (of problems) to constitute / stanowić e.g. Nuclear weapons pose a threat to world peace. pedestrianize /pæ`destriºn¡z/ (v) = to close a street to traffic so that only people on foot are allowed to use it / zamknąć dla ruchu kołowego e.g. Shopkeepers in the town centre say that if the High Street is pedestrianized, they will lose money. 129 Unit 10 10.190 10.191 10.192 10.193 10.194 10.195 10.196 10.197 10.198 10.199 130 respiratory /ræ`spærºtºri/ (adj) = concerning breathing / oddechowy, związany z oddychaniem e.g. Smog and pollution can cause severe respiratory problems. Der.: respiration (n), respirator (n) alleviate /º`l∞viΩt/ (v) = to make pain or problems less severe / złagodzić, zmniejszyć e.g. When I get a headache, I take aspirin to alleviate the pain. Der.: alleviation (n) secluded /sæ`kl∂dæd/ (adj) = quiet, private / ustronny e.g. The millionaire has a secluded villa in the south of France. Der.: seclude (v), seclusion (n) dwindle /`dwændºl/ (v) = to become smaller in quantity or size / maleć, zmniejszać się e.g. Our food supplies are dwindling fast; if we aren’t rescued soon, we will all starve to death. tackle /`t±kºl/ (v) = to make an effort to solve a problem / stawić czoło, wziąć się do czegoś e.g. The government must tackle the immigration problem without delay. get to grips with sth (idm) = to begin to understand or start to resolve sth / zmierzyć, uporać się z czymś e.g. We must all get to grips with the fact that we are destroying the environment. take a dim view of sth (idm) = not to approve of sth / nie aprobować czegoś, patrzeć na coś nieprzychylnym okiem e.g. I take a dim view of students who cheat in exams. condemn /kºn`dem/ (v) = to criticise strongly / potępiać e.g. Some people still condemn women who put their careers before their families. Der.: condemnation (n), condemnatory (adj) progression /prº`gre«ºn/ (n) = gradual advancement or development of sth / rozwój e.g. This new drug should slow down the progression of the disease. repercussion /¿r∞pº`k∑«ºn/ (n) = a negative consequence of sth / reperkusja e.g. If the government cuts spending on health care, there will be serious repercussions. Doctors have already threatened to strike. 10.200 10.201 10.202 10.203 10.204 10.205 10.206 10.207 10.208 10.209 10.210 ascertain /¿±sº`tΩn/ (v) = (formal) to find out the correct information about sth / ustalić, upewnić się e.g. The police are trying to ascertain if they have arrested the right man. across the board (idm) = affecting everything and everyone equally / ogólnie e.g. The coal miners demanded a pay rise across the board. jeopardise /`πepºd¡z/ (v) = to put sb or sth in danger / zagrozić e.g. Paul would never do anything to jeopardise his career. Der.: jeopardy (n) despoil sth (of sth) /dæ`spoæl/ (v) = to steal sth valuable from a place, to damage a place / ograbić, ogołocić; oszpecić e.g. Strip mining despoiled our beautiful village. deprive /dæ`pr¡v/ (v) = to prevent sb from having sth they want or need / pozbawić (np. środków do życia) e.g. She was deprived of affection when she was a child. Der.: deprivation (n), deprived (adj) threefold /`ır∞føld/ (adj) = having three parts / trojaki, potrójny e.g. His happiness was threefold: his wife and children were healthy and happy, his business was doing well and he had just bought a holiday home in Hawaii. badger /`b±πºr/ (n) = an animal of the weasel family with black and white fur / borsuk e.g. Badgers prefer to hunt for food at night. marina /mº`r∞nº/ (n) = a specially designed harbour for yachts and small boats / przystań dla jachtów i łodzi e.g. Our pleasure yacht sailed out of the marina. monstrosity /m≥n`str≥sæti/ (n) = sth that is large and considered very ugly / ohyda, okropieństwo e.g. Some people feel that the new Paris opera house is an architectural monstrosity compared to the old one. effluent /`eflΔnt/ (n) = liquid waste, liquid chemicals from factories / ścieki przemysłowe e.g. This river is polluted with industrial effluent. live (from) hand to mouth (idm) = to spend all the money to satisfy one’s basic needs / z trudem wiązać koniec z końcem e.g. We definitely can’t afford a holiday this year; we’re living from hand to mouth. Unit 10 VOCABULARY EXERCISES A Wybierz odpowiedni wyraz. 1 The high interest rate on her credit card balance did nothing to .......... her financial problems. A sustain C alleviate B reconcile D tackle 6 His motorbike skidded on the wet road and .......... into a telephone pole. A rammed C foxed B hared D hounded 2 He .......... just in time to avoid being hit by the golf ball. A lunged C snaked B ducked D accelerated 7 The .......... is a member of the cat family. A wolverine C mole B caribou D lynx 3 After the .......... the village was buried under 2 metres of snow and the inhabitants had to dig their way out of their houses. A landslide C landfill B flood D avalanche 8 The electricity pylons were a(n) .......... on the landscape. A eyesore C blot B constraint D monstrosity 4 Every spring the wolves return to their .......... ground to give birth to their cubs. A foraging C breeding B calving D burial 5 .......... had almost completely destroyed the old metal bridge. A Erosion C Desertification B Dereliction D Corrosion 9 As soon as she got your message, she .......... into a taxi and went straight home. A skipped C hared B beetled D hopped 10 We found a .......... spot on the beach where we could sunbathe undisturbed. A barren C neglected B secluded D stark B Wpisz w luki właściwe wyrazy z listy. ñ constraints ñ timber ñ scoured ñ intolerable ñ from scratch ñ dubious ñ deprive ñ badgering ñ aptitude ñ dwellers 1 The children have been ..................... me all week to take them to the beach. 2 I’m rather ..................... about hiring a stranger to look after the children. 3 When our dog went missing, we .......................... the neighbourhood looking for him. 4 The fire spread quickly because all the houses were made of ..................... . 5 City ..................... have to put up with high levels of air and noise pollution. 6 My son has always had a remarkable ..................... for writing poetry. 7 She found that living with her opinionated parents was putting ..................... on her social life. 8 My grandmother makes the best homemade apple pie. She uses fresh apples from her garden and she even makes the pastry ..................... . 9 My next door neighbour has decided to learn to play the saxophone. He practises every night and the noise is ..................... . 10 Parents should never ..................... their children of the right to express their own opinions. 131 Unit 10 C Uzupełnij luki jednym wyrazem. 1 The new skyscraper ..................... the city skyline. The computer hardware industry is still ..................... by IBM. When he was growing up he was completely ..................... by his older sister. 4 The students ..................... their giggles as the teacher approached. I love mashed potatoes ..................... in gravy. When they found the body it was obvious that the victim had been ..................... with a pillow. 2 The ambassador’s wife had an embassy car and chauffeur at her ..................... . This bin is for the ..................... of aluminium cans only. When I served in the army I was in the bomb ..................... unit. 5 I don’t like taking pills so I use soluble aspirin because it can be ..................... in water. She ..................... into tears when she found out that her cat had died. His courage ..................... when he realised that he was going to be competing against a professional athlete. 3 Environmentalists often come into ..................... with large corporations. Tom’s decision to drop out of school caused a major ..................... between him and his parents. The relationship between the two countries is already strained so we must avoid doing anything that will cause further ..................... . D Uzupełnij brakujący fragment, wpisując łącznie z wyrazem podanym tłustym drukiem od 3 do 8 słów, tak aby wyrazić to samo znaczenie. Nie zmieniaj podanego wyrazu. 1 We all have to realize the danger and do something about the speed at which the HIV virus is spreading. grips We all have to ........................................... the speed at which the HIV virus is spreading. 4 Someone’s been using my computer, my settings have all been changed. around Someone’s ................................................. ......................... my computer, my settings have all been changed. 2 Her father disapproved of the fact that her boyfriend didn’t have a university education. view Her father ................................................. the fact that her boyfriend didn’t have a university education. 5 I was so hungry that I managed to eat a whole pizza during our ten-minute coffee break. wolf I was so hungry that I managed ................ ............................. whole pizza during our ten-minute coffee break. 3 Sarah’s mother-in-law thinks she’s too skinny, and keeps trying to make her put on weight. up Sarah’s mother-in-law keeps trying to ....... .......... because she thinks she’s too skinny. 132 Self-Assessment Module 5 E Wpisz w luki wyrazy utworzone od słów podanych wielkimi literami. The 1) ............................. problems we face today are due to our own greed and 2) ............................... . Our planet used to have an 3) .................................. of clean air, wildlife and lush and 4) ........................... vegetation. If we continue to waste our natural resources and ignore the 5) ........................... of the ozone layer, we will 6) ............................. our own future as well as the future of our 7) ........................... . Along with tougher 8) ........................... against dumping toxic waste we must all make an effort to use 9) ........................... sources of energy, recycle our rubbish and stop 10) ........................... . To put it 11) ........................... , unless we all take immediate action and start working together, our planet will not survive. ENVIRONMENT NEGLIGENT ABUNDANT LUXURY DEPLETE JEOPARDY DESCEND LEGISLATE NEW FOREST BLUNT Self-Assessment Module Vocabulary & Grammar (p. 235) SA5.1 SA5.2 SA5.3 SA5.4 wind farm /`wænd f≤m/ (n) = an area with a lot of windmills that produce electricity / farma wiatrowa e.g. Wind farms are becoming a common view in more and more countries. woe /wø/ (n) = a problem, a worry / żal, zmartwienie e.g. He listened to my woes with a sympathetic expression on his face. Der.: woeful (adj) outcry /`¬tkr¡/ (n) = a protest / protest e.g. Their opposition to the policy caused an international outcry. scold /skøld/ (v) = to reprimand, tell off / zrugać e.g. She scolded her daughter for fighting at school. SA5.6 SA5.7 SA5.8 SA5.9 Use of English (p. 235) SA5.5 badger /`b±πºr/ (v) = to pester, constantly annoy / wiercić dziurę w brzuchu e.g. She badgered her sister all day to let her wear her new dress but couldn’t persuade her. SA5.10 5 prosecution /¿pr≥sæ`kj∂«ºn/ (n) = the lawyer who tries to prove sb’s guilt in court / prokurator, oskarżyciel e.g. The prosecution used forensic evidence in the case against Tim Leder. Opp.: defence miner /`m¡nºr/ (n) = a person who works underground digging for minerals such as coal, diamonds or gold / górnik e.g. The miner was thrilled when he hit a vein of gold. initially /æ`n櫺li/ (adv) = originally, at the beginning / początkowo, na początku e.g. We were initially worried about the journey, but it turned out to be a pleasure. habitat /`h±bæt±t/ (n) = an environment, a home of an animal or plant / siedlisko e.g. Urban development will destroy the fox’s natural habitat. interference /¿æntº`fƒrºns/ (n) = meddling, unnecessary involvement / ingerencja, wtrącanie się e.g. Charles wanted to continue the project without managerial interference. 133 Self-Assessment Module 5 SA5.11 SA5.12 hazard /`h±zºd/ (n) = danger / zagrożenie, niebezpieczeństwo e.g. Broken glass on the motorway is a hazard to drivers. Der.: hazardous (adj) logging /`l≥gæ…/ (n) = cutting down trees in order to sell the timber / wyrąb e.g. Logging in rainforests has destroyed many unique ecosystems. SA5.21 SA5.22 SA5.23 Reading (pp. 236–237) SA5.13 SA5.14 SA5.15 SA5.16 SA5.17 SA5.18 SA5.19 SA5.20 134 horizontal /¿h≥ræ`z≥ntºl/ (adj) = flat and level with the ground, rather than at an angle / poziomy, horyzontalny e.g. The patient needs to be kept in a horizontal position to reduce pressure on the legs. Der.: horizontally (adv) Opp.: vertical furlong /`fªl≥…/ (n) = a unit of length equal to 201.2 metres / jednostka długości (stosowana najczęściej na wyścigach konnych) równa ok. 201 m e.g. The horserace was over five furlongs, with a variety of jumps throughout the course. dabble /`d±bºl/ (v) = to put one’s finger(s) in sth / umoczyć (np. palec) e.g. I dabbled my fingers in the bath as I daydreamed about my last holiday. tepid /`tepæd/ (adj) = lukewarm, slightly warm / letni e.g. She turned on the tap and splashed her face with tepid water. Der.: tepidity, tepidness (n), tepidly (adv) naiad /`n¡±d/ (n) = a nymph of the water, a female water spirit / najada, nimfa rzek, źródeł i wodospadów e.g. An ancient myth says a beautiful naiad looked after this waterfall. league /l∞g/ (n) = a unit of length equal to 3 miles or over 4 kilometres / dawna jednostka długości wynosząca około 3 mile, tj. ponad 4 kilometry e.g. They covered the distance of four leagues on horseback. prolong /prº`l≥…/ (v) = to extend, to lengthen / przedłużać e.g. Scientists have been able to significantly prolong the effects of many analgesics. Der.: prolongation (n) Opp.: shorten slide /sl¡d/ (v) = to move smoothly over a surface / ślizgać się e.g. The children enjoyed sliding along the icy path. Der.: slide (n), slidable (adj) SA5.24 SA5.25 SA5.26 SA5.27 SA5.28 SA5.29 SA5.30 SA5.31 SA5.32 celestial /sæ`lestiºl/ (adj) = related to heaven or stars / niebiański; dotyczący nieba e.g. A celestial map shows the positions of the stars and planets. Der.: celestially (adv) ray /rΩ/ (n) = a narrow beam of light / promień e.g. Suddenly the clouds parted and a bright ray of sunlight shone down. slope /sløp/ (n) = a part of a mountain or hill / stok, zbocze e.g. He tumbled down the slippery slope and crashed into a hedge at the bottom. dip /dæp/ (v) = to go down quite suddenly / zniżyć się e.g. The road dipped before rising once more as we neared the village. Der.: dip (n) in earnest (idm) = seriously / na serio e.g. We spent two days planning before starting the project in earnest. descent /dæ`sent/ (n) = a downward movement or way / zejście, droga w dół e.g. The wind was our greatest problem as we made our descent down the slope. Der.: descend (v) Opp.: ascent rapturous /`r±pt«ºrºs/ (adj) = extremely happy or enthusiastic / entuzjastyczny e.g. When the play ended, there was rapturous applause from the audience. Der.: rapturously (adv), rapture (n) perilous /`perælºs/ (adj) = dangerous / niebezpieczny, ryzykowny e.g. Driving on icy roads is perilous. Der.: perilously (adv), peril (n) fissure /`f櫺r/ (n) = a deep crack in rock or in the ground / szczelina e.g. During the expedition, two people were seriously hurt when they fell into a fissure that was partially hidden by snow. funnel /`f∑nºl/ (n) = a device or place, narrow at one end, through which a substance may flow / lejek e.g. The hole in the rock was a funnel through which the river entered the caves below. Der.: funnel (v) spiral /`sp¡ºrºl/ (n) = a winding shape with each curve below the previous one / spirala e.g. The staircase was built in the shape of a spiral to save space. compel /kºm`pel/ (v) = to force sb to do sth / zmuszać e.g. I felt compelled to see what was behind that door. Der.: compelling (adj) Self-Assessment Module 5 SA5.33 SA5.34 SA5.35 SA5.36 SA5.37 SA5.38 SA5.39 SA5.40 ache /Ωk/ (v) = to give sb a steady pain / boleć e.g. My foot ached for over a week after I fell over on the uneven road. Der.: ache (n), achingly (adv) gossip /`g≥sæp/ (v) = to chat, to talk informally about other people or events / plotkować e.g. I could see from their faces that they were gossiping about me. Der.: gossipy (adj) stream /str∞m/ (n) = a small narrow river, a brook / potok, strumień e.g. The streams flowed down the mountainside. Der.: streamlet (n) to the detriment of sth = causing damage to sth / z uszczerbkiem, ze szkodą dla czegoś e.g. Unfortunately, his sudden fame was to the detriment of his marriage, which soon ended in divorce. declivity /dæ`klævºti/ (n) = a downward slope / pochyłość e.g. The declivity of the hill was thickly wooded. Der.: declivitous (adj) abrupt /º`br∑pt/ (adj) = unexpected, sudden / gwałtowny e.g. The concert came to an abrupt end when the singer lost his voice. Der.: abruptly (adv), abruptness (n) rage /rΩπ/ (n) = fury, anger that is difficult to control / wściekłość e.g. He flies into a rage whenever I mention the subject. penetrate /`penºtrΩt/ (v) = to succeed in passing through sth / przedrzeć się przez, przebić się przez coś e.g. The bomb was designed to penetrate enemy tunnels. Der.: penetration (n), penetrating (adj), penetrative (adj) SA5.41 SA5.42 SA5.43 SA5.44 crust /kr∑st/ (n) = an outer layer / skorupa e.g. The crust of ice on the river was too thin for skating. diversify /d¡`vªsæf¡/ (v) = to increase the variety of sth / urozmaicać, poszerzyć asortyment e.g. The shopowner decided to diversify his merchandise. Der.: diversification (n), diversity (n) gradient /`grΩdiºnt/ (n) = the degree to which the ground slopes / pochyłość, stopień nachylenia e.g. The steep gradient of the road made it difficult to climb. pose /pøz/ (v) = to constitute / stanowić e.g. High cholesterol levels pose a serious threat to your health. Listening (p. 238) SA5.45 SA5.46 inevitably /æn`evætºbli/ (adv) = unavoidably / nieuchronnie e.g. Advances in automation will inevitably lead to unemployment. Der.: inevitability (n) enfranchise /æn`fr±nt«¡z/ (v) = to give sb the right (e.g. to vote in elections) / nadać prawa obywatelskie (np. wyborcze) e.g. Immigrants will be enfranchised, but no definite date has been set for this action. Der.: enfranchisement (n) Opp.: disenfranchise 135 PT Practice Test Paper 1 - Reading PT.12 Part 1 (p. 239) PT.1 PT.2 PT.3 PT.4 PT.5 PT.6 PT.7 PT.8 PT.9 PT.10 PT.11 136 mundane /m∑n`dΩn/ (adj) = very ordinary and uninteresting / przyziemny, prozaiczny e.g. At work, I’m expected to do mundane jobs without complaint. inescapable /¿ænæ`skΩpºbºl/ (adj) = unavoidable / nie do uniknięcia e.g. The inescapable conclusion is that she was running away from it all. Der.: inescapably (adv) catalyst /`k±tºlæst/ (n) = sth that causes a change or event to happen / katalizator e.g. The situation has proved to be a catalyst for change. sprawl /spr¥l/ (v) = (of cities) to spread over a large area, sometimes uncontrollably / rozrastać się bez końca e.g. If the city continues to sprawl across the land, we’ll be in for a terrible future. hand over /`h±nd `øvºr/ (phr v) = to give sth to sb / przekazać, wręczyć e.g. He handed over the keys of the house to the new owner. strain /strΩn/ (n) = a type of an organism / szczep, odmiana e.g. Every year, new strains of influenza develop. dine /d¡n/ (v) = to have dinner / zjeść obiad e.g. They went to a nearby restaurant and dined on lobster. Der.: diner (n), dinner (n) hesitate /`hezætΩt/ (v) = to delay doing sth / wahać się e.g. I would not hesitate to call the police if I were in your shoes. Der.: hesitation (n), hesitant (adj) acquaintance /º`kwΩntºns/ (n) = sb who one has met but does not know very well / znajomy e.g. The owner of the shop is an old acquaintance of mine. snub /sn∑b/ (n) = deliberately insulting sb by ignoring them / lekceważenie, afront e.g. After years of friendship, their snub left me with rancour and bitterness. jettison /`πetæsºn/ (v) = to get rid of sth / odrzucić e.g. The government decided to jettison the plan to increase funding. PT.13 PT.14 PT.15 PT.16 PT.17 PT.18 PT.19 PT.20 PT.21 PT.22 PT.23 dispense with /dæ`spens wæ∫/ (phr v) = to stop using sth or get rid of sth / pozbyć się, zrezygnować z czegoś e.g. Many households have dispensed with their old-fashioned vinyl records. incur /æn`kªr/ (v) = to bring sth bad upon oneself / ściągnąć na siebie, wywołać e.g. The government incurred public wrath after announcing the new ban. derive /dæ`r¡v/ (v) = to get sth from sth else / czerpać e.g. Bob derives a great deal of pleasure from helping people. Der.: derivative (adj, n), derivation (n) utter /`∑tºr/ (adj) = absolute / kompletny, całkowity e.g. Running back into the burning building for his TV was utter madness. Der.: utterly (adj) judder /`π∑dºr/ (v) = to shake violently / trząść się e.g. The car began to judder before breaking down in the middle of the road. rattle /`r±tºl/ (v) = to make a sharp knocking sound / stukać, grzechotać e.g. The wind was so strong that it made the windows rattle. hazy /`hΩzi/ (adj) = misty, not clear / przyćmiony, zamglony e.g. The car’s headlights were hazy behind the heavy rain. barn /b≤n/ (n) = a building on a farm where animals or crops are kept / stodoła, stajnia e.g. We need to store the corn in the barn before it rains. humped /`h∑mpt/ (adj) = having a rounded back, caused by an unusual curve in the spine / zgarbiony e.g. After hurting his back, poor Bob couldn’t stand up straight, he was humped like an old man. creep /kr∞p/ (v) = to move forward slowly / pełzać e.g. The rabbit crept away and hid in its hole. scavenge /`sk±vænπ/ (v) = to collect things by searching among waste or unwanted items / grzebać, szukać czegoś w śmieciach e.g. Some homeless people scavenge in rubbish bins for food. Der.: scavenger (n) void of sth /v√d/ (adj) = totally lacking in sth / pozbawiony czegoś Practice Test PT.24 PT.25 PT.26 PT.27 PT.28 PT.29 PT.30 e.g. His face was void of emotion as he walked towards the door. infest /æn`fest/ (v) = (of pests) to be present somewhere in large numbers / (o szkodnikach) zaatakować e.g. The ship was infested with rats. Der.: infestation (n) hoard /h¥d/ (v) = to save or store sth, often in secret / ulokować, schować e.g. The pirates hoarded their treasure in an abandoned cave. avert /º`vªt/ (v) = to look away from sth or sb / odwrócić (np. wzrok) e.g. He averted his eyes from the shocking sight. pylon /`p¡lºn/ (n) = a tall metal structure that carries electricity wires high above the ground / słup wysokiego napięcia e.g. The pylons are a blot on this beautiful landscape . edginess /`eπænºs/ (n) = nervousness, anxiety / nerwowość, niepokój e.g. Your recent edginess is very worrying. Der.: edgy (adj), edgily (adv) elude /æ`l∂d/ (v) = to evade, escape from / wymykać się, omijać e.g. He managed to elude the police for ten years. be inclined = to be likely to think or act in a certain way / skłaniać się e.g. She is inclined to blame others for her problems. Der.: inclination (n) PT.35 PT.36 PT.37 PT.38 PT.39 PT.40 PT.41 Part 2 (pp. 240–241) PT.42 PT.31 PT.32 PT.33 PT.34 proliferate /prº`læfºrΩt/ (v) = to increase in number very quickly / mnożyć się e.g. In the past few years, business has proliferated between Europe and Asia. Der.: proliferation (n) patronising /`p±trºn¡zæ…/ (adj) = speaking or behaving in a way that shows superiority / protekcjonalny e.g. The journalists were angry at his patronising attitude to the media. peer /pƒr/ (n) = a person who is your equal in age or status / kolega, rówieśnik e.g. Her charming personality made her popular with her peers. reproducibility /¿r∞prºdj∂sæ`bælºti/ (n) = the ability to make sth happen again in the same way / powtarzalność e.g. Reproducibility of results is indispensible in scientific research. Der.: reproduce (v), reproducible (adj) PT.43 PT.44 PT.45 PT.46 one-off /¿w∑n`≥f/ (adj) = happening or made only once and not regularly / pojedynczy, jednorazowy e.g. It was just a one-off incident; I’m sure it won’t happen again. efficacy /`efækºsi/ (n) = effectiveness / efektywność, skuteczność e.g. Scientists have confirmed the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet. havoc /`h±vºk/ (n) = confusion, chaos / zamęt, zamieszanie e.g. An accident in the city centre caused havoc on the roads. an/that old chestnut (idm) = (informal) an old joke or story, no longer amusing / stara historia, kawał z brodą e.g. ”Do you know the story about Jack’s first day at school?” ”Please, not that old chestnut again!” crude /kr∂d/ (adj) = basic, unrefined / niewyszukany, prostacki e.g. He made a crude remark which upset many of his colleagues. Der.: crudely (adv), crudity (n), crudeness (n) vivisection /¿vævæ`sek«ºn/ (n) = experimenting on live animals for scientific purposes / wiwisekcja e.g. Some people believe vivisection is the best way to research new surgical procedures. premise /`premæs/ (n) = sth one believes to be true, a hypothesis / przesłanka, założenie e.g. The company hired their staff on the premise that men and women are equal in the workplace. veterinary /`vetºrºnºri/ (adj) = of the medical treatment of animals / weterynaryjny e.g. The recent advances in veterinary research are astounding. innovation /¿ænº`vΩ«ºn/ (n) = a new thing or new method of doing sth / innowacja e.g. The veggie burger was an innovation which was welcomed by vegetarians worldwide. Der.: innovative (adj) plenary meeting /`pl∞nºri `m∞tæ…/ (n) = a meeting where all members are present / posiedzenie plenarne e.g. For such an important decision, a plenary meeting was necessary. instrumentation /¿ænstrºmen`tΩ«ºn/ (n) = equipment / oprzyrządowanie e.g. All flight instrumentation must be checked before take-off. radiocarbon dating/carbon dating = a method of calculating the age of an organic object 137 Practice Test PT.47 PT.48 PT.49 PT.50 PT.51 PT.52 PT.53 PT.54 PT.55 PT.56 PT.57 PT.58 138 by measuring the proportion of different isotopes of carbon in it / datowanie metodą węglową e.g. Thanks to radiocarbon dating we know when these clay pots were made. merit /`meræt/ (n) = an advantage / zaleta, walor e.g. The merits of science are numerous. the Shroud of Turin/the Turin shroud /`«r¬d ºv tjΔ`ræn/ (n) = całun turyński e.g. The Shroud of Turin is surrounded by an aura of mystery. hoax /høks/ (n) = a trick or lie / (głupi) kawał; oszustwo e.g. The police discovered the bomb scare was a hoax. prematurely /`premºt«ºli/ (adv) = happening too early / przedwcześnie e.g. The war and the years in the mountains had prematurely aged him. Der.: premature (adj) infallibility /æn¿f±læ`bælæti/ (n) = never being wrong / nieomylność e.g. The government has an exaggerated view of its own infallibility. Der.: infallible (adj) retract /ræ`tr±kt/ (v) = (formal) to withdraw what was said earlier / wycofać sięz czegoś, odwołać e.g. I have reconsidered the matter and want now to retract my words. eager /`∞gºr/ (adj) = willing, wanting to do sth very much / chętny e.g. Susan was eager to talk about her trip to Africa. Der.: eagerly (adv), eagerness (n) naive /n¡`∞v/ (adj) = lacking in experience, unrealistic, too trustful / naiwny e.g. I was naive to think my parents would agree to it. Der.: naively (adv), naivety (n) complexity /kºm`pleksæti/ (n) = having many complicated factors involved / zawiłość e.g. The issue is surrounded by legal complexities. distrust /dæs`tr∑st/ (n) = feeling of doubt / nieufność, brak zaufania e.g. The scandal instilled in him a profound distrust of politics. Der.: distrustful (adj) falsify /`f¥lsæf¡/ (v) = to change sth or add untrue details to deceive people / sfałszować e.g. It was proved that he had falsified several legal documents. Der.: falsification (n) meticulous /mº`tækjμlºs/ (adj) = careful, paying attention to detail / skrupulatny e.g. His work was meticulous and his boss always praised him. PT.59 collaborate /kº`l±bºrΩt/ (v) = to work together / współpracować e.g. The two companies agreed to collaborate in the hope of increasing their profits. Der.: collaboration (n), collaborative (adj) Part 3 (p. 242) PT.60 PT.61 PT.62 PT.63 PT.64 PT.65 PT.66 PT.67 PT.68 PT.69 PT.70 PT.71 unilaterally /¿j∂næ`l±tºrºli/ (adv) = (of decision or action) taken by only one of a group without the agreement of others / jednostronnie e.g. The government was careful not to act unilaterally. Der.: unilateral (adj) frock /fr≥k/ (n) = a dress / sukienka e.g. That’s a beautiful frock she is wearing today. sprinkle /`spræ…kºl/ (v) = to add small quantities of sth to sth else / okraszać, posypywać, pokropić e.g. I don’t understand why some people sprinkle their cereal with sugar! intonation /¿æntº`nΩ«ºn/ (n) = the way that one’s voice rises and falls when one speaks / intonacja e.g. She speaks English well but with a slight German intonation. attire /º`t¡ºr/ (n) = clothes / ubiór, strój e.g. Formal attire is recommended for tonight’s ceremony. elaborate /æ`l±bºrºt/ (adj) = detailed, complicated in design and planning / wymyślny e.g. The party was an elaborate affair that must have cost a fortune. dowdy /`d¬di/ (adj) = dull and unfashionable / niemodny, niedbały e.g. Judy’s clothes were clean but dowdy. hem /hem/ (v) = to fold over the edge of a piece of clothing and sew it up / obrębić, obszyć e.g. Each dress is hemmed and checked by quality control before export. shoddy /`«≥dæ/ (adj) = badly or carelessly made / tandetny, byle jaki e.g. American customers refuse to accept shoddy goods. Der.: shoddily (adv) proclaim /prº`klΩm/ (v) = (formal) to be a clear sign of sth / świadczyć o czymś e.g. The town hall proclaims the character of the town. obscure /≥b`skjΔr/ (adj) = unknown / mało znany e.g. He came from an obscure island in the Pacific Ocean. Der.: obscurity (n) scruffy /`skr∑fi/ (adj) = dirty and untidy / niechlujny Practice Test PT.72 PT.73 PT.74 PT.75 PT.76 PT.77 PT.78 PT.79 PT.80 PT.81 PT.82 PT.83 e.g. She wore a scruffy old coat. Der.: scruffily (adv) stained /stΩnd/ (adj) = marked / poplamiony e.g. His clothing was stained with oil after working on the car all day. plywood /`pl¡wμd/ (n) = thin layers of wood stuck together / sklejka e.g. The cupboard was obviously cheap, having been made of plywood. penetrating /`penºtrΩtæ…/ (adj) = (of sound) highpitched / przenikliwy e.g. We could hear the penetrating siren of the police car as it sped past. lank/lanky /`l±…ki/ (adj) = unattractively thin and tall / chudy jak patyk, tyczkowaty e.g. Most teenagers are lanky. saddle shoes /`s±dºl «∂z/ (n pl) = lace-up shoes with low heels and a piece of leather in a contrasting colour across the instep, usually brown or black on a white shoe / rodzaj półbutów ze sznurowaną częścią w kontrastującym kolorze e.g. When I was a girl, I hated my saddle shoes. tucked /t∑kt/ (adj) = folded or tight / z zakładkami e.g. The dress was tucked at the waist to emphasise her slender body. scalloped /`sk≥lºpt/ (adj) = decorated with a series of small curves around the edges / wykończony półokrągłymi ząbkami e.g. The curtains had scalloped edges and a beautiful velvety texture. resolve /ræ`z≥lv/ (v) = to decide to do sth / postanowić e.g. She resolved to inform the manager of her colleagues’ fraudulent actions. Der.: resolution (n) clutter /`kl∑tºr/ (v) = to have a lot of things filling a place in an untidy way / zagracać, zaśmiecać e.g. Cups cluttered every desk in the office. despair of sth /dæ`sp≈r/ (v) = to feel that everything is wrong and that nothing will improve / rozpaczać, tracić nadzieję na coś e.g. He despairs of ever finding a job in the present business crisis. ingratiating /æn`grΩ«iΩtæ…/ (adj) = trying to gain approval or favour / przymilny e.g. He met his new boss with an ingratiating smile. domineering /¿d≥mæ`nƒræ…/ (adj) = controlling other people without considering their feelings or opinions / despotyczny, apodyktyczny e.g. He is a domineering father and his children are afraid of him. PT.84 PT.85 PT.86 PT.87 PT.88 PT.89 PT.90 PT.91 PT.92 PT.93 PT.94 PT.95 PT.96 flatter /`fl±tºr/ (v) = to praise sb in an exaggerated, insincere way / schlebiać e.g. The secretary continued to flatter the supervisor in the hope of getting a promotion. Der.: flattery (n), flattering (adj), flatteringly (adv) bully /`bμli/ (v) = to make sb do sth by using force / zmusić, sterroryzować e.g. My brother tried to bully me into doing his homework. impulsively /æm`p∑lsævli/ (adv) = suddenly, without planning / impulsywnie, pod wpływem impulsu e.g. Impulsively, she ran out of the house, with no particular destination in mind. effusive /æ`fj∂sæv/ (adj) = expressing pleasure in a very enthusiastic way / wylewny e.g. She had not seen Adam for three years, so she gave him an effusive welcome. Der.: effusively (adv) adolescence /¿±dº`lesºns/ (n) = a period of life when one develops from being a child to being an adult / okres dojrzewania e.g. Adolescence is a time of great change and anxiety. shopworn /`«≥pw¥n/ (adj) = (of clothes) that have been tried on in a shop by many people / wielokrotnie przymierzany przez klientów, zleżały e.g. The trousers were shopworn and could not be sold. reject /`r∞πekt/ (n) = sth that cannot be sold because it is faulty / odrzut e.g. Why can’t we earn more and stop buying rejects? canned /k±nd/ (adj) = put into a metal container to stay fresh / konserwowy, z puszki e.g. When I was a child, we always had chicken and canned peas for Sunday lunch. rayon /`rΩ≥n/ (n) = artificial material made from cellulose / rayon e.g. The woman’s dress was part-rayon and part-silk. docile /`døs¡l/ (adj) = quiet, not aggressive and easily controlled / uległy, potulny e.g. The locals are very docile people who are easily led by the mayor. Der.: docilely (adv), docility (n) stack /st±k/ (n) = a pile / sterta, stos e.g. There was a stack of paperwork on the desk waiting to be typed. glaze /glΩz/ (v) = to put a shiny layer on the outside of sth / polakierować, pokryć glazurą e.g. The vase was glazed in blue and yellow. scrap /skr±p/ (n) = a small piece of sth / kawałek, skrawek e.g. She made a small fire from the scraps of wood she found around. 139 Practice Test PT.97 PT.98 PT.99 PT.100 PT.101 PT.102 pestilential /¿pestæ`len«ºl/ (adj) = causing disease / parszywy, morowy, niosący choroby e.g. Illness was rife among the villagers who depended on a pestilential river for water. weed /w∞d/ (n) = a wild plant that prevents garden plants from growing properly / chwast e.g. The weeds had already choked the roses by the time they hired a gardener. wicker /`wækºr/ (n) = thin sticks of wood woven together to make baskets, chairs, etc / wiklina e.g. They had a small table and wicker chairs on the veranda. bedspread /`bedspred/ (n) = an attractive bed cover / kapa, narzuta e.g. We need colourful bedspreads for the children’s rooms. frayed /frΩd/ (adj) = (of clothes) with threads coming apart / wystrzępiony e.g. ∏e wore frayed jeans and cowboy boots to the concert. bohemian /bø`h∞miºn/ (adj) = unconventional and artistic / artystyczny, typowy dla bohemy e.g. Jimmy enjoyed the bohemian lifestyle of the French capital. PT.110 PT.111 PT.112 PT.113 PT.114 PT.115 PT.116 Part 4 (p. 243) PT.103 PT.104 PT.105 PT.106 PT.107 PT.108 PT.109 140 opaque /ø`pΩk/ (adj) = that cannot be easily understood / niejasny, mętny e.g. Most people find doctors’ diagnoses opaque. contemporary /kºn`tempºrºri/ (n) = a person of the same generation / współczesny, rówieśnik e.g. Like many of my contemporaries, I grew up in a vastly different world than that of modern society. inflection /æn`flek«ºn/ (n) = the intonation or pitch of voice / modulacja głosu e.g. I could tell from the inflection of his voice that he was upset. convey /kºn`vΩ/ (v) = to communicate / przekazać e.g. The artist tried to convey his feelings through his paintings. resettlement /r∞`setºlmºnt/ (n) = the process of moving people to a different place to live / przesiedlenie e.g. Only refugees are eligible for resettlement abroad. parish /`p±ræ«/ (n) = a village or area which has its own church and priest / parafia e.g. We visited a small parish in the Cotswolds last weekend. subsistence /sºb`sæstºns/ (n) = a means of obtaining enough money or food to stay alive / źródło utrzymania PT.117 PT.118 PT.119 PT.120 PT.121 PT.122 e.g. The farm was their only means of subsistence. further/farther/far afield (idm) = in more distant places / dalej, gdzie indziej e.g. If you can’t find what you want here, you’ll have to look further afield. kinsfolk /`kænzføk/ (n) = relatives / krewni, rodzina e.g. When Bella was ill, her kinsfolk came to look after her. migrant /`m¡grºnt/ (n) = a person who moves from one place to another / przesiedleniec e.g. Migrants entering the country should present their documentation to the proper authorities immediately. feign /fΩn/ (v) = to fake, pretend / udawać e.g. He didn’t want to go to school so he feigned illness. unwitting /∑n`wætæ…/ (adj) = unaware of one’s actions or the situation / mimowolny, nieświadomy e.g. The child was an unwitting cause of the parents’ argument. superimpose /¿s∂pºræm`pøz/ (v) = to place one thing over another / nałożyć, połączyć e.g. The Christian Church superimposed its beliefs on local traditions. variegated /`v≈riºgΩtæd/ (adj) = consisting of many different parts or types / różnorodny, zróżnicowany e.g. The community is variegated and therefore has a multicultural feel to it. signifier /`sægnæf¡ºr/ (n) = a symbol / symbol e.g. The local language is a signifier of the local mentality. chauvinistic /¿«øvæ`næstæk/ (adj) = believing that one’s own country is more important and better than any other / szowinistyczny e.g. This chauvinistic arrogance is the reason why the peace talks were derailed. perceive /pº`s∞v/ (v) = to realise / postrzegać e.g. Stress is widely perceived to be a consequence of social progress. Der.: perception (n) bushel /`bμ«ºl/ (n) = a unit of measurement for farm produce such as corn or beans / buszel, jednostka objętości ciał sypkich równa ok. 36 l e.g. The greengrocer ordered a bushel of beans and ten sacks of potatoes from the farm. strike /str¡k/ (n) = a medieval unit of dry measure / średniowieczna miara objętości ciał sypkich e.g. An economic historian could easily explain it to you what a strike was. peck /pek/ (n) = a unit of measurement for farm produce, a quarter of a bushel / dawna miara objętości równa ok. 9 l Practice Test PT.123 PT.124 PT.125 PT.126 PT.127 PT.128 PT.129 e.g. The inn ran out of peppers and had to buy another peck. manor /`m±nºr/ (n) = a large house or estate in the country, including the land and smaller buildings / dwór, majątek ziemski, folwark e.g. Tinham Manor can be found on the Cornish coast and was once the home of many rich families. commodity /kº`m≥dæti/ (n) = sth that is sold for money / towar e.g. Nowadays, real estate is the only commodity worth investing in. contingent on sth /kºn`tænπºnt/ (adj) = dependent on sth / zależny od czegoś e.g. The growth of the economy is contingent on the performance of private business. denote /dæ`nøt/ (v) = to indicate or refer to / oznaczać e.g. In the Middle Ages, ”drab” denoted undyed cloth. flock /fl≥k/ (n) = a group of sheep / stado e.g. The shepherd took the flock of sheep out to the pasture. prolific /prø`læfæk/ (adj) = producing a lot of sth / płodny e.g. Joanna is a prolific letter writer; I get one from her every week. obsolete /`≥bsºl∞t/ (adj) = outdated / przestarzały e.g. Computer models can become obsolete in a matter of years due to rapid progress in that field. Der.: obsolescent (adj), obsolescence (n) Part 2 (p. 245) PT.134 PT.135 PT.136 PT.137 PT.138 PT.139 PT.140 Paper 3 - Use of English Part 1 (p. 245) PT.130 PT.131 PT.132 PT.133 butcher /`bμ∏ºr/ (v) = to kill an animal and cut it up for meat / zarżnąć e.g. The cow was butchered and roasted. tend (to) sb/sth /tend/ (v) = to care for sb or sth / dbać o coś lub kogoś e.g. Doctors and nurses tend to the ill. deduce /dæ`dj∂s/ (v) = to reach a conclusion based on facts / wydedukować e.g. The date of the document can be deduced from references to the civil war. Der.: deduction (n) craftspeople /`kr≤ftsp∞pºl/ (n) = people who make things skilfully with their hands / rzemieślnicy, rękodzielnicy e.g. The firm employed highly skilled crasftspeople to produce their unique toys. PT.141 PT.142 atonement /º`tønmºnt/ (n) = an attempt to show one is sorry for having done sth wrong / zadośćuczynienie, pokuta e.g. The murderer wanted to make atonment for his crime. haunt /h¥nt/ (v) = to cause worry, to bother / dręczyć, prześladować e.g. The consequences of her actions haunted her for years. be immersed in sth = to become completely involved in sth / być pochłoniętym, zaabsorbowanym czymś e.g. Jodie is totally immersed in her work. purgatory /`pªgºtri/ (n) = a very unpleasant experience / dosł. czyściec; męczarnia e.g. My two years in the army were purgatory; I couldn’t wait to leave. reminisce about sb/sth /¿remæ`næs/ (v) = to talk about sb or sth from one’s past, often with pleasure / wspominać e.g. We spent the evening reminiscing about our school days. Der.: reminiscent (adj), reminiscence (n) revoke /ræ`vøk/ (v) = to cancel sth / cofnąć, unieważnić e.g. His driving licence was revoked after he was caught speeding three times by the police. engrossing /æn`grøsæ…/ (adj) = very interesting, holding one’s attention completely / absorbujący, wciągający e.g. That was one of the most engrossing films I’ve seen this year. allude /ºl`∂d/ (v) = to mention sth in an indirect way / zrobić aluzję, nawiązać do czegoś e.g. She alluded to a feeling of guilt over the accident. Der.: allusion (n), allusive (adj) ponder /`p≥ndºr/ (v) = to think about sth carefully / zastanawiać się, rozważać e.g. I’m still pondering what to wear to the wedding. Der.: ponderous (adj), ponderously (adv) Part 3 (p. 246) PT.143 PT.144 penalise /`p∞nºl¡z/ (v) = to make sb suffer for sth they did wrong / ukarać e.g. Tom was penalised for cheating in the exam. gasp /g≤sp/ (v) = to take a short quick breath in surprise, shock or pain / sapać, dyszeć e.g. He gasped with shock at how cold the water was in the pool. 141 Practice Test Part 4 (p. 247) PT.145 fare /feºr/ (v) = to progress, to get on / radzić sobie e.g. I wonder how she will fare in the big city. PT.158 Part 5 (p. 248) PT.146 PT.147 PT.148 PT.149 PT.150 PT.151 PT.152 PT.153 PT.154 PT.155 PT.156 PT.157 142 hip /hæp/ (adj) = (informal) very fashionable / modny e.g. It’s becoming hip to be interested in ecology. culturati /k∑l∏º`r≤ti/ (n pl) = fashionable people interested in the arts / ludzie nadążający za nowymi trendami w sztuce e.g. If you want to be one of the culturati, you have to like modern art. culture vulture /`k∑l∏º ¿v∑l∏ºr/ (n) = sb who is very interested in the arts / miłośnik imprez kulturalnych e.g. This is the café where all the culture vultures hang out and discuss the arts. embrace /æm`brΩs/ (v) = to include / obejmować e.g. The field of astrophysics embraces many different theories. privileged /`prævælæπd/ (adj) = with opportunities that most other people do not have, often because of wealth or class / uprzywilejowany e.g. Private education is only affordable to a privileged few. felicitously /fæ`læsætºsli/ (adv) = in a suitable or acceptable way / należycie, właściwie, trafnie e.g. The directors felicitously discussed the appointment of a new chairman in private. aspire /º`sp¡ºr/ (v) = to have a strong desire to achieve sth / mieć ambicje, mieć aspiracje e.g. She aspires to be an actress but I don’t think she has the talent to succeed. Der.: aspiration (n) vicariously /væ`k≈riºsli/ (adv) = indirectly / z drugiej ręki, pośrednio e.g. The father vicariously enjoyed his son’s successes. sinuousness /`sænjμºsnºs/ (n) = having many curves and turns / zawiłość, pokrętność e.g. The sinuousness of the novel will delight readers of all ages. autodidact /`¥tødæd±kt/ (n) = a self-educated person / samouk e.g. I’ve never been shown how to mend a watch; I’m an autodidact. bliss /blæs/ (n) = complete happiness / szczęście, rozkosz e.g. The young couple presented a perfect picture of marital bliss. Der.: blissful (adj), blissfully (adv) bowler hat /¿bølº `h±t/ (n) = a hard black hat with a round top and a curved brim / melonik PT.159 PT.160 e.g. Laurel and Hardy in their bowler hats are memorable comedians. pivotal /`pævºtºl/ (adj) = of great importance / decydujący, kluczowy e.g. Polish pilots played a pivotal role in the Battle of Britain in 1940. draft /dr≤ft/ (n) = an early version of a piece of writing / pierwsza wersja, brudnopis e.g. He was unhappy with the first draft of his play, so he made many drastic alterations. exhilaratingly /æg`zælº¿rΩtæ…li/ (adv) = in a way that brings joy and comfort / w sposób podnoszący na duchu e.g. The audience’s reaction was exhilaratingly favourable, which boosted the actor’s confidence. Paper 4 - Listening Part 1 (p. 249) PT.161 PT.162 bedridden /`bedrædºn/ (adj) = very ill and unable to get out of bed / przykuty do łóżka, obłożnie chory e.g. He was bedridden for three months due to a back injury. evasive /æ`vΩsæv/ (adj) = deliberately trying to avoid giving a clear answer / mało konkretny, wymijający e.g. The politician was evasive when asked about his plans for the future. Part 3 (p. 250) PT.163 PT.164 avid /`±væd/ (adj) = very enthusiastic / zapalony, namiętny e.g. He is an avid fan of motor sports and regularly attends races. excel /æk`sel/ (v) = to be very good at sth / wyróżniać się, być wybitnym e.g. King has always been a writer who excels in suspense. Part 4 (p. 251) PT.165 PT.166 sustained /sº`stΩnd/ (adj) = continued for a period of time / nieprzerwany, nieustający e.g. Sustained economic growth was a feature of the United States throughout the 1990s. entity /`entæti/ (n) = sth that exists separately from other things and has a clear identity of its own / byt, jednostka e.g. North and South Korea remain separate entities despite recent attempts to unify them. Upstream Proficiency Workbook Glossary Workbook Glossary Unit 1 Getting the Message Across (pp. 4–13) W1.1 W1.2 W1.3 W1.4 W1.5 W1.6 W1.7 W1.8 W1.9 W1.10 W1.11 W1.12 W1.13 W1.14 W1.15 W1.16 W1.17 W1.18 W1.19 W1.20 W1.21 W1.22 W1.23 W1.24 W1.25 W1.26 W1.27 W1.28 W1.29 W1.30 W1.31 W1.32 W1.33 fertiliser (n) = a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility / nawóz fiancé (n) = a man to whom a woman is engaged to be married / narzeczony deem (v) = to consider / uważać pretentious (adj) = pompous, showy / pretensjonalny vehemently (adv) = forcefully, with feeling / gwałtownie formidable (adj) = awesome / ogromny at breakneck speed = extremely fast / w zawrotnym tempie, na złamanie karku retrieve (v) = to get or bring back / odzyskać wilt (v) = to droop, wither / zwiędnąć repercussion (n) = a consequence / reperkusja pledge (v) = to oblige oneself, solemnly promise / zobowiązać się knot (n) = a fastening made by tying a piece of rope, string or fabric / węzeł retail (n) = the sale of goods directly to the public / sprzedaż detaliczna offline (adj) = not on the Internet / off-line, poza Internetem affiliation (n) = connection / związek, przynależność; tu: współpraca reel (v) = to be off balance, stagger / stracić równowagę sluggish (adj) = slow-moving / niemrawy rebound (v) = to recover / odbić się od dna savvy (n) = practical knowledge / praktyka, doświadczenie intimacy (n) = closeness / bliskość, zażyłość lucidity (n) = clarity / jasność, klarowność eternity (n) = unending time / wieczność cleric (n) = a priest or minister of a Christian church / duchowny codification (n) = a systematic arrangement / kodyfikacja variant (n) = a version that differs from other versions or from a standard / wariant punter (n) = a gambler or customer / gracz lub klient a string of pleas = a continuous line of requests / łańcuszek próśb angling (n) = fishing / wędkarstwo log on (v) = to access a computer network / zalogować się lucrative (adj) = potentially profitable / lukratywny intimate (v) = to imply, insinuate / dać do zrozumienia perpetuate (v) = to make sth continue indefinitely / podtrzymywać, przedłużać futile (adj) = pointless / jałowy W1.34 W1.35 W1.36 W1.37 W1.38 W1.39 W1.40 W1.41 W1.42 W1.43 W1.44 W1.45 W1.46 W1.47 W1.48 W1.49 W1.50 W1.51 W1.52 W1.53 harbour resentment = to feel bitterness and anger / żywić urazę evaporate (v) = to change into gas / wyparować fuel (v) = to increase sth, to make sth stronger / napędzać entanglement (n) = a difficult or complicated relationship / pogmatwany związek battle of wills (idm) = a contest between two or more people of opposing viewpoints who are all equally determined to win / próba sił adage (n) = a proverb or short statement expressing a general truth / przysłowie, powiedzenie have a ring of truth = to be basically true, to sound like truth / wydawać się prawdą, brzmieć prawdziwie antiquity (n) = the ancient past / starożytność render (v) = to make / uczynić resource (n) = a supply of sth that can be drawn upon in times of need / zasób interactive (adj) = (of two or more people or things) influencing or having an effect on each other / interaktywny overdue (adj) = not yet having arrived, happened or done after the expected time / spóźniony, po terminie conform to (v) = to abide by / przestrzegać utterly (adv) = completely, absolutely / całkowicie appalled (adj) = disgusted / przerażony, zbulwersowany far-reaching (adj) = having important and widely applicable effects / dalekosiężny equivalent (n) = sth equal in meaning / ekwiwalent dire (adj) = extremely serious / okropny, tragiczny contraction (n) = a short form of a longer word or phrase / forma ściągnięta (np. „isn’t“ zamiast „is not“) commission (v) = to ask sb to make sth for a payment / zlecić Unit 2 The Happiest Days of Your Life? (pp. 14–23) W2.1 W2.2 W2.3 W2.4 W2.5 W2.6 faculty (n) = the teaching staff of a university, or of one department (e.g. Law) of a university / kadra profesorska hall of residence (n) = a university building with accommodation for students / dom studencki, akademik corporal punishment (n) = physical punishment, such as beating with a cane / kara cielesna alumni (n pl) = (singular: alumnus) former students of a school, college or university / absolwenci lectureship (n) = a post or position as a lecturer / stanowisko wykładowcy burn sth to a cinder (idm) = to burn sth completely / spalić na węgiel 145 Workbook Glossary W2.7 W2.8 W2.9 W2.10 W2.11 W2.12 W2.13 W2.14 W2.15 W2.16 W2.17 W2.18 W2.19 W2.20 W2.21 W2.22 W2.23 W2.24 W2.25 W2.26 W2.27 W2.28 W2.29 W2.30 W2.31 W2.32 W2.33 146 casket (n) = a small ornamental box or chest, usually for keeping valuable objects in / kasetka, szkatułka whist (n) = a game of cards / wist demeanour (n) = one’s behaviour and manner / zachowanie thrash (v) = to beat, hit (a person, animal or thing), usually with a whip or stick / zbić plank (n) = a long, thin, flat piece of wood used for building and flooring / deska unveil (v) = to announce publicly, to uncover, to reveal / ujawnić skew (v) = here: to re-direct / tu: przesunąć unscathed (adj) = without suffering injury, damage or harm / bez szwanku dwindling (adj) = gradually getting smaller or less / malejący, zmniejszający się bleeper (n) = a small portable electronic device that makes a beeping noise when sb wants to contact the carrier / biper ostrich (n) = the largest living bird; flightless, with a long neck and long legs / struś wade into (phr v) = to get involved in sth energetically or forcefully / zabrać się za coś swap (v) = to exchange / wymieniać; tu: przerzucać fugitive (n) = sb who is in hiding in an attempt to escape capture or arrest / uciekinier well-endowed (adj) = having a lot of money / bogaty down tools (idm) = to stop working / przerwać pracę saunter (v) = to walk in a slow and relaxed manner / przechadzać się swagger (v) = to walk in a confident or aggressive way / kroczyć lope (v) = to run or walk in long strides / sadzić susami puddle (n) = a small pool of liquid on the ground / kałuża ricochet (v) = to move in a series of rebounds like a bullet bouncing off one surface onto another / dosł. odbijać się rykoszetem; tu: przemieszczać się ferry (v) = to move from one place to another / przenosić z miejsca na miejsce the unruly (n pl) = people who are causing a disturbance / tu: niegrzeczni uczniowie rota (n) = a list showing when each person or group of people has to do a particular job / grafik, harmonogram insolently (adv) = in a rude or disrespectful manner / bezczelnie sullenly (adv) = in a rude and resentful manner / z nadąsaną miną, niegrzecznie bizarre (adj) = very strange / dziwaczny W2.34 W2.35 W2.36 W2.37 W2.38 W2.39 W2.40 W2.41 W2.42 W2.43 W2.44 W2.45 W2.46 W2.47 W2.48 W2.49 W2.50 W2.51 W2.52 W2.53 W2.54 W2.55 wobble (v) = to move unsteadily from side to side / chwiać się, kołysać beset (v) = to trouble or threaten / osaczyć, nękać deficit (n) = the amount by which, especially a sum of money, is too small / deficyt reassurance (n) = the action of removing sb’s doubts or fears / wsparcie, otucha siblings (n pl) = brothers and/or sisters / rodzeństwo homeschool (v) = to teach children at home rather than at school / uczyć dzieci w domu evoke (v) = to bring sth to mind / przywodzić na myśl, wywoływać amid (prep) = surrounded by, in the middle of / pośród dispense (v) = to give out / tu: dzielić się contemplate (v) = to think about, consider / rozważać a (whole) raft of sth = (informal) a lot of sth / mnóstwo czegoś resilience (n) = the ability to withstand or recover from difficult situations / odporność, siła boisterousness (n) = noise, energy and cheerfulness / niesforne zachowanie sloppy (adj) = careless and disorganised / niedbały detention (n) = the punishment of being kept at school for some time after the classes are over / (w szkole) „koza“ plethora (n) = (formal) a great deal of sth / mnóstwo tuition (n) = teaching / nauczanie disparity (n) = a great difference / różnica, rozbieżność comprehensive school (n) = a secondary school in which children of all abilities are taught together / szkoła średnia przyjmująca uczniów niezależnie od wcześniejszych wyników w nauce uphill (adj) = requiring great effort / żmudny, ciężki dumb down (phr v) = to reduce the intellectual content of sth / obniżać poziom untapped (adj) = not yet exploited or used / niewykorzystany Unit 3 Extra! Extra! (pp. 24–33) W3.1 W3.2 W3.3 W3.4 W3.5 anchorman (n) = the person who presents a radio or television programme / gospodarz programu cue card (n) = a card held beside a camera for a television broadcaster to read from while appearing as if looking into the camera / teleprompter trailer (n) = a series of scenes from a TV programme or film, shown in advance to advertise it / zwiastun (programu, filmu) plunge (n) = a rapid decrease in value or amount / gwałtowny spadek highlights (n pl) = the best parts of an event / najważniejsze wydarzenia Workbook Glossary W3.6 W3.7 W3.8 W3.9 W3.10 W3.11 W3.12 W3.13 W3.14 W3.15 W3.16 W3.17 W3.18 W3.19 W3.20 W3.21 W3.22 W3.23 W3.24 W3.25 W3.26 W3.27 W3.28 vested interest (n) = a personal reason for wanting sth to happen / żywotny lub osobisty interes be in arrears with sth (idm) = to be late in paying money that one owes / zalegać (z płatnościami) hype up (phr v) = to heavily publicise and advertise sth so as to attract people’s interest / robić szum (wokół czegoś) allegation (n) = a claim or assertion (often made without proof) that sb has done sth illegal or wrong / zarzut slate (n) = a list / lista, spis roster (n) = a list, especially of people who work for or have connections with a particular organisation / lista, spis lineup (n) = a group of people or things brought together in a particular context / skład, obsada, lista dreary (adj) = dull, bleak, lifeless; depressing / ponury, okropny morosely (adv) = sullenly, miserably / ponuro trivialisation (n) = making sth seem less important, significant or complex than it is / trywializacja scavenge (v) = to search for and collect (anything usable) from another source / tu: wyszukiwać, wykorzystywać span (v) = to extend over a period of time or a range of subjects / trwać, obejmować concession (n) = a preferential rate or permission given by an organisation / koncesja, prawo do czegoś; zniżka encompass (v) = to include / obejmować, zawierać ambient (adj) = relating to the immediate environs of sth / tu: dotyczący otoczenia, kontekstu squirt (v) = to cause a liquid to be ejected from a small opening in sth in a thin, fast stream or jet / wycisnąć, strzyknąć dot-com (n) = a company that conducts its business on the Internet / firma prowadząca działalność przez Internet blue-chip company (n) = a company considered to be of the highest quality / firma o ustalonej renomie networking (n) = interaction with other people to exchange information and develop contacts, especially to further one’s career / nawiązywanie kontaktów zawodowych conning (n) = persuading sb to do or believe sth by telling them sth that is not true / oszustwo cop-out (n) = (informal) a way of avoiding a commitment or responsibility, an excuse / wykręt, wymówka disgruntled (adj) = dissatisfied / niezadowolony mow (v) = to cut down an area of grass with a machine / kosić W3.29 W3.30 W3.31 soothing (adj) = gentle, calming / łagodny, kojący in stark contrast with sth = showing a clear, sharp difference to sth / w odróżnieniu od czegoś air one’s views = to express one’s opinion or grievance publicly / wyrazić swoje poglądy Unit 4 Planes, Trains and Automobiles (pp. 34–43) W4.1 W4.2 W4.3 W4.4 W4.5 W4.6 W4.7 W4.8 W4.9 W4.10 W4.11 W4.12 W4.13 W4.14 W4.15 W4.16 W4.17 W4.18 W4.19 W4.20 W4.21 W4.22 W4.23 W4.24 W4.25 W4.26 long-haul (adj) = long-distance / daleki seasoned (adj) = experienced / wytrawny, doświadczony pier (n) = a structure leading out from the shore into the water / pomost, molo, przystań jetty (n) = a platform built out into the sea or river where boats can be tied and where people get on and off boats / molo itinerary (n) = a planned route or journey / plan podróży, marszruta curtail (v) = to restrict / ograniczyć scathing (adj) = severely critical / zjadliwy, druzgocący meagre (adj) = very small or inadequate / skromny, mizerny tangible (adj) = clear and definite / konkretny, wymierny silted-up (adj) = blocked or filled with silt (sand carried by running water and deposited as sediment) / zamulony, zapiaszczony stagnate (v) = to cease to flow or move / być w zastoju; nie rozwijać się handicrafts (n pl) = decorative objects made by hand / rzemiosło artystyczne, ręcznie robione pamiątki pulse (v) = to throb rhythmically / pulsować confectionery (n) = sweets and chocolates / słodycze manic (adj) = very busy, wildly energetic / gorączkowy, zwariowany converge (v) = to come together from different directions to eventually meet / schodzić, zbierać się glint (v) = to reflect small flashes of light / błyskać ablaze (adj) = very brightly coloured / mieniący się kolorami assorted (adj) = varied / mieszany, różnorodny delve (v) = to reach into sth and search for sth / zagłębić się w coś probe (v) = to explore or examine / dokładnie zbadać dune (n) = a mound of drifted sand / wydma shortfall (n) = the amount by which sth, especially money, is less than what is expected or needed / niedobór, brak northbound (adj) = travelling or leading towards the north / w kierunku północnym, prowadzący na północ northernmost (adj) = being the furthest towards the north / najdalej wysunięty na północ meander (v) = to follow a winding course / wić się 147 Workbook Glossary W4.27 W4.28 W4.29 W4.30 W4.31 W4.32 W4.33 W4.34 stealth (n) = doing sth in a quiet and cautious way, without being noticed / ostrożność, robienie czegoś ukradkiem mutual (adj) = in common / wzajemny, wspólny ellipsis (n) = the omission of words that are unnecessary as they can be understood from the context / elipsa, opuszczanie wyrazów quaint (adj) = attractively unusual or old-fashioned / oryginalny, staroświecki, uroczy shriek (v) = to utter a high-pitched sound of pain or excitement / wrzasnąć, pisnąć squint (v) = to look at sb with one or both eyes partly closed to see more clearly / mrużyć oczy hard-wearing (adj) = durable, long-lasting / mocny, nie do zdarcia flag down (phr v) = to hail / zatrzymać, przywołać (np. taksówkę) Unit 5 The Science of Life (pp. 44–53) W5.1 W5.2 W5.3 W5.4 W5.5 W5.6 W5.7 W5.8 W5.9 W5.10 W5.11 W5.12 W5.13 W5.14 W5.15 W5.16 148 virulent (adj) = (of diseases) extremely severe or harmful / złośliwy, zjadliwy neo-natal unit (n) = a special hospital ward for newly born babies / oddział, blok noworodkowy sedentary (adj) = inactive, spending much time sitting down / siedzący inflammation (n) = (of parts of body) being swollen, hot and painful usually as a result of injury or infection / zapalenie gash (n) = a long deep cut / rana cięta digestive (adj) = relating to the digestion system or process of digesting food / trawienny bishop (n) = a chess piece with a mitre which can only move diagonally / (w szachach) goniec, laufer rest on one’s laurels (idm) = to be so satisfied with one’s achievements that no further effort is made / spocząć na laurach be bereaved = to be deprived of a friend or relative through death / stracić bliską osobę calibre (n) = the quality of character, or the high level of ability / kaliber, format, ranga aloofness (n) = unfriendliness, distance / rezerwa, dystans, wyniosłość anti-vivisection (adj) = acting against experiments on live animals / sprzeciwiający się wiwisekcji on the back burner (idm) = having less or lower priority / o mniejszym znaczeniu, do załatwienia później against the grain (idm) = contrary to the normal feelings or inclinations / wbrew utartym zwyczajom oarsman (n) = a rower / wioślarz defiance (n) = open resistance, strong disobedience / sprzeciw, nieposłuszeństwo W5.17 W5.18 W5.19 W5.20 W5.21 W5.22 W5.23 W5.24 W5.25 W5.26 W5.27 W5.28 W5.29 W5.30 W5.31 W5.32 W5.33 W5.34 W5.35 W5.36 W5.37 W5.38 W5.39 W5.40 W5.41 W5.42 double helix (n) = the double spiral (e.g. of the DNA molecule) / podwójna helisa, spirala (np. cząsteczki DNA) gut (adj) = of the stomach / brzuszny lumbar (adj) = relating to the lower part of the back / lędźwiowy zone therapy (n) = a system of alternative medicine in which different parts of the feet and hands are associated with different parts of the body / terapia polegająca na masażu stóp i dłoni leczącym inne organy i części ciała bemused (adj) = bewildered / zdziwiony, zdeprymowany fringe (n) = a group of people, event or activity that is not part of the main group or activity / działalność marginalna lub ekstremalna grupa działająca na obrzeżach społeczności unduly (adv) = excessively / nadmiernie, zbytnio tabulate (v) = to arrange data into a table / zestawić w tabeli albeit (conj) = though / pomimo że hunch (n) = an intuitive guess or feeling / przeczucie grooming (n) = appearance / wygląd entangled (adj) = twisted or mixed up / związany strand (n) = a single thin length of sth / pasmo render (v) = to cause to be / sprawić, spowodować booked solid = fully booked / zarezerwowany do ostatniego miejsca debilitating (adj) = making sb very weak and ill / osłabiający tuberculosis (n) = an infectious bacterial disease characterised by the growth of nodules in the tissues, especially in the lungs / gruźlica multiple sclerosis, MS (n) = a serious disease of the nervous system / stwardnienie rozsiane, SM (sclerosis multiplex) hepatitis (n) = a serious disease of the liver / żółtaczka acupuncture (n) = a Chinese method of treating pain and illnesses by inserting thin needles at specific points in the skin / akupunktura crisply starched (adj) = washed, starched and ironed / świeżo wykrochmalony condescension (n) = behaviour showing that sb feels superior, patronising others / protekcjonalność dishevelled (adj) = untidy / niechlujny, rozczochrany split ends (n pl) = split tips of hair, due to dryness or poor care / rozdwojone końcówki (włosów) MRI (abbr) = magnetic resonance imaging / obrazowanie metodą rezonansu magnetycznego lap (n) = the top part of one’s legs forming a flat surface when one is sitting / kolana, podołek Workbook Glossary W5.43 W5.44 W5.45 W5.46 W5.47 complacent (adj) = uncritically self-satisfied or smug about one’s achievements / zadowolony z siebie high resolution graphics (n) = clear and realistic pictures on a screen / grafika o dużej rozdzielczości simulated (adj) = imitating the appearance or character of sth / symulowany CPR (abbr) = cardiopulmonary resuscitation / reanimacja akcji serca i płuc, sztuczne oddychanie z masażem serca monetary (adj) = relating to money and finances / monetarny, finansowy W6.23 W6.24 W6.25 W6.26 W6.27 W6.28 W6.29 Unit 6 The Art of Entertainment (pp. 54–63) W6.1 W6.2 W6.3 W6.4 W6.5 W6.6 W6.7 W6.8 W6.9 W6.10 W6.11 W6.12 W6.13 W6.14 W6.15 W6.16 W6.17 W6.18 W6.19 W6.20 W6.21 W6.22 depict (v) = to represent in an art form / przedstawić wings (n pl) = the sides of stage where actors wait for their turn to perform / kulisy recoup (v) = to recover, regain / odzyskać pelting (adj) = (of rain, snow) falling very quickly and heavily / ulewny, gęsty evocative (adj) = bringing strong images or feelings to mind / sugestywny, pobudzający wyobraźnię unfalteringly (adv) = steadily, resolutely / pewnie, z przekonaniem unrequited (adj) = (of feelings) not returned or rewarded / nieodwzajemniony forlorn (adj) = pitifully sad, abandoned or lonely / smutny, opuszczony rambling (n) = wandering / wędrówka razor-sharp (adj) = extremely sharp / ostry jak brzytwa hue (n) = a colour or shade / barwa, kolor, odcień nuance (n) = a subtle difference in meaning or expression / niuans renounce (v) = to formally state the abandonment of sth / wyrzec się, zrezygnować z czegoś curator (n) = the person responsible for looking after a museum or collection / kustosz pretentious (adj) = trying to impress others by pretending to be more important or talented than one really is / pretensjonalny peril (n) = danger / niebezpieczeństwo upside (n) = the positive aspect / pozytywna strona, zaleta derisory (adj) = extremely small and inadequate / śmiechu wart regime (n) = a system or planned way of doing sth / reżim, system focal (adj) = central / centralny prosperity (n) = the state of doing well, being successful / dobrobyt slash (v) = (of spending, prices) to greatly reduce / ciąć (np. koszty) W6.30 on a shoestring (idm) = on a very small amount of money / za bardzo małe pieniądze spawn (v) = to create / zrodzić, spowodować subjugate (v) = to bring under control / podporządkować plight (n) = a difficult situation / ciężki los destitution (n) = not having the basic essentials of life / ubóstwo pick sb’s brains (idm) = to ask sb questions in order to gain information / zasięgnąć u kogoś informacji spreadsheet (n) = data in a computerised table usually for financial records which can be altered according to any changes / arkusz kalkulacyjny ground-breaking (adj) = pioneering / pionierski, nowatorski Unit 7 Born to Win! (pp. 64–73) W7.1 W7.2 W7.3 W7.4 W7.5 W7.6 W7.7 W7.8 W7.9 W7.10 W7.11 W7.12 W7.13 W7.14 W7.15 W7.16 circuit (n) = a circular line, route or movement that starts and finishes in the same place / okrążenie, runda heat (n) = the preliminary round in a race or contest / zawody, wyścigi eliminacyjne cue (n) = a long, straight wooden rod used to strike a ball in snooker, billiards, etc / kij bilardowy rebut (v) = to claim or prove that evidence or an accusation is false / odeprzeć, odrzucić rake (n) = a long, toothed gardening tool used to draw together cut grass or to loosen soil or gravel / grabie outclass (v) = to be far superior to sth or sb else / zdeklasować outstrip (v) = to move faster than and overtake sb or sth / prześcignąć outvote (v) = to defeat by gaining more votes / zdobyć więcej głosów outwit (v) = to deceive or defeat by use of greater ingenuity or intelligence / przechytrzyć renowned (adj) = known or talked about by many people, famous / znany sales pitch (n) = what is said by a salesperson in order to persuade sb to buy sth / zachwalanie towaru przez sprzedawcę tongue-in-cheek (adj) = not serious or seemingly serious / żartobliwy, ironiczny cite (v) = to quote or mention / zacytować, wspomnieć FIE (abbr) = Federation Internationale d’Escrime, the International Fencing Federation fencing (n) = the sport of fighting with long thin swords / szermierka infer (v) = to deduce or conclude from evidence 149 Workbook Glossary W7.17 W7.18 W7.19 W7.20 W7.21 W7.22 W7.23 W7.24 W7.25 W7.26 W7.27 W7.28 W7.29 W7.30 W7.31 W7.32 W7.33 W7.34 W7.35 150 and reasoning rather than from explicit statements / wywnioskować swell (n) = the regular movement of waves in the open sea / falowanie scrupulously (adj) = diligently, thoroughly and with great attention to detail / skrupulatnie funnel-web (n) = a spider’s web that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom in the shape of a funnel, made by the funnel web spider / pajęczyna w kształcie lejka timid (adj) = showing a lack of courage or confidence, easily frightened / nieśmiały pinnacle (n) = the most successful point in sb’s career / szczyt (np. kariery) peach (n) = (informal) an exceptionally good thing / świetna rzecz equalise (v) = to score the same number of goals, points, etc / wyrównać (wynik) carbohydrate stacking system (n) = a system whereby energy from carbohydrates is supplied throughout the workout / system szybkości wchłaniania węglowodanów free radicals (n pl) = atoms that contain one or more unpaired electron; believed to be the cause of ageing, heart disease and some cancers / wolne rodniki hurdle (n) = one of a series of upright frames which athletes in a race must jump over / płotek vest (n) = a sleeveless garment worn on the upper body when playing sports / koszulka gimnastyczna baton (n) = a short stick or tube passed from one runner to another in a relay race / pałeczka sztafetowa strip (n) = the coloured sports outfit which identifies a member of a team (e.g. in football or basketball) / barwy klubowe kneepads (n pl) = protective pads worn on the knees in some sports / nakolanniki starting blocks (n pl) = blocks which runners put their feet against to help them move forward quickly at the start of a race / bloki startowe groundsman (n) = a person who maintains a sports ground / gospodarz, zarządca obiektu sportowego physio (n) = (informal) a physiotherapist / fizjoterapeuta umpire (n) = an official who watches a game or match closely to enforce the rules and arbitrate on matters arising from the play / sędzia sportowy (np. w tenisie) scout (n) = a person who searches for suitably talented people to recruit them into a sports team / łowca talentów W7.36 W7.37 compile (v) = to assemble information gathered from other sources / skompilować, zgromadzić informacje logo (n) = a badge or graphic sign used by a sports organisation to identify its team / logo Unit 8 Respect! (pp. 74–83) W8.1 W8.2 W8.3 W8.4 W8.5 W8.6 W8.7 W8.8 W8.9 W8.10 W8.11 W8.12 W8.13 W8.14 W8.15 W8.16 W8.17 W8.18 W8.19 W8.20 W8.21 W8.22 W8.23 immigrant (n) = a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country / imigrant tender for sth (v) = to make a formal written offer to carry out work or provide goods or services at a stated fixed price / stanąć do przetargu na coś ANC (abbr) = the African National Congress / Afrykański Kongres Narodowy rig (v) = to dishonestly arrange an election, a game or competition to give sb an unfair advantage / sfałszować able-bodied (adj) = physically capable / zdrowy, w pełni sił oblivious (adj) = completely unaware / nieświadomy repression (n) = the use of force to restrict or control a person or group of people / represjonowanie exacerbate (v) = to make worse / pogorszyć vocational training (n) = training for a specific occupation or employment / wykształcenie, przygotowanie zawodowe allowance (n) = a sum of money paid regularly to a person / zasiłek, dodatek pieniężny doze off (phr v) = to fall asleep / zasnąć deputy (n) = a person who acts for his or her superior in their absence / zastępca negativism (n) = a negative attitude / postawa negatywna xenophobe (n) = sb who dislikes people from other countries / ksenofob sovereign state (n) = a fully independent and selfgoverning state / niezawisłe, suwerenne państwo disillusion (n) = disappointment / rozczarowanie wield (v) = to hold with the intention of using / dzierżyć deceased (n) = a person who has died / zmarły in store = coming in the future, about to happen / przyszły, nadchodzący sanitation (n) = conditions relating to public health / warunki sanitarne preventive medicine (n) = medicine that prevents the onset of a disease or illness / medycyna zapobiegawcza borough (n) = a town or district with its own council / miasto lub dzielnica z własnymi władzami lurid (adj) = descriptive and creating an unpleasant effect / (o opisie) drastyczny, dramatyczny Workbook Glossary W8.24 W8.25 W8.26 W8.27 W8.28 W8.29 W8.30 W8.31 W8.32 W8.33 W8.34 W8.35 W8.36 W8.37 W8.38 W8.39 W8.40 W8.41 W8.42 W8.43 W8.44 W8.45 W8.46 W8.47 W8.48 W8.49 W8.50 W8.51 W8.52 W8.53 W8.54 privy (n) = an outside toilet / wygódka, ubikacja na dworze ashpit (n) = a hole in the ground filled with ashes / miejsce wysypywania popiołu wretched (adj) = in a very unfortunate state / nędzny, żałosny pestiferous (adj) = harbouring infection and disease / rozsiewający choroby warren (n) = a densely populated or labyrinthine building or district / labirynt rookery (n) = densely packed housing, especially slums / skupisko miasma (n) = a highly unpleasant smell or vapour / miazmaty exhalation (n) = fumes, gas or vapour given off by sth / wyziewy decaying (adj) = rotting, decomposing / rozkładający się slums (n pl) = overcrowded districts inhabited by poor people / slumsy to little/no avail (phr) = with little/no effect / z niewielkim skutkiem, nadaremnie grim (adj) = uninviting, depressing / nędzny, ponury barrack blocks (n pl) = large ugly buildings / duże i brzydkie budynki dire (adj) = extremely serious / tragiczny by(e)-law (n) = a rule or regulation made by a local authority / rozporządzenie władz lokalnych cram (v) = to completely fill / zapełnić foul (adj) = dirty or having a disgusting smell or appearance / brudny, cuchnący, obrzydliwy amenities (n pl) = facilities / udogodnienia huddle (v) = to crowd together / ścieśnić się, skupić aptly (adv) = correctly / trafnie, odpowiednio stink (n) = a strong unpleasant smell / smród sewage (n) = dirty waste water and excrement / nieczystości sewer (n) = an underground pipe that carries sewage / kanał ściekowy putrefaction (n) = the process of decay / rozkład, gnicie stench (n) = a strong unpleasant smell / smród maze-like (adj) = like a maze or labyrinth / podobny do labiryntu abide by (v) = to accept or act in accordance to a rule or decision / przestrzegać macho (adj) = showing aggressive pride in one’s masculinity / macho harbour dues (n pl) = fees paid for the use of harbour facilities / opłaty portowe infer (v) = to deduce / wywnioskować commiserate (v) = to express or feel sympathy for sb / współczuć, ubolewać W8.55 W8.56 W8.57 W8.58 W8.59 W8.60 W8.61 lad (n) = a boy or young man / chłopak subsidise (v) = to support financially / subsydiować, dotować perpetrator (n) = a person who has committed a crime / winny, sprawca viable (adj) = that can be successful / wykonalny, realny BT (abbr) = British Telecom implement (v) = to put into effect / wdrożyć disruption (n) = disturbance / zamęt, zakłócenie Unit 9 Another Day, Another Dollar (pp. 84–93) W9.1 W9.2 W9.3 W9.4 W9.5 W9.6 W9.7 W9.8 W9.9 W9.10 W9.11 W9.12 W9.13 W9.14 W9.15 W9.16 W9.17 W9.18 W9.19 W9.20 W9.21 W9.22 dissertation (n) = a long essay written for a university diploma / praca naukowa, rozprawa tarnish (v) = to make less valuable or respected / splamić, znieważyć impertinence (n) = rudeness, lack of respect / impertynencja, arogancja railings (n pl) = a row of upright metal bars serving as a barrier / balustrada gag (v) = to put sth over sb’s mouth to stop them speaking / zakneblować striker (n) = a football player who is to attack and score goals / (w piłce nożnej) napastnik vinegar (n) = a sour-tasting liquid containing acetic acid, used for cooking and flavouring food / ocet prawn (n) = a type of seafood resembling a shrimp / krewetka detention (n) = the punishment of keeping sb at school after the classes are over / (w szkole) „koza“ foreman (n) = a supervisor of factory workers / brygadzista, majster loom (v) = to appear as a shadowy form in a threatening way / wyłaniać się fickle (adj) = frequently changing one’s interests and loyalties / kapryśny, zmienny sedentary (adj) = spending much time seated / siedzący repurchase (v) = to buy again / zakupić ponownie bone-marrow (n) = a soft fatty substance in the bones where blood cells are produced / szpik kostny strip off (phr v) = to take off one’s clothes / zdjąć ubranie at a low ebb (idm) = in a poor state / obniżony do minimum waft (v) = to pass easily and gently through the air / rozchodzić się w powietrzu drudgery (n) = hard or boring work / harówka glee (n) = great delight / radość invoke (v) = to bring to mind / przywoływać ensue (v) = to occur as a result / nastąpić 151 Workbook Glossary W9.23 W9.24 W9.25 W9.26 W9.27 W9.28 W9.29 errand (n) = a short trip taken in order to do or collect sth / sprawa do załatwienia dislodgement (n) = removal from a fixed position / przesunięcie, przemieszczenie e-lancer (n) = a person who works from home over the Internet / osoba świadcząca pracę przez Internet voucher (n) = a piece of paper that entitles the holder to a discount or that may be exchanged for goods or services / kupon, talon tardiness (n) = lateness, delay / opieszałość remuneration (n) = money paid for work or a service / wynagrodzenie en suite (adj) = with a bathroom adjoining / z łazienką Unit 10 Our Planet, Our Home (pp. 94–103) W10.1 W10.2 W10.3 W10.4 W10.5 W10.6 W10.7 W10.8 W10.9 W10.10 W10.11 W10.12 W10.13 W10.14 W10.15 W10.16 W10.17 W10.18 W10.19 W10.20 W10.21 152 hull (n) = the main body of a ship / kadłub pothole (n) = a hole in road surface caused by wear and tear or digging / wybój, dziura w jezdni swirl (n) = a spiral twist / zawijas harness (v) = to control and make use of / ujarzmić, wykorzystać barge (n) = a long flat boat which passes through canals / barka oscillating (adj) = moving backwards and forwards at regular speed / oscylujący, wahający się pendulum (n) = a rod with a weight that swings backwards and forwards / wahadło buoy (n) = a floating, round, anchored marker in water / boja croak (n) = a deep hoarse noise (made e.g. by frogs) / rechot (żaby), krakanie (kruka), skrzekliwy głos incinerator (n) = a large machine used for burning waste material at high temperatures / piec do spalania poacher (n) = sb who catches fish or hunts animals illegally / kłusownik osmosis (n) = the process whereby molecules pass through a membrane / osmoza drone (v) = to make a humming noise / buczeć mow (v) = to cut the grass with a machine / kosić bale (v) = to put cut grass into bundles / zwijać w bele hank (n) = a coil / zwój scratchy (adj) = having a rough texture which causes itching and discomfort / drapiący stubble (n) = short stiff remnants of stalks sticking out of the ground after harvesting / ściernisko bough (n) = a tree branch / gałąź, konar raven (n) = a large black bird like a crow / kruk hedgerow (n) = a hedge between two areas of land / żywopłot W10.22 W10.23 W10.24 W10.25 W10.26 W10.27 W10.28 W10.29 W10.30 W10.31 W10.32 W10.33 W10.34 W10.35 W10.36 W10.37 W10.38 W10.39 W10.40 W10.41 W10.42 W10.43 W10.44 W10.45 W10.46 W10.47 W10.48 W10.49 lip (n) = an edge / skraj straddle (v) = to span over / leżeć po obu stronach dub (v) = to name / nazwać linear (adj) = arranged or extending along a line / linearny, liniowy designate (v) = to set aside for a particular purpose / przeznaczyć amble (adj) = to walk slowly at a relaxed pace / przechadzać się stopgap (n) = temporarily dealing with a problem / tymczasowy, prowizoryczny thwart (v) = to prevent sb from doing sth / przeszkodzić komuś w czymś saw (v) = to cut off with a saw / odpiłować revenue (n) = income earned from sth / dochód biodiversity (n) = varied plant and animal life found in a particular area / zróżnicowanie biologiczne hothouse (n) = a heated building mostly made of glass which is used to grow plants out of season or in a colder climate / cieplarnia black-tie dinner (n) = a dinner for which one has to wear a dinner jacket and a black bow-tie / przyjęcie, na którym obowiązują smokingi (i czarne muszki) refinery (n) = an industrial plant where substances are refined / rafineria moulded (adj) = having been made in a mould / uformowany, z formy till (n) = a cash register, a drawer for money / kasa wage (v) = to carry on / prowadzić outlet (n) = a place where things are sold / sklep, punkt sprzedaży sauce (v) = to make more interesting / „przyprawić“, uatrakcyjnić dot-matrix printer (n) = a printer that prints dots that form an image / drukarka igłowa ubiquitous (adj) = commonplace, found everywhere / wszechobecny insightful (adj) = having deep intuitive understanding / wnikliwy, przewidujący perfunctory (adj) = carried out with minimum effort or thought / pobieżny, powierzchowny ulterior (adj) = hidden, secret / ukryty infringement (n) = breaking of rules or the law / naruszenie, pogwałcenie allegation (n) = a claim that sb has done sth wrong or illegal / oskarżenie, zarzut cheek (n) = rude speech or behaviour / tupet smelter (n) = a factory used for smelting iron from its ore / huta Index to the Vocabulary A a contradiction in terms (7.119) a drop in the ocean (8.98) a foregone conclusion (2.27) a foregone conclusion (SA1.11) a hard/tough act to follow (6.91) a household name/word (3.25) a law unto oneself (8.102) a level playing field (7.93) a raw/rough deal (4.11) a storm in a teacup (8.97) a string of pleas (W1.27) a (whole) raft of sth (W2.44) abbreviation (1.208) abdomen (5.9) abhorrence (8.78) abhorrent (3.219) abide by (8.203), (W8.50) ablaze (W4.18) able-bodied (W8.5) abolish (3.136) abound (8.15) abrupt (6.25), (SA5.38) abruptly (1.47) abundant (10.26) abuse (3.234) abuse (SA4.5) accelerate (10.108) accommodate (2.185) accomplished (6.49) account for (9.144) accountable for sth (9.120) accumulate (8.160) ache (SA5.33) acknowledge (2.66) acquaintance (PT.9) acquainted (2.69) acquiescence (7.110) across the board (10.201) act upon (1.201) activist (5.19) acupuncture (W5.36) acute (3.49) ad mag (3.139) adage (W1.39) adaptation (6.95) adequate (2.94) adhesive (9.113) adjacent (10.82) adjust (4.115) admissible (2.143) admissions (5.151) adolescence (PT.88) adrift (1.16) adversary (6.164) adverse (3.245), (5.111) advocate (8.29) advocate (8.116) aerial (1.52) affiliation (9.22) affiliation (W1.15) affliction (8.185) aftermath (3.189) against the grain (W5.14) ageism (7.2) agenda (2.92) agility (7.3) agitation (SA2.33) agonising (SA4.42) ailment (5.2) air one’s views (W3.31) aisle (4.74) albeit (W5.25) allegation (5.185), (W3.9), (W10.47) alleged (8.58) alleviate (2.177), (3.164), (10.191) alleviation (8.204) allied (10.156) allocate (2.61) allocation (9.157) allowance (W8.10) allude (3.97) allude (PT.141) ally (3.250) ally (5.213) aloof (7.49) aloofness (W5.11) alumni (W2.4) amateurish (6.196) ambient (W3.20) ambivalent (9.34) amble (W10.27) ambush (SA4.41) amenities (W8.41) amenity (4.231) amid (1.132) amid (W2.41) ammunition (SA4.22) amphibians (2.119) ample (7.189) amplifier (6.1) amplify (2.23) analgesic (SA3.52) an/that old chestnut (PT.38) analogue (3.96) ANC (W8.3) anchorman (W3.1) angle (6.24) angled (7.161) angling (W1.28) angst (9.18) anguish (8.155) animated (6.207) animosity (3.248) antidote to sth (5.174) antiquity (W1.41) anti-vivisection (W5.12) ape (10.100) appalled (7.182) appalled (W1.48) appalling (1.184) appeal (2.113) appoint (9.65) apportion (8.37) apprehension (7.111) apprehensive (SA1.61) apprentice (2.52) apprentice (9.156) apprenticeship (2.158) apprenticeship (3.179) aptitude (9.47) aptitude (10.148) aptly (6.159) aptly (W8.43) arbitrary (8.46) arbitrary (SA4.3) arbitrator (2.47) arcade (5.231) archetypal (7.37) archives (2.57) archives (9.136) ardently (SA1.41) arduous (SA1.14) arid (4.27) armload (10.141) armoured (1.121) arras (SA2.36) art fair (6.157) articulate (4.177) artillery (1.25) artistry (7.162) ascent (SA2.45) ascertain (10.200) ashpit (W8.25) aside (6.41) aspire (10.146) aspire (PT.152) aspiring (3.176) aspiring (6.47) assail (7.138) assassin (3.181) assault (1.10) assemble (2.154) assembly line (9.55) assert (1.167) assess (2.100) assessment (9.152) assessor (2.49) asset (8.146) assorted (W4.19) assumption (4.183) astound (SA3.16) at a low ebb (W9.17) at a/the tender age (2.138) at breakneck speed (W1.7) at odds with (7.39) at short notice (3.106) at the drop of a hat (7.126) at the helm/tiller (10.164) atonement (PT.134) attain (7.156) attire (PT.64) attribute (3.247) audible (2.146) augmented (SA1.7) auscultation (5.32) 153 Index to the Vocabulary austere (SA1.45) autodidact (PT.155) autopsy (5.30) avalanche (9.8) avalanche (10.64) avert (PT.26) aviation (4.189) avid (2.83) avid (PT.163) awash (9.130) awe (10.58) awed (7.51) awed (8.128) awestruck (6.77) awkward (2.98) B backbencher (3.65) backbone (1.153) backing singer (6.3) back-to-back (7.154) bad sport (7.90) badger (10.95) badger (10.206) badger (SA5.5) baggage handler (3.167) baggy cords (1.111) bale (W10.15) bang on about (9.15) banner (4.125) banquet (6.97) bare (4.211) barge (W10.5) barge in (1.156) barley (5.160) barn (PT.19) barrack blocks (W8.36) barren (10.182) barrister (8.76) bask in sth (8.183) baton (W7.28) battle of wills (W1.38) be acclaimed (6.231) be all ears (1.99) be a thorn in sb’s side/flesh (3.30) be bereaved (W5.9) be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (6.179) 154 be from the wrong side of the tracks (6.168) be given the sack (9.77) be immersed in sth (PT.136) be in arrears with sth (W3.7) be inclined (3.230) be inclined (PT.30) be on the verge of (6.184) be riddled with sth (4.26) be silhouetted (2.153) be sited (4.78) be the pits (7.166 ) be the last straw (9.178) be tied to one’s mother’s apron strings (6.167) be washed-up (7.21) beaker (5.90) beam (1.40) bear little resemblance (1.140) bear out (3.235) bear the flag (1.14) bear with (2.70) bearable (SA1.52) beastly (9.10) beat sb at sb’s own game (7.91) beaver away (10.89) bedraggled (6.112) bedridden (PT.161) bedspread (PT.100) beech (SA2.2) Beethoven (SA3.29) beetle (off ) (10.99) befit (8.170) begrudging (2.15) bemused (W5.21) bendy (9.131) benefactor (7.179) benevolent (3.120) bent on sth (4.203) bequeath (4.98) beset (W2.35) beyond dispute (3.232) biannual (3.76) biannually (8.178) biased (3.94) bid (8.56) bigoted (8.11) billboard (10.132) binaural (5.47) binder (9.41) bin-liner (6.200) biodegradable (10.60) biodiversity (W10.32) bio-dome (6.79) bishop (W5.7) bite off more than one can chew (8.100) bizarre (W2.33) black-clad (6.217) black-tie dinner (W10.34) bland (6.137) blast (10.175) blaze (7.42) blazer (9.91) bleachers (10.169) bleak (7.75) bleeper (W2.16) blend (6.238) blend (8.38) blessing (3.240) blight (SA3.3) blink (10.136) bliss (PT.156) blister (5.81) blistering pace (1.135) blizzard (6.166) blockbuster (6.4) blot (10.159) blue-chip company (W3.23) bluntly (10.138) bogey (3.131) bogus (8.40) bohemian (PT.102) boil down to (8.31) boisterousness (W2.46) bolt (10.131) bomber jacket (1.110) bond (8.192) bond (10.178) bone-marrow (W9.15) booked solid (W5.31) bookworm (2.81) boon (3.242) borough (W8.22) bossy (SA2.27) Botswana (10.84) bough (W10.19) boulder (4.36) bound to be (2.161) bound up with (3.152) bow to sth (3.5) bowler hat (PT.157) brainchild (6.99) brain drain (9.71) brainstorm (2.183) brainwash (6.7) brat (7.163) breach (3.223) break even (9.79) breakthrough (5.1) breeding (SA3.25) breeding ground (10.12) brevity (SA2.10) brew (5.162) brim (7.115) bring the curtain down (6.89) broadsheet (3.56) bronchitis (5.82) brush stroke (6.60) BT (W8.59) bubble with (9.121) bubbling (8.137) budding (6.92) budget (2.89) budget (7.190) bulk (2.191) bullet train (4.90) bully (2.35) bully (PT.85) bump (4.198) bundle off (9.128) buoy (W10.8) burdock (5.158) bureaucracy (1.196) burn the midnight oil (2.75) burn sth to a cinder (W2.6) bursary (2.105) bushel (PT.120) busking (6.107) butcher (PT.130) by return of post (9.173) by the same token (8.202) by virtue of (2.74) by(e)-law (W8.38) Index to the Vocabulary bygones (5.171) by-law (5.172) by-product (5.170) byway (SA2.19 ) C cajoling (3.26) calculus (2.79) calf (5.11) calibre (W5.10) call sheet (6.32) calving grounds (10.45) candy floss/cotton candy (8.18) cane (3.19) canned (PT.91) capacity (3.75) capacity crowd (7.74) caption (3.150) captivate (6.218) carbohydrate stacking system (W7.24) cargo (10.165) caribou (10.21) carpooling (4.149) Carracci (6.229) carrier (4.197) cartel (3.141) cascading (10.109) casket (W2.7) cast (4.248) casualty (5.154) catalyst (PT.3) cater for (5.237) cater for (4.219) cautious (SA4.46) cavity (5.40) CBE (3.238) ceasefire (8.84) celestial (SA5.21) cellular phone (1.181) censor (1.160) censorship (3.59) CEO (3.166) CFC gases (10.5) chamber orchestra (6.71) charabanc (4.158) charcoal (6.59) chartered (9.125) chasm (6.174) chauvinistic (PT.118) cheek (W10.48) cheerleading (7.123) chestnut (SA2.22) chiaroscuro (6.20) chicken pox (9.107) chore (5.169) chore (SA3.5) circuit (W7.1) circulation (3.52) cite (1.193) cite (2.65) cite (W7.13) civic duty (8.112) civics (2.2) civil liberties (8.130) civil service minister (1.197) clam up (10.98) clamour for sth (8.171) clap (SA3.43) clash (6.8) clash (8.81) class (8.51) clatter (1.28) cleanse (1.164) cleft (4.44) cleric (W1.23) cliché (7.12) cling (on) to sth (8.34) clinician (5.211) clique (2.8) clot (5.69) clutter (PT.80) coach (9.119) coarse (4.72) cobweb (SA4.31) codification (W1.24) coherence (1.148) cohesion (1.147) coil (4.104) coin (3.121) coincide (2.71) coincidence (SA2.4) cold sweat (4.186) collaborate (PT.59) collaboration (6.230) colloquial (1.215) colonisation (8.158) columnist (1.213) combat (2.178) come across (3.29) come out on top (1.26) come to grips with sb/sth (2.30) command grid (1.144) commandeer (8.12) commend (1.166) commentary (SA2.6) commentary (6.12) commentator (3.104) commerce (2.160) commercial break (3.98) commiserate (W8.54) commission (6.158) commission (7.196) commission (9.68) commission (W1.53) commit oneself to sth (5.125) commitment (2.165) commodity (PT.124) commonplace (1.20) commute (4.150) compact (5.46) compartment (9.176) compel (SA5.32) compelling (6.193) compelling (7.36) compensation (4.196) competence (3.200) competent (SA2.42) compile (5.239) compile (W7.36) complacent (W5.43) complementary (4.162) complexity (PT.55) composed (SA2.31) composure (SA3.39) comprehensive school (W2.52) comprise (7.130) compromise (6.215) compromise (9.58) compromising (2.145) compulsive (8.153) compulsory (5.222) conceivable (1.124) concerted (8.200) concession (8.172) concession (10.152) concession (W3.18) concrete proof (3.228) concussion (5.70) condemn (6.70) condemn (10.197) condense (3.199) condescending (SA1.54) condescension (W5.38) conduct (6.48) conduct (7.87) conductor (6.5) confectionery (W4.14) confederation (1.137) confide in (SA1.49) confine (5.251) confirm (4.194) confirm (6.73) conform to (W1.46) confront (4.133) congenial (6.55) congenital (5.97) congestion (2.157) congestion (10.87) congregation (8.82) congressional (8.36) conning (W3.25) connotation (6.152) connotation (8.198) conquer (4.10) conscientious (5.207) conscript (2.137) consecutive (7.77) consent (3.209) consent form (8.182) conservative (7.173) considerate (4.144) consistency (8.17) conspicuous (2.144) conspiracy (6.211) constellation (1.133) constitute (2.104) constitute (8.54) constitute (10.112) constraint (10.145) construct (8.44) consultant (5.93) consumerism (3.254) consumer-oriented (3.36) contagious (5.64) 155 Index to the Vocabulary contamination (5.128) contemplate (W2.43) contemporary (PT.104) contempt (1.67) contemptuous of sb/sth (8.127) contend with (4.53) contender (7.80) contest (SA1.5) contingent on sth (PT.125) contraction (W1.52) contractor (9.166) contraption (5.196) controversy (6.6) convention (3.114) conventional (1.63) converge (W4.16) conversion (7.185) convey (1.170) convey (PT.106) cool-headed (7.151) coordinate (5.202) cop-out (W3.26) cordial (5.159) cordially (8.65) cork (4.225) cormorant (10.162) corporal punishment (W2.3) corporate (1.171) corporate (9.126) corpus (5.220) correlate (5.59) corrosion (10.76) counselling session (2.33) counter (8.107) counterproductive (9.117) counter (3.205) counterpart (9.148) course (7.58) court (7.59) court sb (3.192) courteous (6.225) courtside (7.24) coverage (SA1.66) CPR (W5.46) craftsman (3.193) craftspeople (PT.133) cram (W8.39) crawler (4.38) 156 crawling (5.203) crèche (4.224) credentials (9.46) creep (PT.21) crisply starched (W5.37) croak (W10.9) crouch (5.189) crow (10.105) crucial (3.109) crucial (SA4.11) crude (6.208) crude (PT.39) crude oil (10.13) crust (SA5.41) crusty (9.106) crux (9.108) cue (W7.3) cue card (W3.2) culinary (5.156) culling (10.80) culprit (8.110) culturati (PT.147) culture vulture (PT.148) curator (W6.14) curb (8.57) curfew (2.86) currency (5.184) curriculum (2.169) curse (3.241) curt (2.14) curtail (W4.6) cushion (2.93) customise (7.102) customised paper (1.5) cutback (2.188) cynicism (3.64) D dabble (SA5.15) daffodil (2.131) damn (9.12) damned (2.114) dandelion (5.157) daring (1.158) dashing (6.116) database (5.149) day boarder (SA1.46) dazzling (SA3.27) deadened (6.195) deadline (5.127) dean (2.45) debilitating (7.52) debilitating (W5.32) debunk (4.190) debunk (5.175) debut (7.134) decay (4.229) decaying (W8.32) deceased (6.100) deceased (W8.18) deception (3.224) deceptively (4.41) deck (4.4) decked out (6.182) declare (9.11) decline (2.173) decline (5.123) declivity (SA5.37) decree (8.94) deduce (PT.132) deem (W1.3) deface (4.23) defaced (SA1.9) defect (SA3.12) defective (9.161) defendant (5.187) defiance (7.109) defiance (W5.16) deficiency (SA3.10) deficient in sth (4.71) deficit (W2.36) degrade (10.119) deification (9.30) delegation (9.149) delinquency (9.3) delinquent (8.159) deluge (SA3.8) delve (4.157) delve (W4.20) demeanour (W2.9) demise (3.138) demote (9.53) denote (PT.126) dense (SA4.36) density (4.151) dental floss (SA4.17) depict (W6.1) depiction (6.234) depletion (10.185) deplorable (9.177) deposition (8.95) depraved (3.132) deprive (10.204) deprive of (1.209) deputy (W8.12) dereliction (10.73) derisory (W6.18) derive (3.169) derive (PT.14) descendant (10.115) descent (SA5.26) desertification (10.11) designate (W10.26) despair (4.172) despair of sth (PT.81) despoil sth (of sth) (10.203) despondency (8.189) destitution (W6.27) detachment (3.185) detain (8.168) detention (W2.48) detention (W9.9) deter (4.205) detractor (3.151) detrimental (4.152) detrimental (5.122) devastating (7.32) deviation (7.117) diaphragm (5.52) die down (3.83) diffidence (6.120) digest (7.129) digestive (W5.6) dignified (1.177) dilapidated (5.240) diligent (9.61) dim (8.73) diminish (2.29) diminish (9.23) diminutive (2.111) dine (PT.7) dip (SA5.24) dire (W1.51) dire (W8.37) dirt road (4.42) disarmament (8.9) discernible (10.186) discomfort (3.48) discourse (5.216) Index to the Vocabulary discourse marker (1.146) discrepancy (SA3.6) discrepancy (7.116) disembark (4.63) disfigured (SA1.10) disgruntled (W3.27) dishevelled (W5.39) disillusion (W8.16) disinterested (SA4.6) disjoin (SA3.46) dislocation (8.3) dislodgement (W9.24) dismal (7.95) dismiss (2.123) dismiss (9.44) dismissive (3.47) disorder (5.71) disparity (SA3.7) disparity (W2.51) dispense with (PT.12) dispense (W2.42) dispenser (7.98) disperse (SA3.32) disperse (9.24) disposal (10.7) dispose of sth (8.64) dispute (3.82) dispute (6.213) dispute (8.79) dispute (9.76) disreputable (5.136) disruption (2.195) disruption (W8.61) dissection (5.27) disseminate (5.210) dissertation (W9.1) dissolve (6.26) dissolve (10.78) distend (5.168) distinct (5.26) distinct (6.66) distinction (8.52) distorted (1.23) distorted (3.246) distract (3.171) distract (4.206) distract (SA2.40) distraction (4.8) distress call (1.15) distrust (PT.56) ditty (2.139) diverge from sth (4.16) diverse (6.124) diverse (9.164) diversify (SA5.42) dizzying heights (2.112) docile (PT.93) dog (10.90) dog tag (SA4.16) domain (1.155) domelike (5.55) dominant (7.146) dominate (10.43) domineering (PT.83) don (2.44) doom (3.92) doomed (8.156) dormitory (3.14) dotcom (9.16) dot-com (W3.22) dot-matrix printer (W10.41) dotted with sth (4.123) double helix (W5.17) double over (7.20) dowdy (PT.66) down tools (W2.22) down under (4.118) down-and-out (2.77) downgrade (9.54) download (2.96) download (3.118) downside (9.85) downsizing (9.38) downtown (5.230) doze (4.202) doze off (W8.11) draft (PT.159) drag on (3.85) drag one’s feet/heels (8.96) draining (7.16) drape (4.226) draught (3.172) draw (7.198) drawling (6.206) dread (6.146) dreary (W3.13) drenched (4.59) drenched (SA2.1) dribble (7.62) dried-up sources (3.212) drift (4.61) drift off (4.208) drill (10.50) drive a wedge between sb and sb else (8.105) drive sb round the bend (4.131) drone (W10.13) drop (1.206) drop in (9.111) drudgery (W9.19) dub (10.27) dub (W10.24) dubious (5.221) dubious (8.32) dubious (10.117) duck (10.102) dumb down (W2.54) dumping (10.14) dune (W4.22) dungarees (9.89) durability (6.223) duty-bound (SA3.50) dweller (10.166) dwelling (5.165) dwindle (10.193) dwindling (W2.15) E eager (PT.53) eardrum (5.83) earplug (SA4.26) ebony (5.49) ECG (5.3) edginess (PT.28) editorial (3.51) efficacy (2.142) efficacy (5.135) efficacy (PT.36) effluent (10.209) effusive (PT.87) egg on (3.86) egg on (8.161) eke out a living/existence (6.178) elaborate (1.8) elaborate (SA4.24) elaborate (PT.65) e-lancer (W9.25) elbow (SA1.32) electrify (1.168) elevated (SA1.8) eligible (2.107) eligible (7.137) ellipsis (W4.29) elongated (1.88) elucidate (8.141) elude (PT.29) elusive (3.226) elusive (SA4.15) embark on (2.170) embezzle (5.186) embrace (6.22) embrace (7.147) embrace (PT.149) emerge (SA2.24) emit (5.58) empower (9.84) empyrean (SA3.26) en suite (W9.29) enchanting (4.234) encompass (W3.19) encounter (3.34) encounter (4.167) encroachment (1.176) endeavour (3.107) endeavour (7.124) endowed (8.21) endowed with sth (6.50) endurance (7.136) enduring (1.18) enforcement (SA1.19) enfranchise (SA5.46) engender (4.182) engrossed (2.99) engrossing (PT.140) enhance (2.4) enhancing (3.161) enlightening (6.151) enrage (10.62) enrolment (2.193) enrolment (5.152) ensconced (6.177) ensue (W9.22) ensuing (9.146) entail (3.115) entail (8.123) entangled (W5.28) entanglement (W1.37) 157 Index to the Vocabulary enterprise (7.176) entity (PT.166) entrant (2.56) envisage (4.155) envision (1.33) envy (6.180) epistolatory (1.194) epitomize (7.153) equalise (W7.23) equilibrium (10.72) equine (7.141) equitable (8.150) equities (3.68) equivalent (W1.50) eradicate (2.171) eradicate (5.16) eradicate (8.101) eradicate (9.94) erosion (10.77) errand (W9.23) erratically (5.183) esteem (5.129) estimate (7.174) etching (6.235) eternity (W1.22) etiquette (4.160) evaporate (W1.35) evasive (3.12) evasive (PT.162) eventuality (7.193) evocative (6.57) evocative (W6.5) evoke (8.117) evoke (W2.40) exacerbate (7.30) exacerbate (8.144) exacerbate (W8.8) exaggerated (5.140) exasperating (8.174) exceed (7.172) excel (PT.164) exclusion (8.49) executante (SA3.28) execute (4.143) exemplify (1.118) exertion (5.118) exhalation (W8.31) exhaustive (7.71) exhilaratingly (PT.160) expel (2.63) 158 expenditure (9.82) explicit (5.208) explode into sth (10.31) exploit (10.184) exploitative (8.131) exploited (5.253) exposure to sth (2.164) exterminator (8.177) extol (3.155) extract (SA1.65) extravagantly (SA2.28) exult (4.88) eyelash (5.87) eyesore (10.140) F facelift (7.132) facilitator (6.212) faction (8.87) faculty (7.73) faculty (W2.1) fad (1.175) faith healer (5.134) fallacy (5.137) falsify (PT.57) familiarise sb with sb (4.138) fan out (SA4.30) fanzine (3.78) fare (PT.145) far-reaching (3.50) far-reaching (8.2) far-reaching (W1.49) fascism (8.148) fathom (6.161) fatten up (10.46) faulty (9.160) feat (7.67) feathery touch (7.157) feature (3.57) feature (3.81) federal (3.210) federally subsidised (1.150) feedback (5.198) feign (PT.113) felicitously (PT.151) fencing (W7.15) fend for oneself (8.133) ferocious (1.139) ferret out (10.104) ferry (W2.28) fertile (10.63) fertiliser (W1.1) fiancé (W1.2) fickle (W9.12) fictional (3.122) fictitious (6.51) fidget (9.100) FIE (W7.14) fiery (SA2.21) fight a losing battle (8.99) fight or flight (2.21) fight (sb/sth) tooth and nail (6.186) figurative (6.56) figure (4.7) firearm (8.190) fissure (SA5.29) five-a-side (5.238) fixtures (3.110) flag down (W4.34) flagrant (7.122) flare (10.54) flashback (6.19) flash flood (4.32) flatter (PT.84) flattering (6.14) flawed (9.163) Fleadh revellers (6.130) fleet (4.64) fleeting (7.19) flick (7.159) flip (7.127) flip-flops (9.90) flock (PT.127) floor (8.22) flourishing (4.121) flourishing (6.173) flowerpot (7.23) fly into a rage (2.10) fly off the handle (4.130) flyer (3.79) focal (W6.20) focal point (9.35) foil (10.110) follow things through (3.90) foolproof (SA1.12) footage (8.8) footing (8.33) footnote (6.35) for good measure (4.200) foraging grounds (10.122) forecourt (6.101) forego (6.126) foreman (W9.10) forfeit (10.181) forge ahead (4.168) forlorn (W6.8) formalities (4.216) formidable (7.60) formidable (W1.6) forthcoming (3.208) forthcoming (7.191) fortnightly (3.77) fossil fuel (10.8) foster (8.205) foul (W8.40) foundation (2.1) fox (10.94) foxhole (SA4.14) fraction (7.113) fracture (5.72) fracture (SA4.35) fragile (3.194) fragmented (9.98) frame (3.158) frame (7.28) franchise (7.177) fraud (8.124) fray (4.218) frayed (PT.101) free radicals (W7.25) freelance (9.37) frenzy (6.114) friction (8.93) fringe (W5.22) fringe benefits (9.57) frock (SA1.43) frock (PT.61) frog-march (3.17) from scratch (10.183) frostbite (2.51) frown (1.43) FTSE (100) index, Footsie (3.66) fuel (W1.36) fugitive (W2.20) fulfilment (4.9) fully-fledged (5.22) Index to the Vocabulary fungal (1.142) funnel (SA5.30) funnel-web (W7.19) furious (6.204) furlong (SA5.14) further/farther/far afield (PT.110) fusion (6.44) futile (W1.33) G gadget (9.74) gag (W9.5) gainsay (SA3.30) gallantly (6.189) galvanise (3.188) gangway (4.65) gape (1.78) garment (4.212) gash (W5.5) gasp (5.84) gasp (PT.144) geriatrics (5.5) get across (1.119) get by (8.193) get into the act (1.134) get the heck out (9.101) get the office fitted out (3.88) get to grips with sth (10.195) get white knuckled (4.210) ginger (5.161) girlie stuff (2.132) gist (1.34) glare (1.41) glass ceiling (8.119) glaze (PT.95) glee (W9.20) glib (6.160) glint (W4.17) gloomy (6.62) gloss (3.146) glossy (3.60) glut (3.220) gnaw (9.114) go belly up (10.180) go/slip down the drain/plughole (9.129) goggle-eyed (9.105) golden handshake (9.73) gossip (SA5.34) gotcha (3.222) GP (3.173) grade (SA1.27) grader (2.48) gradient (SA5.43) grandstand (7.101) grant (2.186) grasping (3.102) grass verge (8.191) grass-roots (4.119) grating (3.103) gratitude (9.171) gratuitously (8.66) grave (SA1.37) gravity (5.67) grid (8.151) grievance (9.145) grim (1.143) grim (W8.35) grin (SA4.37) grinding (3.100) gripping (3.101) gripping (6.54) gritty (3.99) grizzly bear (10.39) grooming (W5.27) grope (1.9) grossly (3.231) ground-breaking (W6.30) groundsman (7.55) groundsman (W7.32) growl (1.73) grump (3.22) gullible (5.138) gut (W5.18) gyrate (6.140) H habitat (SA5.9) hackneyed (6.198) hall of residence (2.87) hallowed (6.187) hall of residence (W2.2) halt (5.229) hamper (4.192) hand in one’s notice (9.75) hand over (PT.5) handicap (7.66) handicrafts (W4.12) hand-picked (4.39) hands-on (5.145) hang around (4.237) hank (W10.16) harassment (8.50) harbour (3.43) harbour dues (W8.52) harbour resentment (W1.34) hard-core (4.37) hard-hitting (3.3) hard-line (6.214) hardship (4.176) hard shoulder (4.140) hard-wearing (W4.33) hare (10.93) harness (W10.4) haul (10.150) haunt (PT.135) have a ring of truth (W1.40) havoc (PT.37) hazard (SA5.11) hazard lights (4.146) hazardous (4.19) hazy (PT.18) headfirst (SA4.29) headset (1.59) heal (5.79) heat (W7.2) heave (6.139) hectic (9.110) hedge (SA2.25) hedgerow (W10.21) hefty (5.217) hellbent on sth (8.173) hem (PT.67) hepatitis (W5.35) herald (SA3.40) herbalist (5.164) herbicide (10.67) herd (10.79) heredity (8.23) heritage (8.19) hesitate (PT.8) high profile (8.6) high resolution graphics (W5.44) highbrow (3.45) high-capacity (1.152) highlights (W3.5) highly-strung (7.27) high-ranking (8.121) hike (5.155) hike (10.15) hilarious (6.94) hindsight (3.187) hint (2.155) hip (PT.146) hit the trail/road (4.25) hitchhiking (4.239) hoard (PT.25) hoarse (5.114) hoax (PT.49) holistic (5.98) holistic (9.109) homeschool (W2.39) hoover (10.155) hop (10.125) horde (SA3.9) horizontal (SA5.13) host (3.80) hothouse (W10.33) hound (10.96) household (5.248) HR (9.141) hub (4.40) huddle (W8.42) hue (W6.11) hull (W10.1) humane (5.225) humaneness (8.140) humble (3.253) humbling (8.136) humiliate (SA1.26) humiliated (8.142) humpback bridge (4.247) humped (PT.20) hunch (W5.26) hurdle (W7.26) hydro dam (5.227) hype (7.43) hype up (W3.8) I iconised (6.153) ignorance (2.6) illegible (2.42) ill-fated (7.150) 159 Index to the Vocabulary ill-inspired (3.42) illiterate (SA1.25) imagery (6.27) immersed (4.21) immigrant (W8.1) imminent (7.187) impact (5.63) impact (6.232) impact (9.13) impairing (7.15) impassable (4.24) impassioned (6.133) impeccable (4.233) impeccable (7.133) impede (5.205) impenetrable (4.232) imperative (5.181) impertinence (W9.3) implement (2.200) implement (8.199) implement (W8.60) implication (2.197) implication (7.11) impose (2.27) impose (9.122) imposition (8.30) improvise (3.127) imprudent (5.34) impulsively (PT.86) in bloom (4.29) in demand (2.180) in earnest (SA5.25) in instalments (2.60) in jest (1.96) in one’s capacity (3.237) in our midst (3.32) in retrospect (8.180) in some respects (3.105) in stark contrast with sth (W3.30) in store (W8.19) in strictest confidence (1.104) in succession (1.186) in terms of (SA1.28) in the same league (2.80) in the vicinity of sth (7.195) in the wings (6.87) inadequacy (2.122) 160 inadvertently (2.133) inattention (7.13) inattentive (9.155) inaugural (3.128) inaugurate (1.29) incensed (8.67) incentive (4.153) incentive (7.142) incentive (9.36) inception (3.24) incessantly (6.144) incinerator (W10.10) incision (5.112) incisive (3.4) inclusion (1.211) incompatible with sth (9.72) incompetence (SA3.19) incomprehensible (6.106) incorporate (4.81) incorporate (6.65) incorporate (7.128) incur (PT.13) indestructible (1.129) indestructible (8.169) indictment (2.125) indignant (SA1.59) indispensable (1.205) indisputable (3.216) induced (9.93) indulge in (4.87) industrious (9.63) inefficiency (SA2.5) inept (SA3.1) inescapable (PT.2) inevitably (SA5.45) infallibility (PT.51) infant (3.182) infantry (1.24) infect (10.70) infer (3.236) infer (W7.16) infer (W8.53) infest (PT.24) infested (8.163) infinitely (9.104) inflammation (5.73) inflammation (W5.4) inflammatory (5.106) inflection (PT.105) inflict (8.26) influx (8.108) infringement (8.111) infringement (W10.46) ingrained (4.181) ingratiating (PT.82) inhale (10.9) inherent (5.204) inhibited (3.207) initially (SA5.8) initiative (5.250) inner (6.110) inner city areas (3.39) innocuous (3.134) innocuous (SA2.2) innovation (PT.43) innovative (6.43) innuendo (3.95) inoffensive (3.160) insight (4.235) insight into sth (9.158) insightful (W10.43) insolently (W2.31) insomnia (4.201) inspectorate (2.140) instil sth in/into sb (8.45) instrumentation (PT.45) insubordination (9.78) insufficiency (SA3.11) insurmountable (3.252) intake (5.96) integrate (4.82) integrated (10.134) integration (8.145) intended for (6.227) intensity (5.245) intent on squandering one’s talent (7.6) interactive (W1.44) interceptor (8.91) interchangeable (5.51) interference (SA5.10) intermediary (8.90) intermingling (8.39) internal (7.35) interpersonal (2.3) intertwine (6.233) interval (7.118) intimacy (W1.20) intimate (W1.31) intimidated (SA2.9) intimidating (3.27) intimidating (6.93) intonation (PT.63) intone (3.18) intoxicate (SA3.33) intricacy (SA3.42) intricate (6.210) intrigue (1.128) intrinsic (10.144) intrinsically (9.33) introspective (2.37) intrusive (1.3) inundate (6.82) invalid (8.60) invoke (W9.21) inward (SA2.32) irate (5.232) irate (7.50) ironmonger (9.49) irrelevancy (8.176) irritable (4.246) italics (2.39) itinerary (W4.5) ivory (10.81) ivory-tipped (5.48) J jab (7.158) jack (1.56) jargon (1.200) jeer (1.71) jeopardise (10.202) jerky (3.149) jersey (7.68) jet lag (4.159) jettison (PT.11) jetty (W4.4) judder (PT.16) jumbled (1.145) jump on the bandwagon (6.84) jump the gun (7.88) juncture (SA2.20) juvenile (8.197) K keenly (9.32) keep/have one’s wits about one (7.84) Index to the Vocabulary keep sth under one’s hat (1.102) keypad (1.61) kick off (4.161) kinsfolk (PT.111) kneepads (W7.30) knot (W1.12) knuckles (5.13) L laborious (1.36) laborious (9.60) labour market (2.181) lad (W8.55) Laënnec (5.20) lair (6.81) lambast(e) (7.164) land sth (3.178) landfill (10.71) landing strip (10.55) landslide (10.65) lane (4.139) lane (7.56) lank/lanky (PT.75) lap (W5.42) launch (1.17) launch (2.106) law enforcement officer (3.218) lawsuit (3.214) lax (9.154) lay down (3.44) lay-by (4.141) lead the field (7.94) league (SA5.18) leak (4.154) lectureship (W2.5) ledge (4.52) ledge (SA4.2) leg (4.46) legacy (1.19) legible (2.152) legislation (10.6) legitimate (8.164) levitate (4.93) life expectancy (5.17) lift (4.193) light-hearted (1.214) liken (2.102) limb (5.200) limb (7.112) lineage (SA4.7) linear (W10.25) lineup (W3.12) linger (SA3.31) lingering (5.197) lingua franca (1.115) linguist (1.116) lip (W10.22) literacy (1.1) literal (7.10) live (from) hand to mouth (10.210) live on a shoestring (2.76) livelihood (5.228) liven up (3.145) livid (2.13) log cabin (10.17) log on (W1.29) logging (SA5.12) logistics (4.171) logo (W7.37) loll (9.99) long division (7.199) long-haul (W4.1) long-winded (1.87) loom (W9.11) lop off (10.173) lope (W2.25) loquacious (SA1.13) lord it over sb (1.154) lot (6.176) lounge (4.110) lounge suit (1.106) lucid (7.121) lucidity (W1.21) lucrative (9.64) lucrative (W1.30) lumbar (W5.19) lunge forward (10.126) lurid (W8.23) lush (6.78) lushness (4.251) lustre (9.139) luxuriant (10.154) lynx (10.41) M machete (SA4.19) macho (3.11) macho (W8.51) magistrate (8.77) maim (8.4) mainland (4.67) mainstay (SA3.13) make a clean sweep of sth (7.139) make a mountain out of molehill (8.103) make allowance(s) for sb/sth (SA1.38) make fair grades (2.7) makeshift (5.38) malaise (9.5) malaria (5.15) malevolent (8.134) malicious (8.47) mammal (10.161) manic (W4.15) manipulated (6.205) manor (PT.123) mar (7.149) march (8.125) margin (9.31) marina (10.207) marital (9.2) maroon (4.227) marshal (4.127) marshy (10.29) mastery (6.221) materialise (1.66) maternity leave (8.120) matron (5.119) maze (4.91) maze-like (W8.49) meagre (4.70) meagre (W4.8) meander (W4.26) meandering (4.31) meddle in/with sth (10.129) mediator (8.89) mediocre (7.79) medium (3.244) memorabilia (6.33) menacing (6.220) menacingly (1.68) menial (8.75) menial (9.62) mentally challenged (8.62) merchant vessel (1.13) mercurial (7.152) mere (1.138) merge (4.135) merger (9.151) meringue (SA3.48) merit (7.131) merit (PT.47) mesmerised (4.249) mess sb around/about (9.179) method acting (6.72) meticulous (4.244), (PT.58) meticulously (4.56), (5.65) Mexico (4.223) MGM (6.17) miasma (W8.30) midfielder (7.53) migrant (PT.112) migrate (10.42) milestone (5.201) mind the gap (4.5) mindful (5.146) minefield (6.163) miner (SA5.7) minimalist (1.85) mischief (1.169) mischievous (4.89) misconception (2.95) misconception (5.133) misconception (9.92) mishap (4.58) misidentification (8.14) misinterpret (SA2.39) miss the boat (9.17) missive (1.191) mitral valve (5.53) moan (SA4.39) mobility (8.55) moderate (5.244) moderately (4.6) modestly (5.50) modify (4.116) Mojo tent (6.132) mole (10.103) monetary (W5.47) mongrel (5.190) monies (5.234) monkey around/about with (10.97) 161 Index to the Vocabulary monoracialism (8.48) monstrosity (10.208) moor (4.62) Moorish (6.104) moose (10.38) morale (9.88) morality (3.198) Morocco (4.147) morosely (W3.14) mould (8.41) moulded (W10.36) mount (SA1.1) mount (9.147) moved (SA1.3) mow (W3.28) mow (W10.14) Mozambique (10.86) MRI (W5.41) muddle (1.76) muddy (6.111) mule (4.134) mull over (1.157) multi-layered (4.174) multi-lingual (1.114) multiple sclerosis (W5.34) multitude (6.28) mum’s the word (1.103) mumble (1.75) munch (1.74) mundane (PT.1) musk ox (10.36) muster (1.77) mutate into sth (8.147) mutter (1.90) mutual (W4.28) mutual acquaintance (1.100) mutually (5.206) N naiad (SA5.17) naive (PT.54) nausea (5.115) NCAA (3.204) near miss (7.145) needle (5.101) negativism (W8.13) neglect (1.38) negligence (4.111) negligence (10.111) 162 negligible (1.112) negotiable (3.62) neo-natal unit (W5.2) nestle (10.24) networking (6.123) networking (W3.24) newsreel (6.31) niche (1.57) niggling (5.104) nine-to-five (9.20) nod (SA4.38) node (1.126) no-man’s-land (3.135) nominate (7.197) nomination (6.37) nonchalantly (6.119) non-conformist (5.102) nook (1.55) northbound (W4.24) northernmost (W4.25) not to mince one’s words (1.97) notify (9.169) notion (1.172) notion (2.24) notion (6.155) notoriety (6.40) notoriety (7.45) notwithstanding (10.153) nourishing (8.61) novelty (6.162) noxious (5.110) noxious (10.68) nuance (1.84) nuance (W6.12) numeracy (2.141) O oarsman (W5.15) obesity (5.242) obituary (3.54) objectivity (2.50) obliterate (SA2.43) oblivious of sth (8.20) oblivious (W8.6) obscure (SA2.38) obscure (PT.70) obsolete (9.162) obsolete (PT.129) obstacle (4.14) obstinately (2.110) obtuse (8.13) odds and ends (SA4.20) off one’s own bat (7.89) off the hook (1.173) offender (2.182) officious (3.15) offline (W1.14) ogle (1.79) ogre (9.135) oil seep (10.48) ointment (3.197) ominous (4.241) on a shoestring (W6.23) on average (5.246) on impulse (10.88) on the back burner (W5.13) on the grounds of (8.106) on the/sb’s tab (6.42) on the tip of one’s tongue (1.98) on the verge of sth (7.5) one-off (PT.35) ooze with sth (9.86) opaque (PT.103) operational (2.84) oppressed (SA4.43) oppressive (6.61) opt for (4.47) opt (SA4.12) ordeal (3.72) origami (6.103) oscillating (W10.6) osmosis (W10.12) ostrich (W2.17) out of print (SA1.20) outbreak (SA3.18) outburst (2.5) outcast (6.46) outclass (W7.6) outcome (2.179) outcome (3.159) outcrop (10.109) outcry (5.223) outcry (SA5.3) outfit (7.70) outgoings (1.163) outlandish (3.137) outlay (10.142) outlet (7.175) outlet (W10.39) outlets (3.142) outline (2.187) outlive (6.36) outmoded (8.35) outpatient (5.153) outraged (5.226) outrageous (4.132) outright (3.125) outstay one’s welcome (8.104) outstrip (W7.7) outvote (W7.8) outweigh (2.199) outwit (3.191) outwit (W7.9) overbearing (6.76) overdue (W1.45) overflow (3.165) overgrazing (10.147) overhang (4.101) overhaul (1.198) overlap (4.102) overlapping (6.23) overlook (SA1.21) overlook (4.100) overnight (3.84) overrated (9.97) oversee (3.37) oversee (4.99) overseer (2.40) overtake (4.145) overwhelmed (3.40) own up to sth (8.152) ozone layer depletion (10.4) P PA (9.51) paddy (SA4.33) pain reliever (SA3.51) palpate (5.61) pamper (4.86) panache (6.219) pant (5.85) parish (SA3.35) parish (PT.108) part and parcel (4.60) partisan (7.81) Index to the Vocabulary paternalism (5.212) patronise (2.116) patronise (6.148) patronising (5.144) patronising (PT.32) pave the way (8.7) PBS (6.34) peach (W7.22) peck (1.27) peck (PT.122) pedestrianize (10.189) peer (2.32) peer (PT.33) pelt down (6.143) pelting (W6.4) pen (1.190) penalise (PT.143) pendulum (W10.7) penetrate (10.113) penetrate (SA5.40) penetrating (PT.74) pensive (7.47) pensiveness (5.143) pentrite (SA4.25) penultimate (4.22) perceive (SA1.6) perceive (3.41) perceive (5.25) perceive (PT.119) perceptive (SA1.51) perceptive (6.236) percussive (6.113) perforator (9.40) perfunctory (W10.44) peril (W6.16) perilous (SA5.28) perks (9.67) permit (4.68) perpetrator (W8.57) perpetuate (8.24) perpetuate (W1.32) perplexed (3.46) persecute (5.139) persecutor (6.209) perseverance (3.91) persistent (3.28) personal agenda (8.25) perspective (8.195) pertain (3.249) pertinent (1.50) perversity (SA3.45) pesticide (10.3) pestiferous (W8.27) pestilential (PT.97) PETA (10.118) petite (10.121) petition (8.126) petrified (5.191) petty (5.108) phase out (3.117) phenotypic (8.16) philistine (2.124) physically challenged (7.104) physio (W7.33) pick one’s way (4.57) pick sb’s brains (W6.28) picket line (9.52) pick-pocket (6.102) piecework (SA3.14) pier (W4.3) piercing (1.80) piercing (5.100) pinnacle (W7.21) pin-striped (1.108) pitch (1.93) pitch (7.57) pitted against sb (6.216) pivotal (1.203) pivotal (PT.158) placebo (5.219) plague (8.196) plagued (3.112) plank (W2.11) platitude (3.23) platoon (SA4.28) play ball (with sb) (7.85) play second fiddle (6.88) play truant (2.62) plea (10.19) plead with sb (2.72) pledge (3.74) pledge (5.182) pledge (W1.11) plenary meeting (PT.44) plethora (W2.49) plight (W6.26) plonk (5.195) pluck (4.107) plug in (1.54) plunge (3.71) plunge (W3.4) ply sb with sth (3.202) plywood (PT.73) poacher (W10.11) pole position (7.148) policy (3.129) poll (5.241) poll (9.9) ponder (SA3.34) ponder (PT.142) pop (SA4.34) popularise (6.150) porch (10.120) pore over (4.187) portable (2.97) portion (SA1.29) portion (5.247) pose (10.188) pose (SA5.44) post-graduate (2.54) posture (1.113) potent (7.72) potential (2.109) potential (7.192) pothole (W10.2) pottery (6.58) pounce on (9.127) pound (4.120) pound (10.123) pragmatic (6.109) prawn (W9.8) prayer (SA1.36) preaching (8.27) precariously (10.44) precaution (4.242) precede (2.135) precede (7.9) precedent (7.140) precious little (7.82) precipitate (7.46) preconception (7.1) preconception (8.10) predator (4.12) predator (10.47) predicament (SA2.41) predisposition (5.75) prefabricated (7.100) prefect (3.16) prejudiced (3.123) prejudicial (8.135) prematurely (PT.50) premise (1.202) premise (PT.41) premises (1.95) premises (7.186) preoccupied (3.21) prescription (5.117) pressing (2.167) presumption (8.139) pretentious (W1.4) pretentious (W6.15) prevail (7.61) prevalent (8.114) preventive medicine (W8.21) pricey (4.2) primal (10.34) primate (2.120) primatologist (2.121) prime (2.175) principle (3.225) principle (5.37) priority (2.192) privileged (PT.150) privy (W8.24) probe (3.69) probe (5.60) probe (W4.21) procession (SA2.26) proclaim (PT.69) prodigy (7.41) profound (1.48) profound (3.227) profound (SA4.40) profound (9.19) progression (10.198) prolapse (5.54) proliferate (PT.31) prolific (PT.128) prolong (SA5.19) prompt (5.218) proofread (3.174) prop up (9.132) propel (4.108) property (5.68) proponent (5.35) proportion (5.243) propped up (SA1.30) proprietor (3.140) 163 Index to the Vocabulary prose (6.192) prosecution (6.128) prosecution (SA5.6) prospects (2.103) prospect(s) of/for sth (4.156) prospective (1.180) prosperity (8.194) prosperity (W6.21) prosthetic (7.105) proximity (4.230) proximity (8.179) prudence (1.22) puddle (W2.26) pull away (2.22) pulse (4.94) pulse (W4.13) pumpkin (SA1.24) punctual (6.226) punctuate (2.16) puncture (4.15) pundit (3.108) punter (W1.26) purgatory (PT.137) purist (1.207) put all one’s faith in sth/sb (7.97) put out (9.167) put sb in the picture (6.90) putrefaction (W8.47) pylon (PT.27) Q quaint (1.12) quaint (W4.30) quantifier (3.201) query (2.59) question stem (1.35) quibble (7.40) quick-witted (8.138) quire (5.24) quota (5.224) quotation (3.9) quote (2.38) quote (5.21) R rabies (SA4.32) rack (4.163) radiation (SA2.15) 164 radiator (4.240) radical (6.108) radiocarbon dating (PT.46) rafter (6.145) rage (SA5.39) raid (10.51) railings (W9.4) rake (W7.5) rale, bruit, egophony (5.45) rally (8.83) ram (10.106) rambling (W6.9) rampant (4.169) rank (1.2) rapport (6.191) rapturous (SA5.27) rat on (10.91) ratings (3.119) rattle (PT.17) ravage (5.41) raven (W10.20) ravine (4.48) rawness (7.29) ray (SA5.22) rayon (PT.92) razor-sharp (W6.10) read between the lines (6.86) readership (3.53) reappraisal (9.150) reassess (4.180) reassurance (W2.37) rebel (SA3.24) rebound (W1.18) rebut (W7.4) recanting (3.206) recap on sth (3.156) recapture (6.202) recede (1.32) recede (SA1.16) recite (SA3.38) recklessly (3.217) reclaim (10.179) reclamation (10.177) recoil (1.65) recollect (SA1.44) reconcile (10.167) recoup (6.115) recoup (W6.3) recreational (2.90) recruit (9.66) recruit (9.87) rectify (2.129) recuperate (5.120) recuperation (4.245) recuperation (8.186) recurrence (5.76) recurring (5.105) redress (8.132) reduce to tatters (1.125) reducible (2.149) redundancy (8.157) redundant (1.37) reel (1.60) reel (W1.16) referee (2.46) refine (5.199) refine (6.21) refined (10.66) refinery (W10.35) reflect (2.172) reflective (2.26) refuge (10.25) refund (9.174) regal (10.37) regale sb with sth (4.207) regime (W6.19) register (2.58) register (3.229) rehabilitation (8.184) reign (2.128) reign (9.14) reigning (7.78) reimburse (5.233) reimbursement (9.48) reinforce (9.26) reinstate (3.143) reiteration (9.170) reject (PT.90) rejoice (4.85) rejoice (7.83) rejoicings (SA1.48) rekindle (4.77) relaunch (3.38) relay (1.21) relegation (SA4.45) relentlessly (7.33) relevant (SA1.64) relish (7.143) relocate (7.188) relocate (9.159) relocation (4.79) reluctant (5.124) remastered (6.11) remedy (5.142) remembrance (SA1.35) reminisce about sb/sth (PT.138) remotely (6.9) remuneration (9.1) remuneration (W9.28) render (1.189) render (W1.42) render (W5.30) renewable energy source (10.52) renounce (W6.13) renovation (2.190) renowned (W7.10) repel (3.93) repel (8.162) repercussion (10.199) repercussion (W1.10) replicate (2.136) repression (W8.7) reprimand (2.64) reprimand (9.43) reproducibility (PT.34) reptile (10.160) repurchase (W9.14) resemble (5.66) resentment (9.118) resentment (W1.33) reservations (2.88) resettlement (PT.107) reshuffle (3.63) resilience (W2.45) resilient (3.195) resistible (2.150) resolute (2.151) resolve (2.194) resolve (PT.79) resonant (3.196) resort to sth (SA1.18) resort to sth (9.112) resort to sth (5.148) resource (W1.43) respiratory (5.94) respiratory (10.190) Index to the Vocabulary rest on one’s laurels (W5.8) restlessness (4.184) resurgence (7.17) retail (9.56) retail (W1.13) retain (1.185) retina (5.7) retort (1.45) retract (1.64) retract (4.114) retract (PT.52) retreat (SA1.15) retrieve (W1.8) revaluation (5.214) revel (SA3.23) revelation (1.187) revelation (5.28) revenue (7.99) revenue (W10.31) revere (9.140) reversal (9.83) revocable (2.148) revoke (PT.139) revolve around (9.143) ribcage (5.14) ribs (5.78) ricochet (W2.27) riddle (3.70) ridge (9.165) ridge (10.170) ridicule (2.34) rig (W8.4) rim (7.114) rim (SA4.1) rinse (4.217) riot police (8.1) rival (SA2.8) rivalry (1.117) rivet (10.124) riveting (6.52) RKO (6.16) rock the boat (4.129) rocky outcrop (4.35) rookery (W8.29) roster (W3.11) rota (W2.30) rotate (4.109) round the bend (SA2.7) rousing (1.49) row (3.73) RSI (9.4) rub shoulders (with sb) (6.125) rubric (6.222) rudimentary (5.150) rudimentary (8.74) rumble (6.142) rumbling (5.56) run aground (4.66) run amok (7.169) run for Parliament (1.101) run out of steam (7.96) run-down (1.183) runner-up (7.64) run-off (4.33) S sacred (10.59) sacrilegious (7.14) sacrosanct (9.123) saddle shoes (PT.76) sales pitch (W7.11) salience (9.28) salve (5.177) sanctuary (10.75) sanitation (W8.20) saturated fat (5.180) sauce (W10.40) saunter (8.71) saunter (W2.23) sausage sizzlers (4.126) saving grace (8.63) savvy (W1.19) saw (W10.30) scalloped (PT.78) scam (2.221) scapegoat (8.201) scathing (W4.7) scatter (4.34) scattered (5.176) scavenge for sth (10.128) scavenge (W3.16) scavenge (PT.22) scholar (6.149) scold (SA5.4) scoot (9.124) scoring (6.38) scorn (2.134) scour (10.127) scourge (5.39) scout (W7.35) scowl (1.70) scramble (10.22) scrap (3.35) scrap (PT.96) scrapped (6.127) scratchy (W10.17) scrawl (8.188) scribe (1.192) scruffy (1.105) scruffy (6.201) scruffy (PT.71) scrupulously (W7.18) scrutiny (3.124) scrutiny (7.34) scrutiny (SA4.4) seasoned (W4.2) secluded (10.192) sedentary (SA3.17) sedentary (W5.3) sedentary (W9.13) seething (1.141) segment (1.131) self-deprecating (SA1.60) self-flagellation (7.170) self-loathing (7.171) self-righteous (SA1.55) sensationalism (3.180) sensitise sb to sth (3.7) set (3.157) settler (SA2.12) settler (8.88) settling (2.147) severance (9.45) sewage (W8.45) sewer (W8.46) shaggy (10.35) shake off (6.96) shareholder (SA4.13) sheer (4.128) sheerly (10.139) sheet metal (4.54) shellfish (10.116) shelve (6.121) shift (4.80) shift (10.74) shift work (9.80) shin (5.6) shirk (from) sth (8.165) shoddy (PT.68) shoo away (9.133) shop floor (9.81) shopworn (PT.89) shortage (2.184) shortfall (W4.23) shoulder blade (5.10) shovel (10.172) shriek (1.82) shriek (W4.31) shrug (1.46) shrug (2.17) shrug (SA4.27) shrug (9.175) shut-in (SA2.30) sibling (SA3.22) siblings (W2.38) Sicily (7.135) sift through (5.209) sighting (3.126) signifier (PT.117) silted-up (W4.10) simper (1.72) simulated (W5.45) sinister (6.203) sinuousness (PT.154) Sioux (10.57) sitcom (3.113) sizeable (6.64) skew (W2.13) skid (4.113) slam (2.11) slander (6.45) slash (W6.22) slate (10.130) slate (W3.10) sleek (6.224) slide (4.112) slide (5.89) slide (SA5.20) slingshot (SA4.21) slip road (4.142) slope (SA5.23) sloppy (2.82) sloppy (W2.47) slot (3.147) slot (5.130) sluggish (W1.17) slump (9.138) slums (W8.33) slur (6.169) 165 Index to the Vocabulary smash into sth (1.188) smelter (W10.49) smirk (1.42) smother (10.33) snake (4.105) snake (10.53) snappy (2.36) sneak into (6.129) sneaking (5.126) sneaky (3.211) sneering (3.33) snooze (4.204) snore-stopper (4.209) snub (PT.10) soaking (6.131) soar (SA1.4) soaring (10.28) solely (5.57) solid (3.177) solidarity (8.113) solidify (5.42) soliloquy (7.168) solipsistic (7.38) something to fall back on (3.87) soothing (W3.29) sorely (2.126) sovereign state (W8.15) spaced out (6.122) span (W3.17) spare (6.29) spawn (W6.24) speck (4.96) speculation (2.118) spell (4.84) spell (SA4.44) spellbound (6.68) spew (10.157) spillage/spill (10.1) spiral (SA5.31) split ends (W5.40) splutter (1.92) sponsorship (3.8) spontaneous (8.118) spool (3.20) sprain (5.74) sprawl (PT.4) spreadsheet (W6.29) springboard (7.106) sprinkle (PT.62) 166 spur on (3.153) squander (7.7) squint (W4.32) squirrel away (10.107) squirt (W3.21) stabbing (5.99) stablemate (7.144) stack (PT.94) staff-student (2.85) stagnate (W4.11) stained (PT.72) stamp (SA3.44) stampede (SA2.14) stand sb in good stead (SA4.10) stand-by (4.69) standpoint (5.33) stand-up comedy (6.67) stanza (2.130) stapler (9.39) starboard (4.73) stark (10.23) starlight scope (SA4.23) star-studded (6.197) start the ball rolling (7.86) starting blocks (W7.31) startling (6.15) state form (1.199) state regulator (10.171) stationer (9.50) stationery (7.181) stature (6.10) steadfast (8.181) steadfastly (6.172) stealth (W4.27) steam into sth (9.102) steeply (SA2.35) steer away from (2.25) stem (8.166) stem from (2.196) stem from (8.115) stench (W8.48) sterilized (5.178) stern (1.69) stern (4.76) sternum (5.8) stick one’s nose in sth (2.198) stiff (SA1.47) stilted (3.130) stilted (SA2.3) stink (W8.44) stir (SA1.2) stir up (3.243) stitch (SA1.31) stock market crash (3.1) stockbroker (6.188) stockholder (1.161) stockowner (6.185) stoke up (6.138) stool (SA3.47) stopgap (W10.28) stow (4.3) straddle (W10.23) strain (5.173) strain (9.96) strain (PT.6) strained (3.162) strand (W5.29) stranded (1.6) stranded (5.77) stranded (10.149) stray (SA2.44) stream (SA5.35) strenuous (1.39) strenuous (5.95) stress-induced (7.48) stretched-out (1.89) strewn (4.50) strictures on sb/sth (2.127) strife (8.92) strike (1.165) strike (4.214) strike (PT.121) strike the wrong note (6.85) striker (7.54) striker (W9.6) striking (1.94) stringent (5.249) strip (7.69) strip (W7.29) strip mining (10.168) strip off (W9.16) strive (7.4) stroke (SA3.41) stroke (8.187) stroll (6.147) stroll (8.70) struggle for sth (SA1.23) strung out (7.44) strut (8.72) stubble (W10.18) stuck-up (6.181) stuffed (4.124) stuffy (7.165) stumbling (1.151) stunned (2.12) stunt (6.199) stunted (10.30) stutter (1.91) sub-editor (3.89) subject sb to sth (3.154) subjugate (W6.25) sublet (7.178) subscriber (1.130) subsequent (2.108) subsequent (3.183) subsequently (7.194) subside (SA3.20) subsidise (W8.56) subsidised (8.59) subsistence (SA1.22) subsistence (10.20) subsistence (PT.109) substantial (SA1.17) subtlety (1.83) succession (7.31) succumb to sth (2.73) suffragette (8.5) sullen (2.9) sullenly (W2.32) summit (6.165) summon up (6.118) sunslate (10.133) super-conducting (4.92) superimpose (PT.115) superintendent (2.162) supersede (1.159) supervisor (2.41) supplant (9.21) supplement (3.55) supplement (5.147) supplement (9.59) suppress (6.18) surge (7.120) surmise (6.39) surrealist (6.63) surveillance (3.111) surveillance (8.109) Index to the Vocabulary suspend (2.174) suspend (7.63) suss out (2.78) sustain (2.68) sustain (9.168) sustain (10.10) sustained (PT.165) swag (2.166) swagger (W2.24) swan (10.92) swap (W2.19) swell (W7.17) swelling (5.80) swiftly (8.122) swirl (W10.3) switchboard (1.62) switchboard (9.42) T tabloid (3.58) tabulate (W5.24) tackle (4.43) tackle (10.194) taint (9.27) take a dim view of sth (10.196) take (all) precautions (1.210) take issue with sb (3.233) talent scout (3.163) tangible (W4.9) Tannoy (4.238) tantalisingly (2.117) tapestry (6.75) tardiness (W9.27) tarnish (W9.2) technophobe (1.174) tedious (1.11) teething ring (9.115) tell-tale (10.49) tenacity (7.107) tend (to) sb/sth (PT.131) tender age (2.134) tender for sth (W8.2) tenderly (SA1.33) tenderness (5.113) tense (5.167) tepid (SA5.16) terminal (5.107) terraced (SA2.17) terrain (4.13) testimony (3.215) textured (6.141) thaw (4.106) the apple of one’s eye (6.171) the Caribbean (4.221) the course of history (9.95) the dead of winter (4.28) the early bird catches/gets the worm (4.199) the establishment (3.31) the Galapagos (10.158) the handicapped (5.236) the Highway Code (4.195) the Maldives (4.222) the Mediterranean (4.220) the Shroud of Turin (PT.48) the unruly (W2.29) thigh (5.92) think tank (1.120) thoracic (5.31) thought-provoking (1.212) thrash (W2.10) three-D, 3D (5.4) threefold (10.205) thriving (5.252) thrust (1.53) thud (4.213) thwart (W10.29) tie-dye (1.107) tier (SA2.11) tiff (8.80) tight-lipped (6.170) till (W10.37) tilted (SA2.16) timber (10.143) timid (SA1.42) timid (W7.20) tincture (5.163) tinged (6.135) tingling (3.148) tinkle (10.137) tip over (4.45) tirade against sb/sth (7.167) tissue (2.156) tissue (5.43) Titian (6.228) to little/no avail (W8.34) to the detriment of sth (SA5.36) toddler (2.55) toehold (9.29) toil (SA3.4) toll (7.25) tone (5.166) tongue-in-cheek (W7.12) tonsils (5.12) torment (6.117) tortoise (10.163) toss (1.162) toss (10.176) tow (10.151) track (4.83) traction (4.49) trail (4.20) trailer (W3.3) trailing stick (SA2.13) train spotting (6.105) trampled (6.190) tranquilliser (SA4.18) transaction (1.7) transcend (7.155) trans-frontier (10.83) transparently (6.154) traverse (4.30) treacherous (4.18) treacherous (5.179) treatable (SA3.2) treaty (8.86) treaty talks (3.61) trek (10.18) tremendously (1.204) trench coat (1.109) trespasser (6.98) trifling (SA1.39) triumphant (7.8) trivial (5.109) trivialisation (W3.15) truce (8.85) trudge (8.69) tuberculosis (5.36) tuberculosis (W5.33) tucked (PT.77) tug (SA2.29) tuition (1.195) tuition (W2.50) tumble (1.178) tumbling (7.125) tumour (5.62) tuneful (4.215) turbulence (4.75) turbulence (SA4.8) turf (2.163) turmoil (1.179) turmoil (8.28) turmoil (SA4.9) turn tail (5.192) tutor (2.43) tutor (10.187) twiddle oneãs thumbs (8.68) twinkle (4.95) twirl (4.103) twist (3.144) twisted (6.194) two can play at that game (7.92) two-pronged (4.191) tycoon (6.13) U ubiquitous (W10.42) ulcer (SA3.21) ulterior (W10.45) ultimate (4.136) ultimately (5.141) umpire (7.65) umpire (W7.34) unabashed (6.30) unaffectionate (SA1.56) unanimously (6.69) unbearably (9.137) unbiased (3.2) unblemished (10.56) unclench (2.31) uncompromising (3.6) under the auspices of (SA3.36) under the tutelage of (2.159) undergo (5.103) undergraduate (2.53) undergrowth (5.193) underpin (8.143) underscore (8.42) under-stocked (2.189) underused (2.91) undisputed (7.76) 167 Index to the Vocabulary unduly (W5.23) unfalteringly (W6.6) unfathomable (7.160) unfold (3.184) unfold (4.173) unfounded (6.183) unhygienic (4.236) unilaterally (PT.60) unjust (2.101) unleash (8.149) unnerve (SA2.37) unparalleled (6.237) unpaved (4.17) unprecedented (7.18) unrequited (SA1.53) unrequited (W6.7) unrest (8.53) unrestrained (SA1.40) unrestrained (3.190) unruly (4.166) unscathed (W2.14) unsettling (4.179) untapped (5.254) untapped (W2.55) unveil (W2.12) unversed in sth (2.20) unwarranted (4.165) unwieldy (5.23) unwind (4.243) unwitting (PT.114) unwittingly (SA1.63) unyielding (4.55) up in arms (4.164) update (SA1.67) upfront (3.213) upgrade (1.136) uphill (W2.53) upholstered (4.228) upkeep (4.137) uplifted (3.133) upside (W6.17) urban smog (10.2) urge (3.239) urgent (9.172) usurp (3.186) utilise (4.188) utility (10.135) utmost (2.176) utter (PT.15) utterly (W1.47) 168 V vacant (7.184) vacant expression (SA1.50) vacate (9.70) vaccination (4.148) vaccine (5.18) valve (5.29) vanish (9.134) vanity (SA1.34) vapour (SA2.34) variant (W1.25) variegated (PT.116) varnish (3.170) veer (4.117) vehemently (W1.5) vendor (9.142) venture (7.180) venue (6.74) verbalised (2.115) verbose (1.86) veritable (10.174) versatile (1.4), (4.1), (7.108) vertigo (5.116) vest (W7.27) vested interest (3.13) vested interest (W3.6) vet (SA3.49) veterinary (PT.42) viable (W8.58) vial (5.91) vibrant (10.32) vicar (SA3.37) vicariously (PT.153) vice versa (3.251) vicinity (5.188) villain (6.80) vine (SA2.18) vinegar (W9.7) vineyard (4.122) violation (3.203) virtue (3.10) virulent (W5.1) visual aid (SA1.62) vivisection (PT.40) vocal delivery (6.134) vocalist (6.2) vocational (2.168) vocational training (W8.9) void (1.58) void (9.116) void of sth (PT.23) volatile (8.167) vomit (7.22) voucher (W9.26) vulnerability (7.26) vulnerable (1.123) vulnerable (4.51) W wade into (W2.18) waft (W9.18) wage (W10.38) walk/tread a tightrope (6.83) (baby) walker (5.194) wall-mounted (1.51) ward (5.88) warehouse (7.183) warp (1.149) warren (W8.28) wary (2.18) wavering (5.215) wayside (SA3.15) weave (4.175) web browsing (3.116) website (7.103) weed (PT.98) weigh on (3.67) weirdness (8.43) welfare (5.235) well disposed (SA1.58) well up (2.19) well-endowed (W2.21) wetland (10.61) what hath God wrought! (1.31) wheeze (5.86) whereabouts (3.168) whist (W2.8) wholesale (2.67) whopping (9.103) wicked (9.7) wicker (PT.99) widen (6.175) wield (W8.17) wig (3.175) wilderness (10.16) will (1.182) wilt (W1.9) wince (1.44) wind (1.127) wind farm (5.1) winding (4.250) window into sb’s soul (9.25) windowsill (4.178) wings (W6.2) wink (4.97) wire (1.30) wiring (1.122) witch doctor (5.131) with (the benefit of) hindsight (5.121) withdraw (8.154) withhold (SA1.57) withhold (8.175) wobble (W2.34) woe (SA5.2) woes (9.6) wolf down (10.101) wolverine (10.40) work to rule (9.69) workload (9.153) workmanship (9.180) workshop (6.156) wrapped up (4.170) wretched (W8.26) wrought (5.132) WWF (10.69) X xenophobe (W8.14) xenophobia (8.129) Y yearning (4.185) yelp (1.81) yield (5.44) Z zealous (6.53) Zimbabwe (10.85) zip (6.136) zone therapy (W5.20) PROFICIENCY Key to Companion ◆ Unit 1 – Getting the Message Across (pp. 14–16) A 1 2 B D 3 4 C C 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 cited intrusive tedious distorted 5 6 7 8 premises conceivable superseded outgoings C 1 2 pitch foundation 3 4 backbone bear D 1 2 3 4 5 to come out on top is to if you keep/kept this under your hat in getting her ideas across has not come to terms with his mother’s bore little resemblance E 1 2 3 4 popularity versatility intriguing commendable 5 6 7 8 A B 7 8 9 10 5 unconventional piercing inconceivable vulnerability A B 9 10 A A encroachment overhauled breakdown 9 10 11 strikingly prudence deprived ◆ Unit 2 – The Happiest Days of Your Life? (pp. 25–26) A 1 2 B D 3 4 A A 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 combat curfew avid rectify 5 6 7 8 portable correspondence outburst consistent C 1 2 return engaged 3 4 resources reflective D 1 2 3 4 5 is bound to be/become taking a walk in the wood she came had difficutly in coming to burning the midnight oil on a shoestring was something he was E 1 2 3 4 remarkable investment vocational stressful 5 6 7 8 A C 7 8 B D 9 10 5 unsettling attendance creative perception 9 10 9 10 D C damned complexity course aquaintances commitment ◆ Unit 3 – Extra! Extra! (pp. 41–43) A 1 2 A C 3 4 B B 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 supplement columnist host outwit 5 6 7 8 scrutiny evasive discomfort unbiased C 1 2 probe circulation 3 4 odd capacity D 1 2 3 speech dragged on was biased towards a thorn in the side of E 1 2 3 4 advertisements sponsorship commercial corporations 5 6 7 8 C A 7 8 9 10 5 4 5 C D 9 10 C B innocuous inaugural plunge was refused outright by don’t intend to follow the task through consumerism sneakily occupied distraction 9 10 11 intrusion potentially indisputable 171 ◆ Unit 4 – Planes, Trains and Automobiles (pp. 54–56) A 1 2 A B 3 4 D C 5 6 B A B 1 2 3 4 sweat pricey puncture vineyard 5 6 7 8 impassable unruly rampant etiquette C 1 2 struggle figure 3 4 drifted spell D 1 2 3 hit the trail part and parcel soaked to the skin E 1 2 3 4 comfortable flourishing versatility development 9 10 5 4 5 5 6 7 8 7 8 A B 9 10 D C purchase carpooling strike (want to) rock the boat the early bird catches the worm. propulsion conductive pulsations levitation 9 10 11 theoretically commuting tedious ◆ Unit 5 – The Science of Life (pp. 69–71) A 1 2 C D 3 4 B D 5 6 A C 7 8 B 1 2 3 4 standpoint blister tissue inflammation C 1 2 commit slot D 1 2 3 4 5 he would need to undergo surgery held in high esteem in has been hindered due to/because of is compulsory for all medical students to will be reimbursed E 1 2 3 4 conventional complementary hostility consultants 5 6 7 8 sterilized ward compile strenuous 9 10 pant holistic 3 4 terminal dubious 5 resort 5 6 7 8 treatment prescription incompetent imprudent 9 10 11 B B 9 10 B B commitment proportional moderation ◆ Unit 6 – The Art of Entertainment (pp. 82–84) 172 A 1 2 B C 3 4 A D 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 embraces deceased inner envy 5 6 7 8 sinister diverse scruffy summon up C 1 2 clash embraced 3 4 conduct crude D 1 2 3 4 5 the apple of her the wrong side of the read between the lines to jump on the plays second fiddle E 1 2 3 4 captivating popularity awesome indisputable 5 6 7 8 A B 6 7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10 5 C D 9 10 A B punctual gallantly angle brought the curtain down put in the picture tied to his mother’s apron strings; a hard act to follow waiting in the wings accomplishment incomprehensible dreadful slanderous 9 10 11 oppressive condemnation confirmation ◆ Unit 7 – Born to Win! (pp. 95–97) A 1 2 D B 3 4 D C 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 conservative triumphant incorporate comprise 5 6 7 8 prodigy blend eligible consecutive C 1 2 division toll 3 4 rim vacant D 1 2 3 put all his faith ran out of steam and such a bad sport that E 1 2 3 4 mastery fateful striving agility 5 6 7 8 A A 7 8 9 10 5 4 5 B A 9 10 B D revenue interval accessible off her own bat leads the field in fleeting apprehensive endeavoured tumbling 9 10 11 unfathomable arrogance literally ◆ Unit 8 – Respect! (pp. 106–108) A 1 2 A B 3 4 A B 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 exploitative steadfast biannually segregation 5 6 7 8 solidarity elucidate discrimination legitimate C 1 2 dimmed withdraw 3 4 rally grace D 1 2 3 an infringement of his is not evenly apportioned a bogus claim about E 1 2 3 4 expectations demonstration rioters protester 5 6 7 8 D C 7 8 9 10 5 4 5 A A 9 10 B B contemptuous mobility volatile exacerbated will withhold its decision unacceptable institutions campaigners declaration 9 10 11 legislation persistence unrest ◆ Unit 9 – Another Day, Another Dollar (pp. 119–121) A 1 2 C B 3 4 D C 5 6 A D B 1 2 3 4 5 angst bang on and on supplement a golden handshake dispute C 1 2 mount coach D 1 2 3 4 5 given the sack for stealing money from revolved around improving the working hours a million dollar contract handed in his notice because of how industrious he was, his boss E 1 2 3 4 intrinsically ambivalence downsizing recruitment 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 B C 9 10 B A overwhelmed diverse ambivalent handed in his notice intimidated strain void reinforcement demoted dismissed compatibility 5 9 10 11 supplement industrious profoundly diversity 173 ◆ Unit 10 – Our Planet, Our Home (pp. 131–133) 174 A 1 2 C B 3 4 D C 5 6 B 1 2 3 4 badgering dubious scoured timber 5 6 7 8 dwellers aptitude constraints from scratch C 1 2 dominated disposal 3 4 dispute smothered D 1 2 3 come/get to grips with took a dim view of fatten her up E 1 2 3 4 environmental negligence abundance luxurious 5 6 7 8 D A 4 5 depletion jeopardise descendants legislation 7 8 9 10 5 D C 9 10 intolerable deprive dissolved been meddling around with to wolf down a 9 10 11 renewable deforestation bluntly D B